Download Reports for the two projects on Bisosensors have been combined

NoE-METAMORPHOSE
MetaMaterials ORganized for radio, millimeter wave, and
PHOtonic Superlattice Engineering
Proposal/Contract Number: 500252
Deliverable Number D23.13
Progress report on Mini projects of the Research Road Map
within WP2.3
June 2008
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report contains the a report of the progress for mini projects defined within
the Research Road Map under WP2.3 “Nanostructured optical materials” Reports for
the two projects on Bisosensors have been combined. Two separate papers have been
presented for the Amplitude and phase characterization of NIR and visible
metamaterials.
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Contents
1. Metamaterials for Frequency Flexible Biosensors (Glasgow and Siegen)
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2 Beaming, Enhanced directivity and Emission by using Metamaterials and Metafilms
(UNISI and Glasgow)
8
3 Self assembled mirco rings (WU)
16
4 Related projects (WU)
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5 Corrugated SNOM (WU) Report in ProjectSNOM
6 Self-Organised and Externally Organized Metamaterials (ITEM, Glasgow, UPS,
FORTH) List of publications and presentation.
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Report in Appendix project8CharacSelfOrg
7 Amplitude and phase characterization of NIR and visible metamaterials
(Glasgow, UPS) Appendix ProjectNo8Amp&Phase
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Activity 1g: Metamaterials for Frequency Flexible
Biosensors
Christian Debus, Gunnar Spickermann and Peter Haring Bolívar
Institute of High Frequency and Quantum Electronics, Siegen University,
Hölderlinstr.3, 57076 Siegen, Germany,
Email: [email protected]
Basudev Lahiri and Nigel P. Johnson
Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering,
Rankine Building, Oakfield Avenue, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
Abstract: We present the Terahertz and MIR biosensor systems based on metamaterial
approaches based on 2D arrays of double-split ring resonators. The sensor design can
simply be modified for any resonant frequency by linear scaling of all dimensions to
allow the resonant probing of biomolecular interactions (THz) and the biochemical
identification of molecular compounds (MIR).
Biosensing in the Terahertz (THz) and Mid-Infrared (MIR) frequency range opens up a large field of
scientific and application prospects, such as the detection and identification of biological and chemical
substances [1]. Biomolecules such as DNA strands can be identified by monitoring their binding state to
known probe molecules. As the binding state significantly modifies the refractive index of the
sample/probe compound in the THz frequency range, THz techniques can be used for the direct label-free
analysis of biomolecular compounds [2]. In the MIR range of the electromagnetic spectrum, the so called
fingerprint region, direct identification of small biomolecular compounds is possible.
One approach to monitor the typically very small biomaterial quantities associated with typical
applications, is to load an electromagnetic resonator with the biomolecular material to induce a significant
measurable shift of the resonator’s resonance frequency. Several approaches for THz biosensors applying
this feature are currently investigated [e.g. 3,4,5], aiming at a high sensitivity since the amount of probe
material is very low. The smaller the required amount of material and the larger the frequency shift is, the
higher is the sensitivity of a biosensor. Additionally, the film thickness of the probe material is expected to
be a limiting factor [6]. Therefore it is necessary to design a biosensor which needs a minimal amount of
probe material deposited on a small area.
Our approach combines the sharp resonance of a frequency selective surface (FSS) with the strong
field concentration of split-rings [7]. In our case, the FSS consists of a 2D array of double-split ring
resonators with diameters of 100 µm as depicted in the inset of Fig. 1. Here, we investigate the
complementary structure to those presented in [7], which consist of a thin metal plate (orange) with the
resonator rings cut out. The sensor is excited by freely propagating Terahertz radiation in normal direction
to the surface polarized with the magnetic field component along the open arcs. Resonance interference
within the rings causes a dual resonance feature (DRF) resulting in a local maximum and zero with a steep
flank in between. Numerical simulations of the FSS made of perfect conductor on polymer substrate (PET
at 9.4 GHz: εr = 3.2) show the DRF local maximum (620 GHz) and zero (628 GHz) within 8 GHz (gray
line in Fig. 1). With gold on polymer the steep flank of the DRF has less distinct extrema (green line) but
still a modulation of 5.5 dB.
