Download Oceanography Final Exam Review: Answers

Oceanography Final Exam Review: Answers!
**Please check your notes from class for more elaborate details**
Layers of the Earth
-Density increases in the layers of the Earth as you move toward the center.
-Earth formed from the gathering and cooling (coalescence) of hot
materials. Differential cooling formed the internal structure. Earth’s shape
is an oblate spheroid (a sphere that is squished on the poles)
-Early continents: 1 (Pangaea), surrounded by 1 large ocean
Early atmosphere: Methane and Ammonia
-Oceans got their water from volcanic eruptions, which produced steam.
The steam cooled and condensed into rain, which fell for a long time, filling
the basin that would become the ocean. Comets are also cited as a possible
source for the water that fills the oceans today.
-The sun is the main source of energy for the ocean.
Ferdinand Magellan
1st to cross the Pacific ocean
Captain James Cook
Discovered Hawaii, Easter island , colonized
much of Pacific
Matthew Maury
Father of modern Oceanography
Charles Wyville Thomson
Chief scientist on the Challenger expedition
HMS Resolution
Cpt. Cook’s ship
HMS Beagle
Charles Darwin’s ship-Galapagos Islands.
-There should be a map of the world in the big box. Be able to label the
oceans and seas listed on a map.
-The oceans cover 71% of the globe.
-The Pacific is the largest ocean.
-The Red Sea is the world’s next major ocean.
-The 2004 tsunami happened in the Indian Ocean.
-An earthquake on the ocean floor caused the 2004 tsunami.
-Landslides are another cause of tsunamis.
-Plate tectonics: the Earth’s lithosphere is broken into large sections, called
plates, that are in constant movement, due to convection currents in the
mantle.
-There should be a diagram of the ocean floor in the next big box. Be able
to label all of the formations listed above that box in a diagram.
-Oceanic ridge=divergent boundary
-Trench=convergent boundary
-Volcanic island arc=convergent (oceanic-oceanic) boundary
-Hot spots are found in the middles of plates, where there is a weakness
(Hawaii and Yellowstone National Park are examples)
-When two plates collide:
Continental-Continental: Mountains (ex. Himalayas)
Continental-Oceanic: Trench , volcanic mtns on the continent
Oceanic-Oceanic: Trench, volcanic island arc over younger plate
-Continental drift: the continents have moved over time and continue to do
so
-Trenches are the focus of many earthquakes.
-As you move away from a mid-ocean ridge, the rocks get older (youngest are
on the ridge)
-The Red Sea is the next major ocean.
-Sonar is used in Oceanography to measure the depth of the bottom, as well
as find features on the ocean floor…
-Sound travels 1500 m/s in water.
-S=d/t; t*s=d… (4.0) * (1500)= 6000m…must divide by 2=3000m
-Samples of sediment layers on the ocean floor are taken with core
samplers.
-The next box should have the ocean floor in it…be able to label all of the
features listed below the box on a diagram.
Continental Shelf
Continental Slope
Continental Rise
Abyssal plain
Abyssal hills
Mid-ocean ridge
Seamount
Guyot
Trench
Shallow, submerged portion of the continent
Transition between shelf and deep ocean (average 4
degree slope)
Base of slope; accumulation of sediment
Flat, featureless expanse of sediment covering the
ocean floor
Found on abyssal plain; associated with seafloor
spreading
Divergent plate boundary; plates moving in 2 opposite
directions
Volcanic projection on the ocean floor
Flat-topped seamount
Deep crevice in the ocean floor caused by the
subduction of a lithospheric plate
Active margins: face convergent plate boundaries…crust is destroyed
(Pacific)
Passive margins: face divergent plate boundaries…crust is made (Atlantic)
-The primary dissolved minerals in ocean water are Calcium Carbonate and
Sodium Chloride.
-Density is mass/volume; the amount of dissolved solids in pure water
-Salinity is the amount of dissolved salt in pure water
-The average ocean salinity is 35 ppt (parts per thousand)
-The Dead Sea’s salinity is 26-35% (parts per hundred); 9* the ocean
average
-To increase the salinity of ocean water, you would have to increase
evaporation, decrease fresh water input, or decrease the temperature to
freezing or below.
-To decrease the salinity of ocean water, you would have to increase
freshwater input (precipitation, or river drainage)
-Fresh water flows out over the salt water, creating a “salt wedge”
-Temperature and salinity prevent mixing in the ocean.
-Temp increase=Density decrease
-Salinity increase=Density increase
-Salt in the oceans originated on the land
-Increased density of the water=easier to float in it
-Increase latitude (away from equator)=decreased temperature
-Ocean waters are warmest in October
-Waves are caused by wind blowing over the ocean surface
-The size of ocean waves is determined by wind speed, fetch, and time
-Energy created by ocean waves: large circles at surface; circles decrease
in size as you move through the water column, no circulation at the bottom
from wave energy
-There should be a world map in the next big box. Be able to label all of the
currents listed above it.
