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Faulkner University
Science Department
Principles of Biology (BIO 1402)
C hapter Notes
Ch 23: Plants
Overview of a complex kingdom: from simple and small to complex and large and back again
Fibers, cellulose and lignin
Vascular system, the xylem and phloem
Rhizoids to roots and root systems
Stems to trunks and shoots to shoot systems
Leaves with waxy cuticles and stomata
In the alternation of generations
a shift toward diploid dominance
from gametophyte to sporophyte
Seeds and seed dispersion mechanisms
Pollen and pollination
Flowers
Storage organs
C-3, C-4 and CAM carbon fixation
Nonvascular plants
Bryophytes (18,600 spp.)
Mosses (10,000), liverworts and hornworts
Special “plant” adaptations
Cuticle
Water-holding “jacket” around reproductive structures
Sporophytes grow from free living gametophytes
Other traits
Spore case (Fruiting body)
Slow growth
Short
Cushiony and feathery growth habits
Water required for sexual reproduction
Gemmae formed (asexual propagules)
Peat bogs
Vascular plants but seedless
Ferns (Pterophytes) (12, 000 spp)
“fern allies”
whisk ferns (Psilophytes)
club moss (Lycophytes)
Horsetails (Sphenophytes)
Special “plant” adaptations
Independent sporophyte
Sporophyte is larger and longer lived than gametophyte
True vascular system
Other traits
Rhizomes
Strobili and sori
Fiddleheads and fronds
Some are tree-sized
Vascular, seed-bearing plants
Special “plant” adaptations
Pollen
Megaspores
Gymnosperms – seed-bearing but no flowers
Conifers (550 spp)
Cycads (185 spp)
Ginkgos (1 sp)
Gnetophytes (70 spp)
Angiosperms – seeds and flowers
Dicots (180,000 spp)
Monocots (80,000 spp)