4
0
Transmission (dB)
-6
-12
-18
-24
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Frequency (THz)
Fig. 1. Transmission of the complementary double-split ring FSS on polymer substrate (εr = 3.2) and
section drawing for structures from perfect conductor (gray) and gold (green).
We demonstrated the ability of the sensor to detect samples much smaller than wavelength by
selectively depositing the material at locations of high E-field concentration [7]. To further improve the
sensitivity of the sensor the required amount of probe material must be reduced further. For this purpose
the area of field concentration can be made smaller by scaling the resonator to lower dimensions. The
resonances are primarily caused by the dipole-like excitation of the rings. Hence, reducing the
circumference is expected to decrease the resonant wavelength by approximately the same factor. To
proof this relation we present measurements of the complementary double-split ring (cDSR) FSS as a
16 x 16 array in comparison to two rescaled variations (± 20 %) for the first time. The samples are made
of 380 nm gold with 15 nm chrome adhesion layer on a 50 µm Mylar foil. The metal is structured in a
standard lithography process.
We use classical THz-TDS to measure the biosensor in transmission geometry with a THz beam
formed by four off axis parabolic gold mirrors. Coherent detection is realized by electrooptic sampling
utilizing a (110) ZnTe crystal and balanced photodetectors. The detector is operating at shot noise limit. A
± 200 V square wave biased semi-large aperture SI-GaAs emitter generates a THz pulse train in freespace propagation [8]. The setup is driven by a Coherent Mira 900 femtosecond oscillator operating at
800nm. In the current configuration our setup provides a ΔP/P probe peak value of approximately 1.21·10-4
which corresponds to a maximum THz electric field amplitude in the detection crystal of 1.8 V/cm only,
due to an incomplete setup optimization. The usable bandwidth for this system is roughly 0.3 THz to
3.0 THz and the focused THz beam has a FWHM diameter of approximately 1 mm, illuminating a 5 x 5
rings section of the resonator array.
0
Transmission (dB)
-3
120%
100%
80%
-6
-9
-12
0.4
0.505
0.600
Frequenz (THz)
5
0.725
0.9
Fig. 2. Measured transmission of complementary double-split ring resonator FSS with ring diameter
100 µm (green) and rescaled variations of 80 % (blue) and 120 % (red).
The measurements of the cDSR arrays show qualitative good agreement with the simulated results.
Fig. 2 shows the 100%-sample (green line) revealing the DRF flank around 600 GHz. Scaling down all
sample dimensions by 20 % results in a frequency shift of approximately 21 % (blue line) in agreement
with the dipole theory. Scaling up by 20 % reduces the resonant frequency by approximately 16 %. A
lowering of the resonance feature steepness is observed, indicating an increase of the Mylar substrate
losses.
Biosensors2(symmetric),Au on Si
Reflectance in AU
65.00
60.00
55.00
50.00
45.00
40.00
2.40 3.40 4.40 5.40 6.40 7.40 8.40 9.40 10.4 11.4 12.4 13.4 14.4
0
0
0
0
0
Wavelength(microns)
Biosensors 3(assymetric), Au on Si
82.00
Reflectance in AU
80.00
78.00
76.00
74.00
72.00
70.00
2.4 3.4 4.4 5.4 6.4
7.4 8.4 9.4 10.4 11.4 12.4 13.4 14.4
Wavelength(microns)
Fig. 3: Scaling of the ADSSR structures towars MIR and NIR wavelengths. The left diagrams illustrate
scanning electron microscope images of the manufactured structures. The right illustrate the experimental
(reflection) analysis. The upper plots show the symmetric case; the lower the asymmetric case
Scaling towards higer frequencies seems possible (see e.g. Fig. 3). It is encouraging to observe the
presence of the interference induced resonance.