-50m/day * 5 days = 250 miles
-450 miles / 60 miles per day = 7.5 days
Density current Currents along the bottom of the oceans driven by
differences in water density
Upwelling
Movement of cold, nutrient-rich water from the ocean
floor to the surface
Tidal range
Water level difference between high and low tides
gyre
Large, circular current pattern in the ocean, separated by
hemispheres
-Deep ocean water originates at the poles
-Tides are caused by the gravitational attraction among the Earth, Sun, and
Moon
-A bore tide is a rush of water upstream, due to narrowing of the channel as
you move away from the ocean
-A rip tide is a rush of water, seaward, caused by a break in a sandbar. To
escape, swim parallel to the shoreline.
-The more narrow a bay is as you move away from the ocean, the greater the
tidal range will be (Bay of Fundy)
-A longshore current is a current that flows parallel to the shoreline, which
builds and moves sandbars.
-Waves approach a shoreline at an angle.
-Large storms in the Pacific in winter are caused by large storms that have a
lot of ocean in which to grow.
-You will find spillers (spilling breakers) along the Jersey shore.
-The oceans are blue due to the scattering of the blue wavelength of light
Bay
River delta
Saltwater marsh
Lagoon
Body of water formed by the indentation of a
shoreline; fresh and salt will mix
Landform where a river empties into a bay or the
ocean, dropping the sediment that it carried
Coastal wetlands that fluctuate with the tides
An area of shallow water, separated from the sea by
sand dunes, or the water in the center of a coral atoll
-Coral reefs need warm, clear, shallow water to thrive
-75% of all people live within a 1-hour drive of a beach
-Decrease grain size=gentler slope
Benthic
On the bottom (or stuck to it)
Pelagic
In the water column (open ocean)
Hadal
In trenches
abyssal
Deepest part of the flat ocean floor
bathyal
Open ocean, 1000-4000m below surface
tidal
Between high and low tide
breach
Leaping out of the water; cetaceans are famous for
this
bleaching
Large scale die-off of corals; skeletons are left
behind and are white
bioluminescence
Chemical reaction in some animals, used to
communicate (like fireflies, but oceanic organisms)
Lateral line
In fish, a sense organ, along the body, that is used
to detect movement and vibrations in the water
Plankton
Organisms that float with the currents
Nekton
Active swimmers that hunt/avoid being hunted
Stenohaline
Cannot tolerate a large fluctuation in salinity
Water vascular system Hallmark of echinodermata; how they move
Cnidaria
Echinoderms
Mollusks
Crustaceans
Cetaceans
Fish
Jellyfish; hydra;anemone
Sea star; brittle star; sea cucumber; sea urchin; sand dollar
Clam, squid, octopus
Crab, shrimp, lobster
Whales; dolphins; killer whale
Sharks, rays (chondrichthyes); salmon, tuna (osteichthyes)
-Photosynthesis is the production of sugars in the presence of sunlight. In
the ocean, phytoplankton are responsible for this process, and are the basis
of the food web.
-Red tide is a dinoflagellate bloom, toxic to humans
-Polar bears are considered marine because they rely on the ocean as a food
source
SHARKS
BOTH
BONY FISH
Gill slits on head; cannot Gill slits
Can pump water over
pump gills (must move to
gills to breathe
breathe)
Skeletons are cartilage Scales cover body
Skeletons are bones
Large, oily livers for
Ectotherms (coldSwim bladder for
buoyancy
blooded)
buoyancy
-Sharks have large, oily livers for buoyancy
-Penguins live in the southern hemisphere, puffins live in the northern; they
occupy the same niche in their respective habitats…puffins are smaller and
can fly. Penguins can’t fly, and can get up to 4 feet tall (some species)
-Dolphins have a prominent nose, called a rostrum; whereas porpoises have
blunt heads.
-Seals lack external ears, and cannot move well on land. Sea lions have
external ears, have large front flippers that they can rotate under their
bodies to move on land, and have large whiskers.
-
This is a
skate
This is a ray. Shape is the most obvious difference between them.
Humpback whale
Blue whale
Sperm whale
Breaching, “singing”
Largest animal to ever live on earth
Largest toothed whale; longest dives
-A food chain is s single line of energy from one organism to another; a food
web is a series of interconnected food chains.
-A tertiary consumer is at the top of a food chain (killer whale, great white
shark)
-A producer is an organism that serves as the basis for a food web; usually
photosynthetic. (phytoplankton)
ABOUT THE ESSAYS
Prepare yourself to answer 2 of those listed. You will not be made aware of
which 2 you will get, but you will be expected to answer any of them. Please
use your notes, and practice! 5 paragraphs is awesome.