Download RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Objectives
1. Describe the primary functions of the respiratory system, and explain how the
delicate respiratory exchange surfaces are protected from pathogens, debris, and
other hazards.
2. Identify the organs of the upper respiratory system, and describe their functions.
3. Describe the structure of the larynx, and discuss its roles in normal breathing and
in the production of sound.
4. Discuss the structure of the extrapulmonary airways.
5. Describe the superficial anatomy of the lungs, the structure of a pulmonary lobule,
and the functional anatomy of alveoli.
6. Define and compare the process of external respiration and internal respiration.
7. Summarize the physical principles governing the movement of air into the lungs,
and describe the origins and actions of the muscles responsible for respiratory
movements.
8. Summarize the physical principles governing the diffusion of gases into and out
of the blood and body tissues.
9. Describe the structure and function of hemoglobin, and the transport of oxygen
and carbon dioxide in the blood.
10. List the factors that influence respiration rate, and discuss reflex respiratory
activity and the brain centers involved in the control of respiration.
11. Describe age related changes in the respiratory system.
12. Give examples of interactions between the respiratory system and each of the
other organ systems.
Processes of Respiration
 ______________________ ______________________________

Breathing
 _________________________ ________________________________

Gas exchange between blood and ____________________
 Transport of gases

Cardiovascular system
 ______________________________ respiration

Gas exchange between blood and ___________________________
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The Nose
 Provides airway
 __________________________ and _____________________________ air
 Filters air

Vibrissae
 Resonating chamber for speech
 __________________________________________

1 qt. mucus / day

contains lysozyme
 Houses ________________________________ receptors
Organs of Respiration
 Nose
 Nasal cavity
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Lungs
Cranial Sinuses
Pharynx
 Connects nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus
 Three regions:

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________
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Larynx
 Provides airway
 ___________________________ air and food
 Voice production

___________________ _________________________
___________________

Pitch: frequency

Loudness: amplitude
 Laryngitis
Movement of Vocal Cords
Trachea
 _______________________________ layer

Propels mucus, with debris

Smoker’s cough
 ________________________________ layer
 _________________________________ layer

Outermost layer
Respiratory Epithelium
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The Bronchial Tree
 Right and left 1º ________________________________
 2º bronchi
 3º, 4º, 5º.........23º branches
 Bronchioles: <1 mm diameter
 ______________________________ bronchioles: <0.5 mm
 Respiratory bronchioles
 ___________________________ _________________________
 _________________________________________
Respiratory Membrane
 Single layer of ___________________________ epithelial cells (Type _____ cells)
 Type _________ cells

cuboidal

secrete ___________________________ solution
 ___________________________ cells
 ___________________________________ membrane
 Air-blood barrier
Alveolar Cells
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Diffusion of Gases – the LAW
Measuring Gas Pressures
 1 mm Hg = 1 torr
 1 atmosphere = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr
 1 cm H2O = 0.735 mm Hg
 1 atmosphere = 1033.6 cm H2O
 1 atmosphere = 15 psi
__________________________________ Law
 The volume of a gas is ________________________________ proportional to the
pressure exerted on that gas.
_____________________________________ Law
 A volume of a gas is proportional to its absolute temperature.
________________________________________ Law
 The _________________________ ____________________ exerted by a quantity of
air (gas) is equal to the __________________________ of _________________
pressures of the different gases in that quantity of air.
 PN2 + PO2 + PH2O + PCO2 = 760 mm Hg
______________________________________ Law
 The quantity of gas that will _________________________ in solution is directly
proportional to the partial pressure of that gas ____________________ that solution.
Compliance
 Connective tissue structure and integrity
 Levels of surfactant
 ________________________________________ of thoracic cage
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Pleura

Parietal pleura

Visceral pleura

Pleural cavity


Space between the two layers of pleura
Pleural fluid

Lubrication – prevents friction of lungs
during breathing

Diaphragm

Phrenic nerve

___________________________________:
Muscles Involved in Pulmonary Ventilation
Pressure Mechanics
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Respiratory Rates
 Respiratory Minute Volume - VE
 Breaths Per Minute – f
 Tidal Volume – VT
 Alveolar Ventilation - VA
 Anatomic Dead Space- VD
Respiration
Hemoglobin Saturation
Oxygen Transport
 Hemoglobin’s ability to carry Oxygen is influenced by:

___________________________ pressure of __________________________

_______________________________ of the blood


Bohr Effect

The lower the pH the lower the affinity for Oxygen

Carbonic Anhydrase
____________________________________


The higher the temperature the lower the affinity for Oxygen
_________________________ (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate)

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Formed by the process of Glycolysis in the RBCs
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
The higher the levels of BPG the lower the affinity for Oxygen

Fetal Hemoglobin
Carbon Dioxide Transport
 Carbonic Acid formation
 Hemoglobin Binding
 Plasma Transport
Respiratory Centers
(adjust frequency/depth of ventilation)
 Rhythmicity center: medulla oblongata
 Apneustic center: pons
 Pneumotaxic center: pons
Respiratory Reflexes
 ___________________________________

*_________________________, O2, CSF and pH

Hypercapnia
 ____________________________________

Carotid and Aortic bodies

Hering-Breuer Reflexes

Stops over inflation and stops deflation
 Protective Reflexes

Sneezing, coughing and laryngeal spasms

Cause brief moments of apnea
Related Clinical Conditions
 ___________________________ ________________________________

thick mucus, inherited
 _______________________________

_____________________________________ of conducting pathways
 Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

inadequate _________________________________ production, alveoli collapse
 Tuberculosis
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
bacterial infection
 Lung Cancer

aggressive malignancy originating in bronchi/alveoli
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (_______________________________)

Emphysema

Bronchitis
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