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Transcript
Kingdom Animalia (p. 406-478) Although there is great diversity in the animal kingdom, most animals share the following characteristics: · Multicellular Eukaryotes · a diploid stage dominates the lifecycle · heterotrophic (ingestion) · able to move (locomotion) to obtain food · do not contain cell walls · cells are differentiated into tissues, organs, and organ systems (except for sponges) to perform specialized functions such as digestion, transport, gas exchange, movements, excretion, and reproduction · contain nervous tissue and muscle tissue (unique to animals) Methods of Reproduction: · mostly sexual (can also be asexual) with motile female and male gametes · Asexual by mitosis: fragmentation (worms), budding (hydra), regeneration (planaria), and metamorphosis (tadpole) · Sexual by meiosis: (general stages) 1. production of haploid gametes 2. fertilization to for zygote 3. zygote undergoes mitotic divisions to form blastula (in most animals) 4. Gastrulation occurs causing cells to differentiate and organize themselves into distinctive layers for further development into adult body tissues Classification of the Animal Kingdom: · There are over 35 phyla in kingdom Animalia, however we will only be concentrating on nine well known phyla: Mollusca, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata (we are here!) How Do We Classify Members of the Kingdom Animalia? · We generally divides the animal kingdom into two main groups: o vertebrates – contain a backbone (skeleton supports tissues of large animals) o invertebrates – are animals without a backbone · Animals are classified into different phyla according to certain criteria, including: 1. the type of coelom 2. symmetry 3. body plan 4. presence of segmentation The Simplest Animals (p. 490) · All animals (except sponges and cnidarians) have three distinctive body layers. Phylum Main Characteristics live attached to a solid surface, and filter their food through pores, from the passing stream of water multicellular, but cells are not well organized and exist independent of one another Porifera (Sponges) “pore-bearing” believed to have evolved from protest colonies what happens when you put a sponge through a filter? contains a single opening for food and waste, digest food externally (no internal organs) - consists of 2 layers of cells only 2 layers are held together by needle-like fibres called spicules Cnidaria (jellyfish, Corals, and Anemones) consist of 2 layers of cells only contains a single opening for food and waste, but also contains a simple nervous system and muscle tissues (can swim), digest food internally using digestive enzymes in cavity. Have two basic body plans – medusa and ployp - catch prey in stinging tentacles Development of a Mesoderm · Blastula formation is the earliest developmental stage of an embryo. As the embryo development continues, some of the cells fold in forming a gastrula · Gastrulation results in the development of three distinctive cell layers in the developing embryo: (in humans) o ectoderm – (outer layer) produces skin, nerve tissue, and sense organs o mesoderm – (middle layer) produces muscles, blood, kidneys, and reproductive organs o endoderm – (inner layer) produces lungs, liver, pancreas, bladder, and the lining of the digestive tract Body symmetry: · Some animals have an asymmetrical body plan (i.e sponges), but most have a symmetrical body plan · There are two basic types of symmetrical body plans: (see fig 13.40) o radial (all around) o · bilateral (on two sides) There are over 30 phyla, over half of these phyla are worm species!! Phylum Platyhelminthes (aka. flatworms – planaria, tapeworms, and fluke worms Annelida (Segmented worms – eg. earthworms, leeches, ) Main Characteristics has 3 distinctive layers of cells single opening for food and elimination of wastes (internal cavity) –ie. sac digestion contain simple excretory system and nervous system, with “brain-like” clump of nerve cells in the head found in moist wet environment (terrestrial, freshwater, and marine) - segmented worms (septa) that contain a coelem each segment contains specialized organs for excretion, circulation, and nerve control - What advantage does this body plan have? - have coelom – aka coelomates Development of a Coelom · a coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity that contains specialized organs o coelomates have a coelom o acoelomates DO NOT have a coelom · the coelom is located inside the mesoderm layer (see fig, 13.42) · why is the coelom important? · o provides structural support and allows for movement control o allows for the development of more complex organs systems Earthworms are the first animals to show the presence of a coelom! Phylum Mollusca (molluscs) slugs, snails, clams. oysters, squid Main Characteristics soft-bodied invertebrate animals that produce a skeleton (exoskeleton) called a shell which is composed of calcium carbonate, CaCO3. fleshy mantle is the fleshy material that secretes, modifies, and lines the shell have a circulatory systems and most have a twochambered heart contain bilateral symmetry, coelom, and two body openings (tube digestive system) invertebrate animals with hard exoskeleton made of chitin, segmented bodies, and jointed limbs - four major classes: 1. Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles) 2. Myriapods (millipedes, centipedes) 3. Arachnida (scorpions, king crabs, spiders, mites, ticks (all have 8 legs) Anthropods (joint legged animals 4. Insecta (Crickets, Grasshoppers, beetles (#of legs, body sections, are used to distinguish them (most diverse group) show many structural similarities to annelids (common origins), but have also evolved distinctive differences: fewer body segments, exoskeleton, jointedlegs, muscle groups, developed jaws, sense organs Echinodermata (starfish,sea cucumber, urchins) locomotion is accomplished by moving water under pressure through a series of internal channels (read p. 503 and see figure 13.51) lack respiratory, excretory, and circulatory systems and begin digestion externally - Invertebrate Chordates (subphyla Urochordata, and Cephalochordata) marine invertebrates with radial symmetry no head or brain, but they have a central nerve ring Urochordata: are thick walled organisms that live on the ocean floor They share three distinctive features of all chordates 1. dorsal nerve cord 2. notchord (cartilleage rod) that runs down the dorsal length of their body 3. gill slits See figure 13.54 on page 505 Agnathans (jawless fish) and Gnathostomata (jawed animals) Vertebrate Chordates (Jawless and with Jaws) See table 13.1 for a list of representatives of the phylum chordate Jawless fish are further divided in to bony fish and cartilaginous fishes Evolution of jaws allowed animals to grasp, hold, crush, and break food (huge advantage) - See figure 13.57 on page 508 Kingdom Animalia (p. 406-478) Although there is great diversity in the animal kingdom, most animals share the following characteristics: · Multicellular _________________________ · a ________________ stage dominates the lifecycle · ______________________- (ingestion) · able to move (locomotion) to obtain food · do not contain cell walls · cells are differentiated into tissues, organs, and organ systems (except for sponges) to perform specialized functions such as digestion, transport, gas exchange, movements, excretion, and reproduction · contain ________________ and ____________-- (unique to animals) Methods of Reproduction: · mostly sexual (can also be asexual) with motile female and male gametes · Asexual by ____________: fragmentation (worms), budding (hydra), regeneration (planaria), and metamorphosis (tadpole) · Sexual by __________: (general stages) 5. production of haploid gametes 6. fertilization to for _______________ 7. zygote undergoes mitotic divisions to form ________________ (in most animals) 8. ________________ occurs causing cells to differentiate and organize themselves into distinctive layers for further development into adult body tissues Classification of the Animal Kingdom: · There are over 35 phyla in kingdom Animalia, however we will only be concentrating on eight well known phyla: Mollusca, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata (we are here!) How Do We Classify Members of the Kingdom Animalia? · We generally divides the animal kingdom into two main groups: o __________________ – contain a backbone (skeleton supports tissues of large animals) o · __________________ – are animals without a backbone Animals are classified into different phyla according to certain criteria, including: 5. the type of ________________ 6. __________________ 7. ____________________ 8. presence of _________________ The Simplest Animals (p. 490) · All animals (except sponges and cnidarians) have three distinctive body layers. Phylum Main Characteristics live attached to a solid surface, and filter their food through pores, _________________, but cells are not well organized and exist independent of one another believed to have evolved from protest colonies what happens when you put a sponge through a filter? Porifera (Sponges) “pore-bearing” contains a single opening for food and waste, digest food externally (no internal organs) - consists of 2 layers of cells only - 2 layers are held together by needle-like fibres called__________ - Cnidaria (jellyfish, Corals, and