In conclusion, the principle of the scalable FSS-based resonator for biosensors is proven by this first
series of measurements. Scaling the resonator dimensions is proportionally shifting the resonance
wavelength. However, with the low Terahertz-power of the used measurement setup it is not suitable to
give quantitative results for the steepness of the DRF flank. The double-split ring FSS based sensor design
shows the simple scaleability to reach higher sensitivity. With the excitation through free-space it can be
matched with other measurement setups such as continuous wave sources (e.g. quantum cascade lasers)
and read out with a simple power detector. Scaling towards the MIR frequency range appears extremely
attractive.
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References:
[1] P. Haring Bolívar, M. Nagel, F. Richter, M. Brucherseifer, H. Kurz, A. Bosserhoff and R. Büttner, “Label-free THz sensing of
genetic sequences: towards ‘THz biochips’”, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 362, 323-335 (2003).
[2] M. Brucherseifer, M. Nagel, P. Haring Bolívar, H. Kurz, A. Bosserhoff and R. Büttner, “Label-free probing of the binding state
of DNA by time-domain terahertz sensing”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77(24), 4049-4051 (2000).
[3] M. Nagel and H. Kurz, “Corrugated waveguide based genomic biochip for marker-free THz read-out”, Int. J. Infrared Millim.
Waves 27(4), 517-529 (2006).
[4] M. Nagai, H. Yada, T. Arikawa and K. Tanaka, “Terahertz time-domain attenuated total reflection spectroscopy in water and
biological solution”, Int. J. Infrared Millim. Waves 27(4), 505-515 (2006).
[5] H. Yoshida, Y. Ogawa, Y. Kawai, S. Hayashi, A. Hayashi, C. Otani, E. Kato, F. Miyamaru and K. Kawase, “Terahertz sensing
method for protein detection using a thin metallic mesh”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(25), 253901 (2007).
[6] J. F. O’Hara, R Singh, I. Brener, E. Smirnova, J. Han, A. T. Taylor and W. Zhang, “Thin-film sensing with planar terahertz
metamaterials: sensitivity and limitations”, Opt. Exp. 16(3), 1786-1795 (2008).
[7] C. Debus, P. Haring Bolívar, “Frequency selective surfaces for high sensitivity terahertz sensing”, Appl. Phys. Let. 91(18),
184102 (2007).
[8] P. C. M. Planken, C. E. W. M. van Rijmenam and R. N. Schouten, “Opto-electronic pulsed THz systems”, Semicond. Sci.
Technol. 20, S121-S127 (2005).
Additional conference presentations
Nigel P. Johnson, Ali Z. Khokhar, Scott G McMeekin*, Basudev Lahiri, Richard M. De La Rue, Ahmad
R. Md Zain, C. Debus, and P. Haring Bolivar, Recent advances in photonic crystals and metamaterials.
ICTON, Rome 3rd July
International Conference on Telecommunications and Optical Networking July Rome 2007
Terahertz biosensors based on double split ring arrays
C. Debus, and P. Haring Bolivar
Photonics Europe, 7 – 11, April 2008, Strasbourg, France 69870U
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Efficient beaming at optical frequencies: Simulations of
preliminary designs showing controlled beaming.
Nigel P Johnson, Filippo Capolino
University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Department of Information Engineering, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Abstract
We show simulations and a possible fabrication scheme to obtain beaming at optical frequencies by means
of dielectric grating and a single emitter. The directive beam is radiated along a direction perpendicular to
the grating. The beam arises because the emitter launches a mode with a complex propagation constant
along the grating with low attenuation and phase constant to form a large radiating surface.
Introduction
It would be useful to have a simple periodic structure able to produce a narrow optical or infrared beam in
a direction vertical to the structure itself. The beam would be produced without lenses, and only resorting
to a planar integrated technology.
Recent studies in photonic crystals or gratings have shown some beaming effects [1],[2], but these designs
need a cavity under the periodic structure.
