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Dr. Vince Scialli BSC 1086 Rev. 7/25/06 EXAM 1 ~ ENDOCRINE STUDY GUIDE ~Saladin This guide is intended to provide you with direction into areas of importance. The questions included are the type you will see on your exams. Please do not try and memorize answers since choices and order sequences will often be changed on exams. In certain types of questions, it is very important to understand orders of progression or picking out of a sequence. Answers will be given to some questions below but not all. In some cases, a list of choices is included for you to figure out. This guide is intended to complement your reading and note taking, not replace it. Most exams will consist multiple choice, matching, or fill-in-the-blanks type questions. 1. The major stimulus for the release of parathyroid hormone is? 2. The anterior pituitary secretes all the hormones listed, except? Answer not given. . . You should be able to figure out from the choices given. 3. A hormone not involved in glucose metabolism is? a. glucagon b. cortisone c. aldosterone d. insulin e. glucocorticoids 4. Parathyroid hormone? a. increases bone formation and lowers blood calcium levels b. increases calcium excretion from the body c. decreases calcium absorption from the gut d. demineralizes bone and raises blood calcium levels e. is produced in small glands located on the back of the thyroid 5. Testosterone is to the male as what hormone/s is/are to the female? Answer not given. . . You should be able to figure out from the choices given. 6. A hypodermic injection of epinephrine would do which one of the following? a. increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, dilate bronchi, increase peristalsis. b. decrease heart rate, decrease blood pressure, constrict bronchi, increase peristalsis. c. decrease heart rate, increase blood pressure, constrict bronchi, decrease peristalsis. d. increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, dilate bronchi, decrease peristalsis. e. Increase heart rate, decrease blood pressure, dilate bronchi, decrease peristalsis 7. If anterior pituitary secretion of growth hormone is deficient in a growing child, the child will ? a. develop acromegaly b. become a dwarf but have fairly normal body proportions c. mature sexually at an earlier than normal age d. be in constant danger of becoming dehydrated e. develop into a giant 8. If there is adequate carbohydrate intake, normal secretion of insulin results in? a. lower blood sugar levels b. increased cell utilization of glucose c. storage of glycogen d. conversion of glucose to fat e. all of the above 9. Which statement is true about hormones? Answer not given. . . You should be able to figure out from the choices given. 6/28/2017 1 humoral Dr. Vince Scialli BSC 1086 10. Absence of thyroxine would result in which of the following? a. increased heart rate and increased force of heart contraction b. depression of the central nervous system and lethargy c. increased body temperature d. higher metabolic rate e. all of the above 11. Atrial natriuretic hormone secreted by the heart has exactly the opposite function of which hormone secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland? a. antidiuretic hormone b. epinephrine c. calcitonin d. aldosterone e. angiotensinogen 12. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is produced by which organ or tissue? Hypothalamus 13. The venous connection between the hypothalamus and the adenohypophysis is called the? Answer not given. . . You should be able to figure out from the choices given. 14. Which statement(s) is/are true about Thyroid hormone (TH)? a. TH is secreted in response to TSH b. TH has four active forms c. TH lowers basal metabolic rate d. TH decreases body temperature e. TH causes increased lethargy and hypothyroidism 15. Which of the following is not considered to be a major endocrine gland? Answer not given. . . You should be able to figure out from the choices given. 16. What statement(s) is/are true about hormones? Answer not given. . . You should be able to figure out from the choices given. 17. What statement is true about LH and FSH? a. both are gonadotropins secreted by the adenohypophysis b. both are gonadotropins secreted by the gonads, either by the testes or ovaries c. both are gonadotropins secreted by the hypothalamus d. both are gonadotropins secreted by the neurohypophysis e. both are gonadotropins secreted by the posterior pituitary 18. What statement is true about Type ll diabetes mellitus? a. is most common in young children b. is best managed with injections of insulin c. is the most common form of diabetes d. is not affected by diet and exercise e. is usually seen in thin malnourished people 19. Which anatomical structure is not associated with the hypothalamus? a. neurons in the paraventricular nuclei b. neurons in the supraoptic nuclei c. infundibulum d. zona glomerulosa e. hypophyseal portal system 20. Which anatomical structure is not associated with the adrenal gland? Answer not given. . . You should be able to figure out from the choices given. 