Download Intermediate 2 Biology Revision

Intermediate 2 Biology Revision
Use your Rise Section Notes to complete the following tasks
9.1 Composition of Food
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The five main food groups
What two subgroups form the carbohydrate group?
What elements are carbohydrates and fats made up of?
Which element is present alongside these elements in proteins only?
What are the subunits of proteins? Draw a simple diagram
What do fat molecules comprise of? Draw a simple diagram
9.2 The Alimentary Canal
1. The two main mechanisms for breaking down food within the digestive
system
2. List in order the organs food passes through on its journey through the
Alimentary Canal.
3. Name 3 organs associated with the Alimentary Canal, but which food
does not pass through.
4. Name the enzyme produced by the Salivary Glands.
5. Describe the action of this enzyme (what is the substrate, and what is
the product?).
6. Name the other substance produced by the Salivary Glands.
7. What is its role in digestion?
8. The wave of muscular contractions throughout the Alimentary Canal.
9. Name the pair of muscles covering the Alimentary Canal
9.3 Digestion Process
1. Define Digestion.
2. Why must food molecules become soluble?
3. Name three groups of food molecules that do not require digestion.
4. What Enzymes act upon Carbohydrates?
5. Name the organs where they are produced
6. What enzyme acts upon Proteins?
7. Name the organs where they are produced
8. What enzyme acts upon Fats?
9. Name the organ where it is produced
10. What is secreted by the liver?
11. Describe the action of this substance
9.4 Stomach Digestion
1. What enzyme is present in the stomach?
2. What two other substances are secreted by cells in the stomach
3. Name the structure in the stomach that contains these three groups of
cells
4. State the two functions of Hydrochloric Acid in the stomach.
5. What is the optimum pH for Pepsin?
6. What is the function of the mucus?
9.5 Temperature and Protein Digestion
1. What is the normal core body temperature?
2. Describe the effect of extremes of temperature on the action of
enzymes.
3. What solution is used in laboratories to demonstrate the action of a
protease enzyme?
4. How will this solution appear once a protease enzyme has acted upon
it?
5. In terms of digestion and solubility explain why this result is observed.
9.6 Absorption Process
1. Define absorption.
2. State three main adaptations of the Small Intestine.
3. State how each adaptation is achieved
4. Explain the importance of each adaptation
5. Draw a diagram of a villus and label.
6. What substances are absorbed in the capillaries?
7. What organ is blood, now rich in food molecules, transported to?
8. What is the fate of excess glucose?
9. What is the fate of excess amino acids?
10. What is this process called?
11. Where are the products of fat digestion absorbed and transported?
9.7 Water Absorption
1. Name the main components of the material passing through the large
intestine.
2. Name the 2 roles of the large intestine.
3. What is the fate of water that is reabsorbed?
4. What term is given to the expelling of waste from the alimentary canal?
10.1 Gaining water
1. Name the three main ways of gaining water.
2. Define metabolism.
3. Define metabolic water.
10.2 Losing water
1. Name the four main ways the body looses water.
2. Explain each process. (WHY IS IT LOST IN THIS WAY)
3. What activities may cause you to loose less water through URINE?
10.3 Role of the Kidneys
1. Draw and label a diagram for the kidneys linked to the bladder and
their blood supply.
2. Explain what is meant by keeping your water balanced.
3. State the two functions of the kidney
4. Define osmoregulation
5. Define excretion
10.4 The kidney in detail
1. Draw and label a diagram of the internal structure if the kidney showing
a nephron
2. Explain what happens at the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
3. What is the term given to this process?
4. Create a summary table to show what is filtered out of the blood and
what is retained, as blood passes through the glomerulus.
5. What process occurs throughout the kidney tubule?
6. What substances pass back into the blood?
7. What does urine consist of?
8. Why is it necessary to remove urea?
9. How and where is urea created in the body?
10.5 Marine Bony Fish
1. Describe the relationship between marine fish and their surrounding
using the terms HYPOTINIC and HYPERTONIC
2. What problem does this pose to Marine Fish?
3. Describe the main adaptations of marine fish to overcome this problem.
4. Describe how Marine Fish maintain their salt levels.
10.6 Freshwater Bony Fish
1. Describe the relationship between Freshwater fish and their
surrounding using the terms HYPOTONIC and HYPERTONIC
2. What problem does this pose to Freshwater Fish?
3. Describe the main adaptations of Freshwater Fish to overcome this
problem.
4. Describe how Freshwater Fish maintain their salt levels.
10.7 Corrective Control
1. Define the body’ ‘Internal environment’
2. Name the term used for specialised cells that detect changes in the
internal environment
3. Name the term used for cells or organs that respond to messages to
produce a corrective response.
4. Draw a flow diagram to represent how conditions are kept within
normal limits
5. Name this type of feedback mechanism
6. Name the hormone involved in regulating water concentration
7. Where is this produced in the body?
8. What effect does this hormone have on the kidney tubules?
9. What organ is responsible for detecting changes in blood-water
concentration?
10. Name the exact location and the term given to the specialised cells in
this organ.