Recently, periodic groves in a silver film produced enhanced radiation at optical frequencies which
includes a directive beam [3]-[6]. The beaming effect has been interpreted as the excitation of a guided
wave on the silver film, with a complex propagation constant [7]-[9]. Unfortunately the silver film
introduces losses and it would be desirable to have a simple periodic dielectric structure that exhibits a
directive beam at optical frequencies. This is the aim of this research.
We first summarize the various periodic integrated possibilities to obtain a directive beam. There are
various ways to focus light in a certain direction. Here we analyze a planar structure that when excited by
a single emitter is able to concentrate light in a well collimated beam orthogonal to the structure.
In Figure 1 we show some possible designs that produce such a collimated beam. In Fig. 1(a) a cavity is
covered by a grating that acts like a partially reflective surface (PRS). The grating is working near the
stopband for light traveling in the vertical direction. The structure in Fig. 1(b) is made by a thin film of
metal like silver or gold, and it works in the frequency region below the metal plasma frequency, where
the permittivity is negative. The emitter excites surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) that because the
periodicity can radiate in the vertical direction, when the structure is properly designed. We analyze here
the possibilities shown in Fig. 1(c), 1(d) or 1(e). The outline designs consists of a grating made of a
dielectric slab with denser inclusions in a substrate (c) or with holes (d), or with dielectric pillars in air (e).
Note that no cavity is required (as in the design in Fig. 1(a)).
Structure (e) is a thin film with corrugation and in this case it would radiate above and below. The
radiation below can be eliminated by using a Bragg reflector. The purpose of our prototype is to show that
beaming can be obtained and for simplicity no attempt will be made to eliminate the radiation below the
substrate by using a reflecting substrate.
The emitter, in this case can be either an active component or a passive scatterer illuminated by an optical
source.
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(a)
(c)
Grating over a cavity
Dielectric grating made of
high density pillars in a
less dense substrate
(e)
(b)
Silver film with periodic
corrugations
(d)
Dielectric grating made of
holes in a substrate
Dielectric grating made of
dielectric pillars
Fig. 1. Possible geometries that produce a directive beam
W
W
Fig. 2. Geometry of the structure: the emitter (represented by an arrow in the figure) is located at the
centre. The emitter can be an active source or a scatterer that emits in all directions after being irradiated.
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dielectric pillars
Periodic cell
a
r = 9.4
a
r
h
h
substrate
a
e1
b
e2
Fig. 3 details of the structure considered. The periods a and b are of the order of 500 nm. The height h is
in the same range.
Numerical Results
The first design is based on dielectric rods with relative permittivity ε r =9.4 in a substrate with εr =2.1. In
this prototype, which could be easily realized at microwave frequencies, by using a numerical analysis we
clearly see the beaming effect. In Fig. 4 we show the radiated field at broadside (the vertical direction,
orthogonal to the grating plane) produced by an ideal emitter made by a transverse dipole, placed on the
grating (as in Fig. 2, for a periodic structure). The radiated field at broadside is evaluated by suing the
reciprocity method. Therefore, a plane wave is incident from broadside and the electric field is evaluated
at the emitter location. In this way only a periodic cell will be simulated. The result in Fig. 2 clearly shows
a peak at 14.3 GHz for a lattice of a = 10 mm, b = 15mm, h = 1cm (dimensions can be scaled down for
optical frequencies). In this prototype we consider a ground plane. The structure with double thickness
without the ground plane would produce the beam on both sides, above and below the grating.
The peak at low frequencies is absent in case of a square lattice. A rectangular lattice is required to have a
stronger field enhancement at broadside.
The directive beam produced by a transverse dipole is shown in Fig. 5, using a dB scale, at the frequency
where the maximum is observed n Fig. 4. Only the H-radiation pattern is shown here (the plane containing
the z-axis and the magnetic field H). The radiation pattern on the E-plane (the plane containing the z-plane
and the electric field) is similar. The main difficulty in designing these structure is to have the same E and
H radiation pattern to have an almost azimuthally-symmetric radiated beam. The rectangular lattice (in
contrast to a square lattice) is needed here to achieve this particular condition.
We have preformed numerical experiments for a truncated structure excited by an emitter at its centre
(Fig. 2). The phenomena observed is the same as that observed for the infinite structure.
