Download Kingdom Eubacteria

Name:
Date:
I.
Period:
What is a Cell?
Cell – The basic unit of ________________ and _______________ of living organisms. OR
Cells are the ___________________ of living organisms.
Humans have ________ (heart, liver, lungs, etc.) in their bodies to help them live and function. Cells
contain _____________. These _____________ are like ______________ inside the cell, which
help the cell function and survive.
II.
Cell Theory –book page 45

All living things are made of ___________________

_____________ are the basic units of structure and function in living things.

Living __________ come only from other living _______________.
III.
Organization of an organism (pages 55 – 56)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
*If a cell is not working properly, then the tissue will not work properly. If the tissue does not work
properly, the organ will not work…etc.
A CELL FUNCTIONS LIKE A FACTORY OR TEAM,ETC.…ALL OF THE PARTS MUST WORK
TOGETHER, OR IT WILL NOT SURVIVE!
IV.
ORGANELLES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Let’s begin by looking on the outside of the cell.
1. Cell Membrane:

Controls the ____________ of materials in and out of the cell.

Made up of a lipid outer layer (lipid bi-layer)

____________________________ – chooses what enters and exits the cell.
2. CELL WALL:

Gives plant cells a shape – prevents over expansion

NOT FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS

Provides structure and support
Moving to the inside of the cell:
3. CYTOPLASM:

The ___________________ of the cell
4. NUCLEUS:

Control center of the cell (brain)

PROKARYOTE cell – _____________________ contain a nucleus (bacteria)

EUKARYOTE cell – ____________ contain a nucleus (animals, plants, fungi,
protists)
5. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE:
 Outside covering of the nucleus
6. CHROMOSOMES:

Found in the nucleus of the cell - Contains DNA

______PAIRS or 46 total chromosomes in your body - The 23rd pair is your
sex chromosome (determines whether you are a boy or girl)
HOW IS ENERGY MADE IN THE CELL?
7. MITOCHONDRIA:

ENERGY CENTER OF THE CELL

___________________ OCCURS HERE
o TWO TYPES OF RESPIRATION:

AEROBIC – requires oxygen


GLUCOSE (C6H1206) + O2
CO2 + H2O + ATP
(ENERGY)
ANAEROBIC – does NOT require oxygen (FERMENTATION)

Products: CO2 + H2O + ATP (ENERGY)
PACKAGING AND MOVEMENT IN AND OUT OF THE CELL…HOW DOES IT
HAPPEN?
8. VACUOLES:

LARGE VACUOLES FOUND IN PLANT CELLS

Hold water and nutrients in the cell
9. RIBOSOMES:

10.
Makes proteins
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM:

11.
Transportation system for molecules (proteins)
GOLGI BODIES:

Packages the molecules before they can leave the cell
12.
LYSOSOMES:

13.
Contains enzymes to get rid of toxic substances (Hydrogen Peroxide)
CHLOROPLASTS:

PHOTOSYNTHESIS : CO2 + H20

PLANTS ONLY!!!!
SUNLIGHT
O2 + glucose (C6H1206)
Cell Transport - MOVEMENT
We talked about making proteins in the cell and nutrients needed, but how do we get them to other
areas of the body?
PASSIVE TRANSPORT: NO ENERGY
1. Diffusion
 Molecules of a substance _____________________________________________________
_________________ to reach an equilibrium.
**Small molecules such as food molecules, oxygen, and water diffuse into the cell (through the
selectively permeable membrane) and Carbon Dioxide diffuses out of the cell.
Example: If you spray perfume in the front of the room, the odor will spread to the rest of the
room.
Example: Oxygen (O2) moving into the cell and CO2 moving out of the cell
Draw a picture of diffusion:
2. Osmosis
 80 % of the cell is made up of water.

Osmosis is the diffusion of WATER into or out of the cell.

Why would it be important that a person not drink salt water? Why do plants have a large vacuole?

A picture of Osmosis in action
ACTIVE TRANSPORT – ENERGY REQUIRED




Active transport __________________________ to “carry” a substance/mineral into that cell
OR move from a low concentration to a high concentration (across the gradient).
Carrier Proteins act like doors to allow molecules to enter and exit cell.
Used to carry minerals such as sodium, calcium, and potassium into the cell.
Used to eliminate substances out of the cell.
A.
ENDOCYTOSIS: taking materials into the body by the cell membrane
wrapping around the particles
B.
EXOCYTOSIS: releasing materials into the fluid outside of the cell
EXOCYTOSIS: releasing materials into the fluid outside of the cell
Kingdom Eubacteria
Remember the classification:
LIFE
PROKARYOTE –
NO Nucleus in cell
3 DOMAINS
ARCHAEA
EUKARYOTE –
HAS A Nucleus in cells
BACTERIA
EUKARYA
ARCHAEBACTERIA
EUBACTERIA
(MONERANS)
ANIMALIA
6 KINGDOMS
PLANTAE
PROTISTS
FUNGI
We will be focusing this unit on the Kingdoms: Eubacteria and Protista
Archaebacteria: the oldest bacteria; found in extreme environments – hot springs, our intestines, bottom of
swamps, sewage
Eubacteria: do not live in extreme environments, but live everywhere else – on us and in our bodies, some are
autotrophs that float on water
What is a Eubacteria?
1.
2.
What are examples of Eubacteria?
1.
2.
Now, let’s take a look at Cyanobacteria:
 Sometimes given the name of blue-green algae (it can be other colors)

