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Chemistry
What You Should Already Know
Matter
• Matter is defined as anything that has mass
and volume.
• Matter can be divided into two main groups:
mixture and pure substance.
• ALL matter is made of atoms.
Mixtures
Mixture
• Two or more types of pure
substances
• NOT chemically combined
• No definite ratio
• Can be heterogeneous or
homogeneous
• Substances retain their
original chemical and
physical properties
• Separated using physical
properties
Separation Techniques
• Sort by size, shape, or color
• Remove portions with
magnets
• Fractional distillation
• Evaporation
• Decant
• Chromatography
• Filtration
• precipitation
Pure Substances
Elements
• About 110 known at this
point
• Organized on the Periodic
Table
• Made of atoms
• Each type of element has a
unique atomic structure
• Basic structure includes p+,
n, and e-
Compounds
• CHEMICAL combinations of
two or more elements
• Combined in definite, whole #
ratios
• Made or separated only
through chemical reactions
• Simply classified as ionic or
covalent
• Have completely different
properties than the elements
that make them
Basic Atomic Structure
• Atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and
electrons.
• An ION is an atom that has lost or gained
electrons. Ions can be positive or negatively
charged.
• An ISOTOPE is an atom with a different
number of neutrons than most other atoms of
that type.
Subatomic Particles
Proton
Neutron
Electron
• Found in
nucleus
• Positive charge
(+1)
• Mass = 1amu
• # in nucleus
identifies
atomic #
• Found in
nucleus
• Neutral charge
• Mass = 1amu
• Number in
nucleus can
change
without atom
type changing
• Found in
energy levels
around the
nucleus
• Negative
charge (-1)
• Mass = 0amu
• Outer shell #ecan change to
make ions
Different Types of Atoms
• Atoms are all made of subatomic particles but
there are several different types of atoms
• The number of subatomic particles in each
atom will determine the type of atom
• The # OF PROTONS will be unique for each
type of atom. This is the atomic number.
• The periodic table of elements is the best tool
for chemistry. You should ALWAYS have one
ready to use.
Basic Periodic Table Information
• Nearly every periodic table will have the same
basic information. Usually this includes
symbol, name, atomic number, and average
atomic mass.
Using the Periodic Table
• You should already know how to use the
periodic table to identify basic information
related to atoms.
• Number of p+ is the atomic number
• Number of e- is the same as the atomic
number for neutral atoms
• Number of neutrons = mass number – atomic
number