21. What major body process below is not directly controlled by the endocrine system? a. cardiovascular processes b. reproductive processes c. growth & development processes d. digestive processes e. electrolyte & water balance processes 6/28/2017 2 Dr. Vince Scialli BSC 1086 22. All of the following glands listed below are endocrine glands, except? Answer not given. . . You should be able to figure out from the choices given. 23. Characteristics of Exocrine Glands include all of the following, except? a. non-hormonal material secreted through ducts b. holocrine, merocrine & endocrine secretions c. secrete onto internal & external body surfaces d. millions of glands scattered throughout the body e. include sweat glands, salivary glands & mucous glands 24. The most common mechanism for hormonal activity on target cells is the fact that? hormones stimulate messenger activation or deactivation which affect other cell events 25. Hormonal target cell activation requires all of the following, except? a. specific hormonal binding receptors on or within target cells b. adequate number of action potentials and neural synapse communications c. adequate hormone blood levels d. specific bonding affinity between hormone and specific target receptors e. hormonal cell specificity in either all body cells or in specific body cells 26. All of the following are true of the nervous system, except? a. produces rapid changes to stimuli b. produces very specific responses to stimuli c. communicates by release of neurotransmitters at synapses d. produces a response only as long as the neural stimuli continues e. functions totally independently of the endocrine system 27. All of the following are true of the endocrine system, except? a. releases hormones into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body b. releases hormones that alter the metabolic activities of many different tissues and organs simultaneously c. produces effects that can last for hours, days or longer d. produces only specific responses to internal stimuli e. functions to control several ongoing metabolic processes 28. Steroid hormones which are smaller than Amino Acid hormones? a. bind to specific receptors on the surface of the cell b. function by way of a second messenger system c. cannot diffuse through the cell membrane because they are too large d. bind to intracellular receptors within the cell nucleus & stimulate gene activation e. function by activation of cAMP 29. When an Amino Acid hormone binds to a receptor on the cell surface, the? a. hormone receptor complex moves into the cell cytoplasm b. cell membrane becomes depolarized resulting in action potential development c. second messenger cAMP is activated by enzymes within the cytoplasm d. cell becomes inhibited, desensitized or inactivated e. hormone complex is transported into the nucleus where it alters DNA through gene activation 30. The enzyme link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell specific to an amino acid hormone is usually? adenylate cyclase 31. When adenylate cyclase is activated in a cell receptive to peptide hormones? a. calcium ions are released from intracellular stores in the sarcoplasmic reticulum b. cAMP is formed as a second messenger c. cAMP is broken down into ATP d. protein kinases are metabolized and inactivated e. steroid hormones are produced through gene activation 32. The hypothalamus controls secretions of the anterior pituitary by? secreting both releasing and inhibiting hormones 6/28/2017 3 Dr. Vince Scialli BSC 1086 33. Growth hormone does all of the following, except? a. promotes bone growth and matrix development b. promotes muscle mass development c. promotes neuron growth and development d. promotes glucose storage and conservation e. promotes amino acid uptake by cells 34. The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of? angiotensin 35. The chief cells of the parathyroid glands produce a hormone that? a. stimulates the formation of white blood cells b. increases the level of calcium ions in the blood c. increases the level of sodium ions in the blood d. increases the level of potassium ions in the blood e. increases the level of glucose in the blood 36. The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces? androgens 37. The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces? glucocorticoids 38. The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces? mineralocorticoids 39. The adrenal medulla produces? Answer not given. . . You should be able to figure out from the choices given. 40. A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion concentration of the blood is? aldosterone 41. The pancreatic hormone produced in the beta cells that causes blood sugar to fall is? Answer not given. . . You should be able to figure out from the choices given. 42. The pancreatic hormone produced in the alpha cells that causes blood sugar to rise is? Answer not given. . . You should be able to figure out from the choices given. 