Anemones) consist of 2 layers of cells only contains a _____________________ for food and waste, but also contains a simple nervous system and muscle tissues (can swim), digest food internally using digestive enzymes in cavity. Have two basic body plans – _____________ and _________ - catch prey in _________________________ Development of a Mesoderm · ________________ formation is the earliest developmental stage of an embryo. As the embryo development continues, some of the cells fold in forming a ________________ · Gastrulation results in the development of three distinctive cell layers in the developing embryo: (in humans) o ________________ – (outer layer) produces skin, nerve tissue, and sense organs o ________________ – (middle layer) produces muscles, blood, kidneys, and reproductive organs o _________________ – (inner layer) produces lungs, liver, pancreas, bladder, and the lining of the digestive tract Body symmetry: · Some animals have an asymmetrical body plan (i.e sponges), but most have a symmetrical body plan · There are two basic types of symmetrical body plans: (see fig 13.40) o _____________ (all around) o · ______________ (on two sides) There are over 30 phyla, over half of these phyla are worm species!! Phylum Main Characteristics has ___________________ of cells Platyhelminthes (aka. flatworms – planaria, tapeworms, and fluke worms ____________________ for food and elimination of wastes (internal cavity) –ie. sac digestion contain simple excretory system and nervous system, with “________________” clump of nerve cells in the head found in moist wet environment (terrestrial, freshwater, and marine) segmented worms (_______________) that contain a ________ Annelida (Segmented worms – eg. earthworms, leeches, ) each segment contains specialized organs for excretion, circulation, and nerve control - What advantage does this body plan have? - have coelom – aka coelomates - Development of a Coelom · a coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity that contains specialized organs o _________________ have a coelom o _________________ DO NOT have a coelom · the coelom is located inside the mesoderm layer (see fig, 13.42) · why is the coelom important? · o __________________________________________________________ o __________________________________________________________ Earthworms are the first animals to show the presence of a coelom! Phylum Mollusca Main Characteristics soft-bodied invertebrate animals that produce a skeleton (molluscs) slugs, snails, clams. oysters, squid _______________________) called a shell which is composed of calcium carbonate, CaCO3. __________________________ is the fleshy material that secretes, modifies, and lines the shell have a circulatory systems and most have a __________________________________________ contain bilateral symmetry, coelom, and two body openings (tube digestive system) invertebrate animals with hard exoskeleton made of ____________________, segmented bodies, and jointed limbs - four major classes: 1. _________________ (crabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles) 2. _________________ (millipedes, centipedes) Anthropods (joint legged animals 3. _________________ (scorpions, king crabs, spiders, mites, ticks (all have 8 legs) 4. _________________ (Crickets, Grasshoppers, beetles (#of legs, body sections, are used to distinguish them (most diverse group) show many structural similarities to annelids (common origins), but have also evolved distinctive differences: fewer body segments, exoskeleton, jointed-legs, muscle groups, developed jaws, sense organs Echinodermata (starfish,sea cucumber, urchins) marine invertebrates with radial symmetry locomotion is accomplished by ___________ under pressure through a series of internal channels (read p. 503 and see figure 13.51) ________ respiratory, excretory, and circulatory systems and begin digestion externally - no head or brain, but they have a central ____________ Urochordata: are thick walled organisms that live on the ocean floor Invertebrate Chordates (subphyla Urochordata, and Cephalochordata) - They share three distinctive features of all chordates 1. _______________________ 2. _______________________ (cartilleage rod) that runs down the dorsal length of their body 3. ______________________ See figure 13.54 on page 505 Vertebrate Chordates (Jawless and with Jaws) - Agnathans (jawless fish) and Gnathostomata (jawed animals) - See table 13.1 for a list of representatives of the phylum chordate Jawless fish are further divided in to _____________ and __________________________ Evolution of jaws allowed animals to ____________________ ____________________________ (huge advantage) - See figure 13.57 on page 508