Download Comparative study of compound words in English and Indonesian

Comparative study of compound words in English and Indonesian
Fransiska Napitupulu
[email protected]
Abstract
Compound words cause some difficulty in post-coordinate indexing systems: if too many
are fractured, or the wrong categories are selected for fracturing, noise will be produced at
unacceptable levels on retrieval. Various prior suggestions for handling compound terms are
examined which include those for precoordinated or rotated, indexes.The syntactic origins are also
explored and it is found that many compound words hinge on a prepositional relationship between
the components, and that this relationship can be applied to decision making. Other compound
words are in effect abbreviated statements from longer phrases, while some are influenced by the
presence of a verb-like form. The rules have some bearing on the application of roles especially if
these are employed on a pre-coordinate basis.
Keywords : Compound words, Parts of Compound Words in English, Parts of Compound Words
in Indonesian
1.Background of the Study
This language is being used as a tool of formal or business communication from
country to country. By using a language as a means of communication either in spoken or
written form, it allows people to talk one to another and write their thoughts or ideas as
clearly as possible. Therefore, if a language does not exist, no one is able to express his or
her thoughts or ideas to one another, though the application of a body language is very
essential to give more meaning to the spoken language. In other words, language is very
closely related with a man’s feelings and activities.
Grammar is one of the language components is very important to support the
mastery of the four language skills. Grammar as a description of the stucture of a
language and the way to construct words and phrases are combine to produce sentences in
the language in order to avoid misunderstanding. Bloomfield (1933/5:178) state that word
is a minimal free form, hence, a word is viewed as a form which can occur in isolation
and have meaning but which cannot be analyzed into elements which can occur alone
and also have meaning. Based on the explanation above, the writer is interesting to
analysis the different of English language and Bahasa Indonesia in term of word
compound.
Based on the problems identified previously, this study focuses to analyze the
constrastive between English and Bahasa Indonesia in compound words and find out the
comparison of them. The writer will take the data from English and Bahasa Indonesia
magazines as her object of research and then the writer will analyze the language and the
pattern of using the word based on two theory, according to theory of English compound
words, Jackson (2002:80) gave a good explanation, “compounds may be distinguished
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from phrase on phonology, syntactic, and semantic grounds” and theory of Indonesia
compound words, Chaer (2003:163), “penggabungan kata didalam Bahasa Inggris dan
didalam Bahasa Indonesia tidak jauh berbeda. Hanya saja dibedakan oleh proses
pembentukan kata”.
The objectives of this study are described as to investigate the similarities of
compounds words in English and Bahasa Indonesia., to investigate the differences of
compound words in English and Bahasa Indonesia
After doing this research, there are some significances found as following:
this study is useful for the writer to improve the quality in learning compound words., so
that they can identify compound word in English text., this study is useful for those
who will make the same research.
Theoretical Framework
This research is conducted based on the theories of science. In this case, the
theoretical framework aims to give a clear concept that will help the researcher to solve
the problems and avoid misinterpretation of some terms relate to the research.
Parts of Compound Words in English
According to Jackson (2000:81),“a compound word consisting of two roots and
compounds in which one of the elements is complex”. Compound consisting of two roots
are the simplest type of compound. They also tend to be the most numerous in the
language. To give an idea of the extent to which this type of compound dominates in
English, we have listed some of the inital roots.
a. Nouns
Nouns as initial elements: air, arm, ash, beach, bird, book, bull, car, cat, cow,
door, duck, ear, eye, farm, foot, hair, hand, heart, house, lamp, lip, moon, mouth,
rail, rain, rose, shoe, snow, suit, star, steam, sun, table, tea, wall, wind.
b. Verbs
Verbs as initial elements: break, carry, turn, take, stick, pick, push, play, read,
run, set, shoot, show, sit, splash, stand, pull, line, kick, go, feed, fall, drop, drive, count,
come, cast, rail, print.
c. Adjectives
Adjectives as initial elements: big, black, blue, brief, cold, fair, far, green, grey,
high, hot, left, long, low, near, quick, red, right, short, slow, small, south, straigth, tight,
white, yellow. Adverbs as initial elements: about, after, back, by, down, fore, font, hind,
in, off, on, over, under, up.
The Verb Compound
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Jackson (2000:83) classifies that compounds to the word class, and the syntactis
relation between roots. As a general rule, the word class of the last element of the
compound determines the class of the compound, we shall consider in turn, noun, verb,
adjective, and adverb compounds The pattern is any root + verb. The second root must
be a verb abd the first root may be a noun, a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
V + V (object – verb) : baby-sit, brain-wash, house-keep
V + V (co-ordinate)
: dive-bomb, drop-kick
Aj + V (non-syntactic) : dry-clean, sweet-talk, white-wash
Av + V (modifier-head) : down-grade, over-do
A verb compound is a group of relate words that consist of a main verb and one
or more helping verbs. Helping verbs add meaning to other verbs. Some helping verbs
change the time express by key verb. Such as should and migth, are used to indicate
obligation, possibility, ability, or permission. For examples:
The student is going to Bangka Island for three weeks
You should eat before you go to school
She has gone with ani to the library
Noun Compound
The pattern of noun compound is any root + noun. the second root must be a
noun while the first root may be a noun, a verb, an adjective or an adverb. Example of
noun compounds are as follows:
N + N (modifier-head) : ash-tray, arm-chair, text-book
V + N (verb-object)
: dare-devil, pick-pocket
Aj + N (modifier-head)
: black-bird, hard-cover
Av + N (not syntactic) : after-thought, back-talk, down-grade
A noun phrase is made up of a noun and all its modifiers. A noun phrase can
function as a subject, an object, or a complement. Some noun phrases start with an
infinitive (to+verb) or a gerund (a verb+ing).
