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Kingdom Animalia
(p. 406-478)
Although there is great diversity in the animal kingdom, most animals share the
following characteristics:
·
Multicellular Eukaryotes
·
a diploid stage dominates the lifecycle
·
heterotrophic (ingestion)
·
able to move (locomotion) to obtain food
·
do not contain cell walls
· cells are differentiated into tissues, organs, and organ systems (except for
sponges) to perform specialized functions such as digestion, transport, gas
exchange, movements, excretion, and reproduction
·
contain nervous tissue and muscle tissue (unique to animals)
Methods of Reproduction:
· mostly sexual (can also be asexual) with motile female and male gametes
· Asexual by mitosis: fragmentation (worms), budding (hydra), regeneration
(planaria), and metamorphosis (tadpole)
·
Sexual by meiosis: (general stages)
1. production of haploid gametes
2. fertilization to for zygote
3. zygote undergoes mitotic divisions to form blastula (in most animals)
4. Gastrulation occurs causing cells to differentiate and organize
themselves into distinctive layers for further development into adult body
tissues
Classification of the Animal Kingdom:
· There are over 35 phyla in kingdom Animalia, however we will only be
concentrating on nine well known phyla: Mollusca, Porifera, Cnidaria,
Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata (we
are here!)
How Do We Classify Members of the Kingdom Animalia?
·
We generally divides the animal kingdom into two main groups:
o vertebrates – contain a backbone (skeleton supports tissues of large
animals)
o
invertebrates – are animals without a backbone
· Animals are classified into different phyla according to certain criteria,
including:
1. the type of coelom
2. symmetry
3. body plan
4. presence of segmentation
The Simplest Animals (p. 490)
· All animals (except sponges and cnidarians) have three distinctive body
layers.
Phylum
Main Characteristics
live attached to a solid surface, and filter their food
through pores, from the passing stream of water
multicellular, but cells are not well organized and
exist independent of one another
Porifera (Sponges)
“pore-bearing”
believed to have evolved from protest colonies what
happens when you put a sponge through a filter?
contains a single opening for food and waste, digest
food externally (no internal organs)
-
consists of 2 layers of cells only
2 layers are held together by needle-like fibres called
spicules
Cnidaria (jellyfish,
Corals, and
Anemones)
consist of 2 layers of cells only
contains a single opening for food and waste, but also
contains a simple nervous system and muscle tissues (can
swim), digest food internally using digestive enzymes in
cavity.
Have two basic body plans – medusa and ployp
-
catch prey in stinging tentacles
Development of a Mesoderm
· Blastula formation is the earliest developmental stage of an embryo. As
the embryo development continues, some of the cells fold in forming a gastrula
· Gastrulation results in the development of three distinctive cell layers in
the developing embryo: (in humans)
o ectoderm – (outer layer) produces skin, nerve tissue, and sense
organs
o mesoderm – (middle layer) produces muscles, blood, kidneys, and
reproductive organs
o endoderm – (inner layer) produces lungs, liver, pancreas, bladder,
and the lining of the digestive tract
Body symmetry:
· Some animals have an asymmetrical body plan (i.e sponges), but most have
a symmetrical body plan
·
There are two basic types of symmetrical body plans: (see fig 13.40)
o
radial (all around)
o
·
bilateral (on two sides)
There are over 30 phyla, over half of these phyla are worm species!!
Phylum
Platyhelminthes
(aka. flatworms – planaria,
tapeworms, and fluke worms
Annelida
(Segmented worms – eg.
earthworms, leeches, )
Main Characteristics
has 3 distinctive layers of cells
single opening for food and elimination of
wastes (internal cavity) –ie. sac digestion
contain simple excretory system and
nervous system, with “brain-like” clump of
nerve cells in the head
found in moist wet environment
(terrestrial, freshwater, and marine)
-
segmented worms (septa) that contain a
coelem
each segment contains specialized organs
for excretion, circulation, and nerve control
-
What advantage does this body plan have?
-
have coelom – aka coelomates
Development of a Coelom
·
a coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity that contains specialized organs
o
coelomates have a coelom
o
acoelomates DO NOT have a coelom
·
the coelom is located inside the mesoderm layer (see fig, 13.42)
·
why is the coelom important?