Contain ________________ – So they do Photosynthesis and are Autotrophs

Reproduce by simple cell division (nuisance to pool owners: pond scum)

Help restore nitrogen to the soil (necessary for healthy plant growth)

Do not have a nuclei – _______________ (Major difference between plant and cyanobacteria)
The characteristics of Bacteria:

Can live in boiling water or freezing cold environments or even buried 5m deep

Have a cell wall and cell membrane; Heterotrophs and Autotrophs

Found in plants, animals, products made from plants or animals, or living freely on their own
The shapes of Bacteria:

Round – Suffix =

Rod – Suffix =

Spiral – Suffix =
Reproduction:

Reproduce quickly through the process called ______________ (splitting in to two equal parts). This is an
____________________ – meaning it involves only one parent and produces offspring exactly like the
parent.
What happens when Bacteria enter our bodies?
 Some bacteria destroy our cells making us have a fever and feel weak

Some bacteria give off poisons or toxins that can damage your body

Some help to digest food in your digestive tract
How do we get rid of the bacteria that infect our bodies?
 Antibiotics:

Antibiotic is greek for “__________________”

Antibiotics interfere with the cell processes of bacteria, which kills them

Can kill healthy cells causing rashes, diarrhea, etc. otherwise known as side effects
Are all bacteria bad for us?

NO! There are actually more helpful bacteria than harmful bacteria

Some bacteria help to decay dead organisms, clean up oil spills or garbage, they are also useful in food
production and breaking down plants to make linen and rope, Cheese, Sauerkraut and vinegar are produced
with bacteria.
Kingdom Protista
What is a protist?

Microscopic ______________organisms that contain a nucleus (_____________)
Characteristics of protists

Most of them are unicellular, and usually do not have a cell wall

Able to move

Take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide through cell membrane (__________________)

React to changes in their environments – move to better environmental conditions

Can be Autotrophs or Heterotrophs
WORD BANK FOR THE CELL PARTS:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Nuclear membrane
Chromosomes
Ribosomes
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
8) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
9) Cytoplasm
10) Vacuole
I am an organelle found in the cell, but what is my job?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cell membrane – surround the cell and give it its’ __________.
Nucleus – control center of the cell.
Nuclear membrane – surrounds and protects the _______________.
Chromosomes – the DNA of the cell (information)
Ribosomes – make protein for the cell. (remember, DNA makes RNA, RNA moves out of
the nucleus and carries the message to the ribosomes)
6. Chloroplasts – ONLY found in PLANT cells or cells that complete PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
Make _____________ for the cell by completing photosynthesis.
7. Mitochondria - ______________ producers of the cell. This is where RESPIRATION
occurs – the cell takes in the food and breaks it down using oxygen, to release ENERGY!
8. Endoplasmic Reticulum – the proteins (and other small molecules) are transported by the
ER to a place for packaging (called the Golgi Bodies) to head out of the cell.
9. Cytoplasm – environment of the cell (jelly-like inside of cell)
10. Vacuole – many types of vacuoles are found in a cell, mostly used as storage…
a. food vacuoles hold food
b. waste vacuoles hold waste
c. contractile vacuoles excrete excess water from the cell
Cellular Processes:
(review these processes from earlier to relate how they work in a protist and
bacteria)
1) Diffusion
2) Osmosis
3) Active Transport
a. Endocytosis
b. Exocytosis
4) Photosynthesis
5) Respiration
a. Aerobic Respiration
Types of animal-like protozoans:
AMOEBA:
Move by using a _____________ or false foot. An extension of the cell membrane, allows it to eat and
move.
Label:
PARAMECIUM:
Move by using ___________ or tiny hairs.
Label:
CLASS: Sporozoan
All are Parasites that feed on the cells and body fluids of their host animals
Example: plasmodium
How does plasmodium work?
1. Infected mosquito bites human
2. Mosquito injects Plasmodium spp. into human
3. Plasmodium spp. travels to liver and reproduces
4. Moves into red blood cells and travels throughout body making human sick with high fevers
Types of Plant-Like protists
 Are __________, can make their own food because they contain _____________.
 Most live in the water – aquatic.
 Many algae are considered to be a protist
1. Euglenas:
Move by using a __________or whip-like tail. Variety of shapes, have a pouch that holds two flagella, a
reddish eyespot, and structures used in making food
Label:
2. Diatoms:
Enclosed in a two-part glassy shell, water-dwelling organisms, dead diatoms form diatomaceous Earth (coarse
powdery material)
Important ingredient in car wash and toothpaste
3. Dinoflagellates:
Contain cell walls that look like plates of armor, have two cell walls that propel them through the water, can
produce sparkles or glow in ocean waves
Label:
TYPES OF FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS
SLIME MOLDS: funguslike protists that resemble different organisms throughout their life span.
Resemble an amoeba, a fungus with spores and a flagellate.