11.1 The heart
1. What is the function of the heart?
2. The type of muscle the heart is made of.
3. Draw and label a diagram of the heart to show the chambers
4. Describe the role of the atria
5. Describe the role of the ventricles
6. Compare and contrast the walls of the chambers
7. What is the role of the valves in the heart?
8. Label the vales on you diagram
9. What blood vessels supply the heart muscle?
10. What would occur if these vessels became blocked?
11.2 Circulatory System
1. Compare and contrast the blood flowing through the right and left sides
of the heart.
2. Construct a table to compare and contrast the roles and structures of
the Arteries, Capillaries and Veins.
3. What blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
4. What blood vessel carries oxygenated blood to the liver?
5. Which blood vessel links the intestines and the liver?
6. Which blood vessel returns blood to the heart form the head and body?
7. Which blood vessel supplies the digestive system (the alimentary
canal)?
8. What is the name of the main artery leading from the heart?
11.3 Gas exchange
1. Name the site of gas exchange in the lungs
2. State the gases exchanged and describe where they move from and
to.
3. State the process by which these gases move
4. Draw and label a diagram of the main structures of the lungs.
5. Why is oxygen needed by living cells?
6. State the3 main features of the alveoli which make gas exchange
efficient.
7. Describe the function of each.
8. State the 2 main features of the capillaries that make gas exchange
efficient.
9. Describe the function of each.
11.4 Blood
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Name the liquid part of blood.
Name the four main substances found in this liquid.
State the function of a red blood cell.
How is a RBC adapted to its function?
How is oxygen transported to respiring cells?
State the 2 ways in which Carbon dioxide transported to the lungs.
How is digested food transported away from the Small Intestine?
Give 3 examples of how digested food products are used around the
body.
11.5 Haemoglobin
1. How many peptide units does a single haemoglobin molecule consist
of?
2. How many oxygen molecules can be transported by one molecule of
haemoglobin?
3. Where is the iron found in a haemoglobin molecule?
4. Name the condition caused when the body lacks Iron.
5. Name the molecule formed when oxygen binds to haemoglobin.
6. Describe the colour change that occurs.
7. Describe the conditions that must be present for haemoglobin and
oxygen to become separated (dissociate).
8. How does the body compensate for the low oxygen levels found at
higher altitudes?
11.6 Body defences
1. State the term for a disease causing organism.
2. Name two barriers to pathogens and state how they work.
3. Name four ways in which the body discourages pathogen from
growing, and state how they work.
4. Name the 2 blood cells involved in second line defences.
5. Name the process by which pathogens are destroyed non-specifically
by one of these cells.
6. Describe this process.
11.7 Antibody Production
1. Define Antigen
2. Define Antibody
3. Name the cell in blood responsible for producing antibodies
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Explain what is meant by specific immunity.
Describe how an antibodies work.
Define passive immunity
Define active immunity.
What is a vaccine?
12.1 The Brain
1. Name the 5 main regions of the brain identified in this unit.
2. For each region state its function
3. How did Phineas Gage help with understanding the role of the frontal
lobe of the brain?
12.2 Sensing and responding
1. Name the two main components of the central nervous system
2. Name the structures of the skeletal system that protect these two
areas.
3. What is the name given to the nerves that connect the CNS to the rest
of the body?
4. How are messages carried along these nerves?
5. The cells which detect changes in the internal and external
environment.
6. Term given to Muscles or glands that bring about responses to
changes in the environment.
7. Name the section of the brain responsible for receiving impulses from
the sense organs.
8. Name the section of the brain responsible for co-ordinating impulses to
the muscles and glands.
9. Explain the relationship between the size of the portion allocated in
these areas and the number of receptor cells.
10. How do drugs affect the brain?
12.3 Cells of the nervous system
1. The term used to describe an individual nerve cell
2. Term given to the electrical ‘message’ sent along these cells
3. The type of nerve cell that passes messages to the CNS from sense
organs
4. The section of a neurone containing the nucleus
5. The type of nerve cell that is found in the CNS connecting sensory
neurones to other neurons of the body.
6. The nerve cell that carries information to effectors from the CNS
12.4 Nervous system in action
1. Term given to the cells that pick up information detected by sense
organs
2. Construct a table to show what the receptor cells are sensitive to in
each sense organ
Sense organ
Taste buds
Receptors sensitive to
3. Term given to muscles and glands which carry out a response
4. Write a flow diagram to represent the path from stimulus to response
for example hearing a loud bang.
12.5 Reflex Response
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Why is it important that reflexes are very rapid responses to stimuli?
T/F reflex responses are voluntary
Name the gap between each neurone in a reflex arc
What is the function of this gap?
What is used to bridge this gap?
What must occur for the impulse to continue?
12.6 Control of body temperature
1. What is core body temperature for humans?
2. T/F the surface temperature of the skin, fat, muscle and limbs is
higher.
3. The special receptor cells in the brain
4. The region of the brain containing these receptors
5. Where are the main motor receptors cells that respond to impulses for
this region to raise/reduce the core temperature?
6. Name three responses in the skin to a rise in body temperature
7. How is heat lost in this situation?
8. Name three responses in the skin to a fall in body temperature.
9. What term is used to describe blood vessels narrowing?
10. What term is used to describe blood vessels widening?
11. Give two examples of voluntary responses to changes in body
temperature