·
o
provides structural support and allows for movement control
o
allows for the development of more complex organs systems
Earthworms are the first animals to show the presence of a coelom!
Phylum
Mollusca
(molluscs)
slugs, snails, clams.
oysters, squid
Main Characteristics
soft-bodied invertebrate animals that produce a
skeleton (exoskeleton) called a shell which is composed
of calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
fleshy mantle is the fleshy material that secretes,
modifies, and lines the shell
have a circulatory systems and most have a twochambered heart
contain bilateral symmetry, coelom, and two body
openings (tube digestive system)
invertebrate animals with hard exoskeleton made
of chitin, segmented bodies, and jointed limbs
-
four major classes:
1. Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles)
2. Myriapods (millipedes, centipedes)
3. Arachnida (scorpions, king crabs, spiders, mites,
ticks (all have 8 legs)
Anthropods
(joint legged animals
4. Insecta (Crickets, Grasshoppers, beetles (#of legs,
body sections, are used to distinguish them (most
diverse group)
show many structural similarities to annelids
(common origins), but have also evolved distinctive
differences: fewer body segments, exoskeleton, jointedlegs, muscle groups, developed jaws, sense organs
Echinodermata
(starfish,sea cucumber,
urchins)
locomotion is accomplished by moving water
under pressure through a series of internal channels
(read p. 503 and see figure 13.51)
lack respiratory, excretory, and circulatory systems
and begin digestion externally
-
Invertebrate Chordates
(subphyla
Urochordata, and
Cephalochordata)
marine invertebrates with radial symmetry
no head or brain, but they have a central nerve ring
Urochordata: are thick walled organisms that live
on the ocean floor
They share three distinctive features of all
chordates
1. dorsal nerve cord
2. notchord (cartilleage rod) that runs down
the dorsal length of their body
3. gill slits
See figure 13.54 on page 505
Agnathans (jawless fish) and Gnathostomata
(jawed animals)
Vertebrate Chordates
(Jawless and with
Jaws)
See table 13.1 for a list of representatives of the
phylum chordate
Jawless fish are further divided in to bony fish and
cartilaginous fishes
Evolution of jaws allowed animals to grasp, hold,
crush, and break food (huge advantage)
-
See figure 13.57 on page 508
Kingdom Animalia
(p. 406-478)
Although there is great diversity in the animal kingdom, most animals share the following
characteristics:
·
Multicellular _________________________
·
a ________________ stage dominates the lifecycle
·
______________________- (ingestion)
·
able to move (locomotion) to obtain food
·
do not contain cell walls
·
cells are differentiated into tissues, organs, and organ systems (except for sponges) to
perform specialized functions such as digestion, transport, gas exchange, movements,
excretion, and reproduction
·
contain ________________ and ____________-- (unique to animals)
Methods of Reproduction:
·
mostly sexual (can also be asexual) with motile female and male gametes
·
Asexual by ____________: fragmentation (worms), budding (hydra), regeneration
(planaria), and metamorphosis (tadpole)
·
Sexual by __________: (general stages)
5.
production of haploid gametes
6.
fertilization to for _______________
7.
zygote undergoes mitotic divisions to form ________________ (in most animals)
8. ________________ occurs causing cells to differentiate and organize themselves
into distinctive layers for further development into adult body tissues
Classification of the Animal Kingdom:
·
There are over 35 phyla in kingdom Animalia, however we will only be
concentrating on eight well known phyla: Mollusca, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes,
Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata (we are here!)
How Do We Classify Members of the Kingdom Animalia?
·
We generally divides the animal kingdom into two main groups:
o
__________________ – contain a backbone (skeleton supports tissues of large
animals)
o
·
__________________ – are animals without a backbone
Animals are classified into different phyla according to certain criteria, including:
5.
the type of ________________
6.
__________________
7.
____________________
8.
presence of _________________
The Simplest Animals (p. 490)
·
All animals (except sponges and cnidarians) have three distinctive body layers.
Phylum
Main Characteristics
live attached to a solid surface, and filter their food through pores,
_________________, but cells are not well organized and exist
independent of one another
believed to have evolved from protest colonies what happens when
you put a sponge through a filter?
