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1. latitude lines-imaginary lines running east and west measuring north and south of the equator longitude lines- imaginary lines running north and south measuring east and west of the prime meridian 2. Prime meridian-0 degrees longitude-runs through Greenwich England 3. Globe-3 dimensional model of the earth 4. Map- 2 dimensional representation of the earth or part of the earth 5. Political Map- Map that highlights political boundaries and features (borders and cities) 6. Physical Map-Map that highlights physical features of the earth’s surface 7. Cartogram- map where land size is based on specific information instead of the actual size and shape of the earth’s surface 8. Flow-Line Map-Map that illustrates movement by using arrows 9. Qualitative map-Thematic maps that use pictures, colors and shading to show different themes and contrasting information 10. Movement11. H.E.I-How and why humans interact with and use the environment. Mining, damn, farms, constructing of cities, etc… 12. Place13. Absolute Location- location using longitude and latitude coordinates 14. Relative Location- determining location by what is nearby 15. Formal region 16. Perceptual region- a region that sees itself as unique 17. GIS 18. GPS- Global Positioning System- Device that uses satellites to determine absolute location 19. Land Sat20. Erosion- the movement of sediment by water wind or ice 21. Landforms- different shapes of the earths crust; valley, Mountain, plain, cape, plateau 22. Relief-change in elevation 23. Continental Drift Theory- the idea that the earth’s crust is broken into different plates that are floating on the mantle. This theory explains, volcano activity, earthquakes, mountain ranges and rift valleys 24. Crust, Mantle, Core 25. magma-molten rock beneath the earth’s surface 26. Atmosphere- Gases on the earth 27. Soil Factors 28. Ring of Fire- Area of volcanic activity along the edges of the pacific plate 29. Techtronic plate-a free-floating section of the earth’s crust 30. Lava-molten rock that has reached the earth’s surface 31. Fault- Crack in the earth’s surface where earthquakes can occur 32. Solar System-The sun and all it’s orbiting planets, moons, asteroids, and comets 33. Chemical Weathering- Change in a substance’s chemical make up; rust, corrosion 34. Lithosphere- The earth’s solid layer of rock; crust 35. Epicenter-Where an earthquake happens below the earth’s surface on the fault 36. Topography- Shape of the earth’s surface 37. Delta- area at the mouth of a river where sediment is deposited in a triangular shape creating very fertile soil 38. Moraine-Deposited sediment of a glacier 39. Sediment-Weathered material 40. Loess-Wind blown sediment; causes wind erosion 41. Rain Shadow-Dry area on the leeward side of a mountain range; all the moisture is trapped on the windward side 42. Convection- Precipitation created by heated, humid air rising high into the atmosphere where it cools and condenses forming clouds and precipitation. Found along the equator and hot humid areas 43. Greenhouse effect- layer of CO2 in the atmosphere that keeps earth from becoming too cold. Too much CO2 results in too much insulation and increased worldwide temperatures 44. Hurricanes-Low pressure storms created over warm ocean water that spin due to a combination of convection and the earth’s rotation 45. Permafrost-Permanently frozen soil found in Tundra 46. Taiga- Forests made up of coniferous trees that stretch around the higher latitudes 47. Tornado Alley- Highest concentration of tornadoes in the world. In the southern great plains of the USA 48. Weather- Conditions in the atmosphere at any given time 49. Climate- Average weather conditions of an area over a long period of time 50. Ecosystem-the specific types of organisms in an area and how they interact with each other 51. Biome 52. orographic precipitation- Warm moist air is pushed up a mountain, cools as it rises in elevation and condenses into clouds and precipitation leaving dry air on the opposite side of the mountain creating a rain shadow. 53. El Nino- abnormal heating of the pacific waters causing increased rain in the Americas and drought in eastern Asia 54. La Nino- Abnormal cooling of the pacific resulting in dryer weather in mid latitudes near the pacific and increased precipitation in the northern and southern pacific 55. Forest-Characterized by an abundance of trees 56. Grasslands- Characterized by having flat lands covered in grass; few trees 57. Desert- Characterized by dry climate and sparse plant life 58. Tundra- Characterized by having small plants; lichens and mosses as well as permafrost 59. Tropical Wet and Dry- Having a wet season and a dry season, closer to the equator 60. Marine West Coast- Found on the west coasts of continents, cool temperatures, much rain 61. Tropical Wet- Found along the equator- constant rain caused by high temperatures and humidity 62. Semi-Arid- Found surrounding desert climates, characterized by small amounts of precipitation and a lot of sunshine, great for agriculture. 