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Name _______________________________ Soil is a __________ at the surface of the earth composed of a mixture of ____________, ___________, _____________, _______, _______ which is capable of supporting the growth of plants Factors of Soil Formation o Parent material (original type of rock) Residual soil: formed from _______ bedrock Transported soil: _______ material has been moved to a new location o Climate: ________________ o Vegetation, Slope, Time, and ___________ of all factors Soil Composition (by volume of a healthy soil) Weathered rock and mineral matter (dirt)(~45%): ______ and ________ most abundant minerals. Must contain _________, ________, and ______ Organic matter (humus) (~5%): Partially decayed _______ and ___________________with soil. Supplies food for ________________. Air (nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide) (~25%): Used by soil organisms and plants Water (~25%): A solution of water and dissolved ________ and ________ Pore spaces: allows for penetration of __________ and circulation of ___ and _________ Soil organisms: Some __________ organic matter releasing ________ back into the soil and some change atmosphere _________ into nitrogen _____________ (nitrates) Soil Profile: as soil develops, it forms separate soil layers called ____________ o “O” horizon (not a true layer): Fresh or partly decomposed ____________ (humus) sitting on _____ of the soil (litter) and highest concentration of _______________ o “A” horizon: _______, most weathered layer, most _______ layer, high humus content (nutrients), many microorganisms, _______ color due to humus, Zone of leaching (water ____________ minerals and carries them down to a lower layer), the most roots present, and the parent material unidentifiable o o o “B” horizon: Subsoil (fill dirt), less root penetration, less biological activity, compact and ________ in color, Zone of accumulation (where leached materials are ________), many more rocks, and parent material difficult to _____________ “C” horizon: Little biological activity, ____________ weathered parent material, and more and larger rocks “R” horizon (not a true layer of soil): ___________ and _____________ parent material Soil Erosion is the _______________ of soil Agents Water • Raindrops hit the soil and dislodge soil particles • Thin sheets of water (sheet flow) flowing across • • • • • the surface carries away dislodged soil particles (sheet erosion) Sheet flows collect in tiny channels called rills Rills drain into gullies Gullies drain into streams Streams drain into rivers Rivers flow to the oceans where the soil is deposited Wind, Ice (glaciers), and Human activities Special Soils Soil by Brainpop 1) What is Humus? 2) What is the “Horizon A” layer of soil also known as? 3) What is “bedrock”? o Laterites (Brick Soil): ______________soils form in the _________ and o ___________ and is the end product of __________ chemical weathering Tundra: Soils near the ____________, _____________ with little humus, and supports only small plants, no trees