Porifera (Sponges)
“pore-bearing”
contains a single opening for food and waste, digest food
externally (no internal organs)
-
consists of 2 layers of cells only
-
2 layers are held together by needle-like fibres called__________
-
Cnidaria (jellyfish,
Corals, and
Anemones)
consist of 2 layers of cells only
contains a _____________________ for food and waste, but also
contains a simple nervous system and muscle tissues (can swim), digest
food internally using digestive enzymes in cavity.
Have two basic body plans – _____________ and _________
-
catch prey in _________________________
Development of a Mesoderm
·
________________ formation is the earliest developmental stage of an embryo. As the
embryo development continues, some of the cells fold in forming a ________________
·
Gastrulation results in the development of three distinctive cell layers in the
developing embryo: (in humans)
o
________________ – (outer layer) produces skin, nerve tissue, and sense organs
o
________________ – (middle layer) produces muscles, blood, kidneys, and
reproductive organs
o
_________________ – (inner layer) produces lungs, liver, pancreas, bladder,
and the lining of the digestive tract
Body
symmetry:
·
Some animals have an asymmetrical body plan (i.e sponges), but most have a
symmetrical body plan
·
There are two basic types of symmetrical body plans: (see fig 13.40)
o
_____________ (all around)
o
·
______________ (on two sides)
There are over 30 phyla, over half of these phyla are worm species!!
Phylum
Main Characteristics
has ___________________ of cells
Platyhelminthes
(aka. flatworms – planaria,
tapeworms, and fluke worms
____________________ for food and elimination of
wastes (internal cavity) –ie. sac digestion
contain simple excretory system and nervous system,
with “________________” clump of nerve cells in the head
found in moist wet environment (terrestrial,
freshwater, and marine)
segmented worms (_______________) that contain
a ________
Annelida
(Segmented worms – eg.
earthworms, leeches, )
each segment contains specialized organs for
excretion, circulation, and nerve control
-
What advantage does this body plan have?
-
have coelom – aka coelomates
-
Development of a Coelom
·
a coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity that contains specialized organs
o
_________________ have a coelom
o
_________________ DO NOT have a coelom
·
the coelom is located inside the mesoderm layer (see fig, 13.42)
·
why is the coelom important?
·
o
__________________________________________________________
o
__________________________________________________________
Earthworms are the first animals to show the presence of a coelom!
Phylum
Mollusca
Main Characteristics
soft-bodied invertebrate animals that produce a skeleton
(molluscs)
slugs, snails, clams.
oysters, squid
_______________________) called a shell which is composed of
calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
__________________________ is the fleshy material that
secretes, modifies, and lines the shell
have a circulatory systems and most have a
__________________________________________
contain bilateral symmetry, coelom, and two body openings
(tube digestive system)
invertebrate animals with hard exoskeleton made of
____________________, segmented bodies, and jointed limbs
-
four major classes:
1. _________________ (crabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles)
2. _________________ (millipedes, centipedes)
Anthropods
(joint legged animals
3. _________________ (scorpions, king crabs, spiders, mites, ticks
(all have 8 legs)
4. _________________ (Crickets, Grasshoppers, beetles (#of legs,
body sections, are used to distinguish them (most diverse group)
show many structural similarities to annelids (common origins),
but have also evolved distinctive differences: fewer body segments,
exoskeleton, jointed-legs, muscle groups, developed jaws, sense organs
Echinodermata
(starfish,sea
cucumber, urchins)
marine invertebrates with radial symmetry
locomotion is accomplished by ___________ under pressure
through a series of internal channels (read p. 503 and see figure 13.51)
________ respiratory, excretory, and circulatory systems and
begin digestion externally
-
no head or brain, but they have a central ____________
Urochordata: are thick walled organisms that live on the ocean
floor
Invertebrate
Chordates
(subphyla
Urochordata, and
Cephalochordata)
-
They share three distinctive features of all chordates
1.
_______________________
2. _______________________ (cartilleage rod) that runs
down the dorsal length of their body
3.
______________________
See figure 13.54 on page 505
Vertebrate
Chordates (Jawless
and with Jaws)
-
Agnathans (jawless fish) and Gnathostomata (jawed animals)
-
See table 13.1 for a list of representatives of the phylum chordate
Jawless fish are further divided in to _____________ and
__________________________
Evolution of jaws allowed animals to ____________________
____________________________ (huge advantage)
-
See figure 13.57 on page 508