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Fig. 4. Electric field enhancement at broadside for an infinite grating with a rectangular lattice; * arbitrary
unit used.
z

Fig. 4. Normalized radiation pattern produced by the emitter.
Realisation and Experiment
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At optical frequencies fabrication of devices can be extremely costly and we show here an idea of a design
that would be easy to manufacture and would resemble the prototype study discussed above.
The structure we consider is made from a silicon (εr =11.9) on insulator (SOI) substrate. The pattern is
first defined in negative resist (HSQ) written by ebeam and dry etched in SiCl 4. After suitable masking the
substrate is wet etched from the back to form a membrane of patterned silicon. One difficulty with be
sourcing a silicon wafer with sufficient thickness of silicon on top. These SOI structures tend to be geared
towards thinner structure for waveguide formation. A thicker silicon structure may require a special
(expensive) growth run.
Si
SiO2
Si
Fig. 4. Possible realisation of a dielectric grating made of dielectric pillars
silicon
SiO2
Fig. 5. Expanded view of the central part of figure 4.
The excitation should have a relative bandwidth of 1%. Therefore a possible source is a laser impinging
on the central part of the grating, where a defect will scatter the light in all directions. The defect can be
made by an additional hole, a denser dielectric, a metallic scatterer, or a different periodic cell. Even a
light beam illuminating a period of the structure can act as an emitter, as long as the beam waste is large as
the period.
Some of the light scattered by the defect will excite the leaky mode in the grating, which will produce the
directive beam.
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photodetector
beam
defect
excitation beam
Fig. 6. Possible experiment
13
Wire membrane
(resist still on)
Close up of wire membrane
Photonic wire with etched holes
Figure 7 Examples of membrane technology based on SOI.
Progress on Membrane Technology
The device designs outlined above in figures 1 (a) to (e) all rely on membrane technology. Examples of
the technology are shown in figure 7. In the above examples the lower layer remains in place additional
processing would be necessary to remove it. On the other hand by leaving in place the lower layer the
grating over cavity structure of figure 1 (a) could be relaised. This is only one key stage and either hole (as
shown) or pillars would need to be fabricated on the structures.
Conclusion
We have modelled a directive beam arising from gratings excited by a single emitter for certain
frequencies. The beam is circularly-symmetric when the grating is properly designed. A viable fabrication
scheme has been proposed. Fabrication and experiments at optical frequencies will be conducted in the
near future.
References
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[1] B. Temelkuaran, M. Bayindir, E. Ozbay, R. Biswas, M. M. Sigalas, G. Tuttle, and K.
M. Ho, “Photonic crystal-based resonant antenna with a very high directivity,” J. Appl.
Phys., 87, 603–605, 2000.
[2] A.L. Feherembach, S. Enoch, A. Sentenac, “Highly directive light sources using two-dimensional
photonic crystal slabs”, Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 79, pp. 4280-4282, December 2001.
[3] H. F. Ghaemi, T. Thio, D. E. Grupp, T. W. Ebbesen, and H. J. Lezec, “Surface plasmons enhance
optical transmission through subwavelength holes,” Phys. Rev. B, 58, 6779–6782, 1998.
[4] T. Thio, H. J. Lezec, and T. W. Ebbesen (2000), “Strongly enhanced optical transmission through
subwavelength holes in metal films,” Physica B, 279, 90–93, 2000,
[5] L. Martin-Moreno, F. J. Garcia-Vidal, H. J. Lezec, A. Degiron, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Theory of highly
directive emission from a single subwavelength aperture surrounded by surface corrugations,” Phys. Rev.
Lett., vol. 90, pp. 167401-1 – 167401-4, Apr. 2003.
[6] F. J. Garcia-Vidal, H. J. Lezec, T.W. Ebbesen, and L. Martin-Moreno, “Multiple Paths to Enhance
Optical Transmission through a Single Subwavelength Slit”, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 90, No. 21,
May 30, 2003
[7] D. R. Jackson, A.A. Oliner, T. Zhao, J. Williams, “Beaming of light at broadside through a
subwavelength hole: Leaky wave model and open stopband effect,” Radio Science, Vol.40, 2005.