63. Highland-Climates found at higher elevations 64. Ice Cap-found at the poles, characterized by constantly freezing temperatures and no precipitation, dry 65. Mediterranean- found around the Mediterranean, Iran, southern Africa, Australia, California and Chile. Characterized by hot dry summers and wet cool winters, good for agriculture. 66. Humid Continental- Found on the eastern coasts of continents in higher latitudes, as four distinct seasons 67. Humid Subtropical-Found in mid latitudes, hot summers, cool winters 68. Tundra-Nearly constant freezing temperatures at all times, winter is always dark, summer is always in the daylight, has permafrost. Found near the arctic and Antarctic circles 69. Most of the world’s diamonds are located in southern and western Africa 70. Where is most of the world’s oil located? Middle East countries 71. Specialization- Producing what an area is best at producing, the area has abundant resources aimed at this area of production 72. Infrastructure- Basic support systems of society and economies. a. School systems, Power grid, transportation, systems, Water and sewage systems, ample food production, etc… 73. NAFTA-Agreement to foster cheaper trade in between Mexico, USA, Canada 74. European Union-Union of European countries whose goal was to prevent conflict by making member European countries economically interdependent 75. Desalinization- removing salt from ocean or other saline water for drinking, common in the Middle East 76. OPEC- Cartel of oil producing countries whose goal is to control the supply and therefore the price of oil 77. The United States imports most of its oil from Canada 78. By specializing in research and development and technology a country can be highly developed with few natural resources; Japan 79. 80. The discovery of a new natural resource can create a pull factor by creating jobs 81. Air conditioning led to the Southern States becoming more populated 82. What transportation system greatly affected the settlement of the US? Transcontinental railroad, interstate system 83. The goal of a communist system is to make everyone and everything equal by government control of prices and wages 84. Free Market Economy-Prices and values are set in a free market based on supply and demand 85. How was the new world negatively affected by Spain? Spanish introduced new diseases, introduced non-native plants and animals, destroyed native civilizations through brutal conquests 86. Which European country was the first to become industrialized? Great Britain; it was isolated from the rest of European Affairs because it was an island; Britain has large coal and iron deposits 87. Positive effects of Industrialization-cheaper products, mass production of medicines leads to longer life spans Negative effects of Industrialization-rapid urbanization led to rapid urbanization and the spread of disease throughout major cities, massive amounts of pollution. 88. Push Factor- something negative that promotes migration away from a specific place 89. Pull Factor- something positive that draws immigrants to a specific place 90. commercial industry- mass produced items that are sold commercially 91. Cottage industry- home made goods sold from the home 92. Primary Activity-gathering raw materials 93. secondary activity- producing a finished product form raw materials 94. tertiary- providing a service 95. Quaternary- leaders, inventors and researchers; developers of new technology 96. Subsistence agriculture-Producing for survival 97. Economic Change98. Human Factors for citiesPhysical factors for cities-people live near rivers and oceans for transportation and not in mountains and deserts 99. Problems with urban sprawl-increased traffic leads to pollution, congestion, and deaths 100. Negative effects of urbanization on cities-overcrowding, spreading of disease, poverty 101. Economic functions of a city102. Specialized occupation- an occupation that requires a specialized skill or training 103. Life in rural areas is more physically demanding, people are further from medical and education centers 104. What are the geographic characteristics of a city- near water, near transportation routes 105. Where are most South American Cities located? On the East coast 106. What type of climate do people want to settle in? Mild climate moderate temperatures and precipitation 107. Concentric model of a city- inner city is the central business district surrounded by low income housing and industry surrounded by middle to upper-class housing and business surrounded by suburbs 108. Where do slums exist? Outside the city because they cannot afford to live in the city 109. What did the Aztecs use Lake Texcoco for? The salt water lake was used for fishing and defense 110. Mexico City is the most populated city in the Americas 111. Sustainable development is development that has a minimal impact on the environment and its resources. By limiting the number of cattle in Patagonia, Argentina prevented the spread of deserts caused by cattle overgrazing; use of windmills