43. The ascinar cells or exocrine portion of the pancreas produces? digestive enzymes 44. The pancreatic islet cells or Islets of Langerhans? a. contain endocrine cells b. make up most of the pancreas c. produce digestive enzymes d. produce insulin e. a and d 45. Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin would result in? Answer not given. . . You should be able to figure out from the choices given. 46. When stimulated by FSH, follicle cells in the ovary produce large quantities of? Answer not given. . . You should be able to figure out from the choices given. 47. During pregnancy, the corpus luteum, a structure on the ovary, secretes? Answer not given. . . You should be able to figure out from the choices given. 48. Which statement below is incorrect concerning the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) hormone? a. ANP is produced in heart cells b. ANP promotes sodium loss c. ANP increases aldosterone secretion d. ANP suppresses ADH secretion e. ANP reduces blood pressure by decreasing blood volume 6/28/2017 4 Dr. Vince Scialli BSC 1086 49. Increased numbers of red blood cells would result from increased release of the hormone? erythropoietin 50. Excessive secretion of growth hormones prior to puberty will cause? Answer not given. . . You should be able to figure out from the choices given. 51. Damage to the superoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would affect which of the following hormones? Answer not given. . . You should be able to figure out from the choices given. 52. Diabetes insipidus is caused by decreased levels of which of the following hormones? ADH 53. Increased blood calcium levels would result in? a. increased secretion of calcitonin b. increased secretion of parathyroid hormone c. increased retention of calcium by the kidneys d. increased osteoclast activity to release more calcium e. increased activity of the pituitary gland 54. Damage to the cells of the zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex would result in? a. the disappearance of axillary and pubic hair b. increased volume of urine formation c. decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood d. decreased ability to convert lipids to glucose e. increased water retention 55. A rise in angiotensin II levels would result in all of the following, except? a. elevated blood pressure b. increased retention of sodium ions in the kidneys c. increased water retention d. increased urine production e. increased blood volume (Questions 56-70) Choose the best answer from any of the selection choices below. An answer may be used more than once. a. b. c. d. e. aldosterone glucagons growth hormone leuteinizing hormone oxytocin a. b. c. d. e. prolactin T4 & T3 TSH eicosanoid second messenger a. b. c. d. e. sensitization desensitization adult GH hypersecretion insulin antidiuretic hormone 56. __________ acromegaly 57. __________ cAMP 58. __________ prostaglandins 59. __________ up-regulation 60. __________ down- regulation 61. __________ important anabolic hormone 62. __________ involved in water balance causes kidney to conserve water 63. __________ stimulates milk production 64. __________ stimulates milk letdown 65. __________ increases uterine contraction during birth 66. __________ major metabolic hormone(s) 6/28/2017 5 Dr. Vince Scialli BSC 1086 67. __________ causes reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidneys 68. ___________ tropic hormone that stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone 69. ___________ hormone secreted by neurohypophysis 70. ___________ steroid mineralocorticoid hormone (Questions 71-80) Choose the best answer from any of the selection choices below. An answer may be used more than once. a. b. c. d. e. tropic hypothalamic-hypophyseal parathyroid oxytocin renin-angiotensin a. b. c. d. e. c-AMP non-tropic exocrine graves hypophyseal portal a. b. c. d e. endocrine diabetes mellitus parathormone insulin calcitonin a. b. c. d. e. 28 10 14 7 15 71. _____________ Type of gland that has no ducts, through which hormones are released into the blood stream and effects other glands? 72. _____________ Type of gland that has ducts, through which substances are released locally? 73. _____________ Neural pathway between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary? 74. _____________ Venous system pathway between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary? 75. _____________ Major mechanism for the regulation of aldosterone? 76. _____________ Hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland responsible for increasing plasma calcium levels? 77. _____________ Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium and has an opposing effect than the parathyroid gland? 78. _____________ A second messenger that is made from ATP by adenylate cyclase involved in amino-acid hormone cellular activity? 79. _____________ If 20 units of hormone are secreted in the blood, and after 7 minutes, 15 units remain; after 14 minutes 10 units remain; after 21 minutes 7 units remain; after 28 minutes, 5 units remain. What is the half-life of this hormone? 