[8] D.R. Jackson, A.A. Oliner, “A leaky–wave analysis of the high-gain printed antennas configuration”,
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 36 N. 7, pp. 905-910, July 1988.
[9] D.R. Jackson and A.A. Oliner, A. Ip, “Leaky-wave propagation and radiation for narrow-beam
multiple-layer dielectric structure”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 41 N. 3,
pp.334–348, March 1993.
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4 Related Projects from the Univeristy of Warsaw
Guiding structures and cloaking: · (a) Nanooptical plasmonic waveguides with backward propagation.
(FORTH, WU). The result was submitted (and accepted) to Strasbourg SPIE conference as abstract 698733
W.M.Saj,T. Szoplik, S. Foteinopoulou, M.Kafesaki, C. M. Soukoulis and E. N. Economou Periodically
structured plasmonic waveguides
We study surface plasmon polariton (SPP) guiding structures, which are a modification of the MetalInsulator-Metal (MIM) waveguide . The designs are constructed by introducing a periodic modulation in
a MIM waveguide, with a glass core and silver claddings. This periodic modulation is created either by
causing periodic indentations in the silver slabs encompassing the glass core, or by increasing the glass
spacer material in certain periodic locations. Our objective is to concentrate the electromagnetic energy in
the dielectric rather in the metallic region to reduce material losses, thus achieving long range SPP
propagation. We employ the Finite Difference Time Domain Method (FDTD) with the Auxiliary
Differential equation method (ADE) for the calculation of the dispersion relation of the guided modes, as
well as the real time propagation of electromagnetic energy through the waveguide. The analysis of the
mode profile and real time propagation suggests that the guiding mechanism in the examined structures is
based on the electromagnetic (EM) coupling between the cavity plasmon modes. These, - depending on
the design-, exist in the groves between the silver plates or in the larger areas of the glass core spacer. Put
it different, the guiding mechanism in the examined SPP waveguide designs is analogous to the EM
energy transfer along metallic nanoparticle chains. A particular advantage of the examined SPP waveguide
designs are their potential for vast dispersion engineering. Lastly, we briefly explore whether the SPP
building blocks can be also used for the construction of a negative index material.
Fabrication methods
(b) Self-assembly of arrays of micro-rings in a drying process of a mixture of two liquids with different
evaporation rates with suspended nanoparticles. (ITME, WU) The first result was published: T. Stefaniuk
(WU), P. Wróbel (WU), R. Dominiak (WU), G. Gawlik (ITME), K. Bajdor, M. Zielecka, T. Szoplik
(WU), „Self-assembly of arrays of micro-rings by colloidal evaporative deposition,” Surface Science 601,
4922-4924 (2007). Subsequent experiments on fabrication of arrays of metal micro and nanorings in the
process of evaporative deposition of metallic colloids are under development
8. Characterization methods · (b) Improvement of SNOM resolution to achieve a possibility of
characterization of near-field flat lenses (WU, ITME). The first theoretical results were published:
T. J. Antosiewicz and T. Szoplik, "Corrugated metal–coated tapered tip for scanning near–field optical
microscope," Opt. Express 15, 10920-10928 (2007). T. J. Antosiewicz and T. Szoplik, "Corrugated probe
for SNOM - Optimization of energy throughput via plasmon excitation," http://arxiv.org/abs/0801.0387v1
Experiments on etching of narrow and shallow grooves in SiO2 are under development. People involved
are G. Gawlik (ITME) and T.J. Antosiewicz, T. Stefaniuk, P. Wróbel, T. Szoplik (WU).
19
5 Self-Organised and Externally Organized Metamaterials (ITEM)
SELF-ORGANIZED EUTECTIC STRUCTURES UTILIZING THE PHOTONIC CRYSTAL GEOMETRY:
The investigation of the photonic bandgap in the eutectics with rodlike structures continues (together with
UGlasgow and UNISI).
Eutectic Tb3Sc2Al3O12-TbScO3 with rod like structure – currently the samples of the pure substances
are being prepared for elipsometric measurements of the refractive index. The works on this eutectic are
together with Glasgow and UNISI. UNISI is currently making the calculation of the photonic bandgap
which has been measured by UGlasgow.
SELF-ORGANIZED EUTECTIC STRUCTURES WITH ONE METALLIC PHASE:
First trials of metal-oxide eutectic systems has been made, however the molybdenum heater has been
molten. Currently the iridium heater has been designed and soon new experiments will start. The new
crucibles made of SiC has been designed and manufactured especially for the resistive heating system
built especially for metal-oxide eutectics.
A lot of work has been done with ITME own funding.
ITME as a Coordinator with three other METAMORPHOSE partners (FORTH, UPV, UoS) prepared and
submitted a joint FP7 Collaboration Project proposal: ENgineered SElf-organized Multi-component
structures with novel controllaBLe Electromagnetic functionalities (ENSEMBLE). The proposal passed
the I and II stage of evaluation and has been invited for the negotiations.
The research has been disseminated in the following way:
Review papers:
1) D. A. Pawlak, Metamaterials and photonic crystals – potential applications for self-organized
eutectic micro- and nanostructures
Scientia Plena, 2007 - submitted
Original papers:
1) M. Kruczek, E. Talik, D. A. Pawlak, K. Kolodziejak, T. Lukasiewicz, XPS study of PrAlO3PrAl11O18 and PrAlO3-Pr2O3 eutectics
J. Alloys and Comp. (2007) 442, 255-258
2) T. Stefaniuk, P. Wróbel, R. Dominiak, G. Gawlik, K. Bajdor, M. Zielecka, T. Szoplik,
Surface Science 601, 4922-4924 (2007).
3) D. A. Pawlak, K. Kolodziejak, K. Rozniatowski, R. Diduszko, M. Kaczkan, M. Malinowski, M.
Piersa, J. Kisielewski, T. Lukasiewicz, PrAlO3-PrAl11O18 eutectic – its microstructure and spectroscopic
properties
Crystal Growth & Design (2007) - accepted
Invited lectures:
1) D. A. Pawlak, T. Szoplik, Metamaterials
IX Scientific Conference on Electronic Technology, ELTE
2007, 4-6 September, Kraków, Poland
2) T. Szoplik, D. A. Pawlak, Photonic crystals and metamaterials
XXXIX Annual Meeting of Polish Physical Society
2007, 9-14 September, Szczecin, Poland
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3) Nigel P Johnson, Basu Lahiri, Dorota A. Pawlak, Sebastian Turczyński, Katarzyna
Kołodziejak, Reflectance measurements of self-organized microstructure of Tb3Sc2Al3O12-TbScO3
eutectic
METAMATERIALS-2007 Congress, 2007, 22-26 October, Rome
Oral presentations:
1) D. A. Pawlak, K. Kolodziejak, K. Rozniatowski, J. Kisielewski, Self-organized eutectic
microstructures for photonic applications
The 15th International Conference on Crystal Growth, 13th Conference on Vapor Growth and Epitaxy,
and The US Biennial Workshop on Organometallic Vapor Phase Epitaxy
August 12 - 17, 2007, Salt Lake City, Utah, US
2) D. A. Pawlak, K. Kolodziejak, S. Turczynski, K. Rozniatowski, J. Kisielewski, B. Andrzejewski, T.
Klimczuk, Metamaterials and photonic crystals – potential applications for self-organized eutectic
micro- and nanostructures
METAMATERIALS-2007 Congress, 2007, 22-26 October, Rome
Poster presentations:
1) D. A. Pawlak, K. Kolodziejak, K. Rozniatowski, R. Diduszko, I. Vendik, K. Aydin, E. Ozbay, TiO2SrTiO3 eutectic with ferroelectric phase– growth and characterization
METAMATERIALS-2007 Congress, 2007, 22-26 October, Rome
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