80. _____________ Hormone made by the paraventricular neurons of the hypothalamus and functions to stimulate uterine contraction and breast milk release? (Questions 81-93) Choose the best answer from any of the selection choices below. An answer may be used more than once. a. b. c. d. e. corticosteroids gene activation cAMP oxytocin glucagon 81. _____________ 6/28/2017 a. b. c. d. e. glucocorticoids positive second messenger graves negative a. b. c. d e. ANP diabetes mellitus parathormone insulin cushings a. b. c. d. e. GH ADP TH TSH T3-T4 An autoimmune disease where the body produces antibodies which act like TSH and leads to increased basal metabolic rate, weight loss, sweating, etc? 6 Dr. Vince Scialli BSC 1086 82. _____________ Physiologic doses of this hormone cause gluconeogenesis. Pharmacologic doses depress the immune system? 83. _____________ Hormone produced by the heart that lowers blood pressure? 84. _____________ Name the mechanism systems for steroid hormone action? 85. _____________ Name the mechanism systems for amino acid hormone action? 86. _____________ Name a type of hormone feedback mechanism that causes the continued release of a specific hormone to a physical stimuli. 87. _____________ Name a hormone that continues to be released from the posterior pituitary in response to the feedback mechanism in question 86? 88. _____________ Name a type of hormone feedback mechanism that causes an inhibition in the release of a specific hormone. 89. _____________ Name a hormone produced and secreted from the adrenal cortex? 90. _____________ The pancreas produces and secretes two (2) hormones needed in maintaining proper levels of blood sugar. Name the hormone that is released in response to low blood sugar (which raises blood sugar). 91. _____________ The pancreas produces and secretes two (2) hormones needed in maintaining proper levels of blood sugar. Name the hormone that is released in response to high blood sugar (which lowers blood sugar)? 92. _____________ What is the condition caused by excessive clinical administration of cortisone or glucocorticoids characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, losses of muscle and bone protein, water and salt retention, resulting in “mooned faced”? 93. _____________ Name a common clinical condition caused by hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin, characterized high blood sugar, nausea, ketone bodies and glucoseuria? (Questions 94-) Fill in the missing information 94. What are the three (3) “P’s” that characterize, and are cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus syndrome? _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ 95. Name three (3) major types of stimuli that result in the manufacture and release of hormones? _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ 6/28/2017 7 Dr. Vince Scialli BSC 1086 96. Name three (3) types of hormones produced and secreted from the adrenal cortex? One type controls sodium reabsorption, one type helps resist stress, and one type are sex hormones. Name in order of the hints. _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ 97. The adrenal medulla secretes two (2) catecholamines into the blood stream in response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation, especially in stress. Name them both? _______________________________ _______________________________ 98. What are three (3) effects of catecholamine release into the blood stream as a response to short-term stress or fight-or-flight? _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ 6/28/2017 8 Dr. Vince Scialli BSC 1086 Be able to fill in any of the boxes in the table below if one box one each line were to be left blank. There are 10 empty boxes. Place your answers in the blanks listed below that correspond to the empty box. A sample is given below GLAND Anterior Pituitary HORMONE ACTH Posterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary Oxytocin Growth Hormone Anterior Pituitary FSH Anterior Pituitary TARGET ORGAN(s) Adrenal Gland Uterus/Mammaries Most Tissue Cells Ovaries/Testis Prolactin Mammaries Anterior Pituitary LH Anterior Pituitary TSH Ovaries Testes Thyroid ADH Kidneys Posterior Pituitary GLAND Anterior Pituitary HORMONE 99 TARGET ORGAN(s) Adrenal Gland 100 Most Tissue Cells Posterior Pituitary 101 Oxytocin Growth Hormone Anterior Pituitary FSH 102 Prolactin 104 103 Estrogen Testosterone None Estrogen/Progesterone Testosterone Thyroid Hormone Calcitonin None SECOND HORMONE(s) Corticosteroids, Aldosterone Androgen None None Estrogen Testosterone None 105 Anterior Pituitary LH Anterior Pituitary TSH 106 ADH 108 107 SECOND HORMONE(s) Corticosteroids, Aldosterone Androgen None None Ovaries Testes Thyroid Hormone Calcitonin None Select the choice listed below that corresponds to the blank box number for in table above: a. b. c. d. e. FSH posterior pituitary anterior pituitary adrenal gland kidneys 6/28/2017 a. b. c. d. e. oxytocin hypothalamus LH TSH ADH a. b. c. d. e. 9 thyroid gland gonads most tissue uterus & mammaries mammaries only a. b. c. d. e. ACTH sex hormones none prolactin TH/T3-T4