A verbal phrase is a verb form that is used as a noun or adjective. There are three
types of verbal, they are gerunds, participles, and infinitives.
Gerunds
A gerund is a verbal noun (a verb form used as a noun), it has the same form as
the present participle ( -ing added to it). For example, read is the verb, added by –ing to
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form the word reading. In other example, swim added by –ing to form the word
swimming. Now, the following points on gerunds:
a. As a subject
Teaching is a noble proffession.
b. As a direct object
John loves teaching
c. As an object of a preposition
I’m fond of eating and drinking
d. As a predicate noun after a lingking verb
Seeing is believing
e. As an appositive
His hobby, swimming, has helped to keep him healthy
Participles
A participle is a verb added by –ed and –ing. For example, work add with –ing to
form the word working. The –ing form is an active adjective and the –ed form is a passive
adjective. Now, we can look the other ways:
-ing form : his mother is working in a factory
-past participle : i was bored by the lecture
Infinitives
An infinitive is a verb with “to”. we call such a phrase a To-infinitive and
represent it: to +verb. For example: they allowed the children to leave school early.
An infinitive phrase without to is called a “bare infinitive’’ and we simply
represent it: verb. For example: they let the children leave school early.
Adjectives Compounds
The pattern of adjective compounds is any root (except verbs) + adjective. The
second root must be an adjective and the first root may be a noun, an adjective, or an
adverb. Verbs do not combine with adjectives in english.
N + Aj (not syntactic) : earth-bound, ox-eyed
Aj + Aj (co-ordinate) : blue-green, south-west
Av + Aj (modifier-head) : near-sighted, off-white
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Adverb Compounds
The pattern of adverb compounds is adverb + adverb, for example : Av +Av (coordinate) : in-to, through-out.
Parts of Compound Words in Bahasa Indonesia
Madjid (1984: 86) has definition about the compound words in Bahasa Indonesia
is “Compounding is not determined based on the semantis meaning, but based on the
gramatical meaning”. Therefore, one word has the diplacement group (transposition) even
the word used in different distribution.
According to Alieva (1991:99), “compound words is the way to form words by
combining by two components, meaningfull words or roots morpheme”. The criteria of
compound words that often used is idiomatic meaning and the integrity of forms. The
most important thing between the two morpheme roots, or two roots, which form the
compounding, it may not be inserted a word or the affixes. Therefore, as the particular of
compound words can be made, for example, two criteria as follows:
a.
Idiomatically meaning from compound words: the meaning that not exist from the
sum meaning in each components forming the compound words.
For example: anak + uang : anak uang (the smaller of money)
b.
Compound structure: in each components that forming compound words is not
inserted any words.
For example: Anak uang: anak kecil and anakku yang kecil.
Based on the nature of the relationship of syntactic between coponents, then the
compound words in Bahasa Indonesia devided into types as follows:
A compound of equivalent combination, consist of three parts:
a.
b.
Both of components having a noun meaning, for example:
Tanah + air:
tanah air
(homeland)
Soal + jawab:
soal jawab
(question and answer)
Suku + bangsa:
suku bangsa
(ethnic group)
Both of components having a quality meaning, for example:
Merah + putih:
c.
merah putih
(white red)
Both of components having a meaning of process, for example:
Terbang + layang:
terbang layang (hang gliding)
A compound of subornatif word, consist of four parts:
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a.
b.
c.
d.
The first component is noun, while the second is the characterisric of noun, for
example:
Mata + hari:
matahari
(sun)
Emas + putih:
emas putih
(platinum)
The firs component is adjective, while the second somponent is noun, for example:
Keras + kepala:
keras kepala
(stubborn)
Panjang + lidah:
panjang lidah
(lie)
The first component is meaning of process, while the second component is noun, for
example:
Naik + darah:
naik darah
(irascible)
Jatuh + cinta:
jatuh cinta
(fall in love)
The first component is noun, while the second component is process, for example:
Pisau + cukur:
pisau cukur
(razor)
Description of Compound Words in English
Based on the general meaning of linguistics by Falk (1978: 43), “compounding is
one of the word formation process in English”. And observes it from the view point of the
word class of two roots which combine to form a compound word. In other words, it can
be made up an adjective and a noun such as English-man but not German man , a verb
and a preposition such as in put on and takeover but not jump into, and a noun and a verb
such as in sunbathe and earthquake but not rain stand. In morphology a root is ussually a
simple word which does not undergo affixation.
According to O’grady and Dobrovolsky (1996:127) “compounding differs from
language to language, while the practice in English deals with the combination of some
lexical categories, such as noun, adjectives, verbs, or prepositionin which the right most
morpheme is called as the head that determines the category of a compounding”. Four
types of compound words into which all lexical categories can combine are noun and
noun such as in (street light, camp side, and bookcase), adjective and noun such as in
(bluebird, happy hour, and high chair), verb and noun such as in (swearword, washcloth,
and scrub lady), and preposition and noun such as in (overlord, outhouse).
The lexical categories between both Falk (1978:43) and O’grady and
Dobrovolsky (1996:127) are different in their combinations. Falk mentions no
combination of verb and noun, and preposition and noun, while O’grady Dobrovolsky
mention no combination of preposition and preposition, verb and preposition, and noun
and preposition.
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Edward Arnold (1990:90) has the definition about the compound words, that is:
“a compound words is a word which is formed from two (or more) other words and there
are no clear rules for writing compounds”.
Wren and Martin (1990:346) also gave their meaning in the compound words,
that is : “compound words are formed that joining two or more simple words”.
Compounds can be form by combining two or more words (as in double-check,
cost-effective, farmhouse, graphic equalizer, park brench, around-the-clock, or son of
gun)by combining prefixes or suffixeswith words (as in ex-president, shoeless, presorted,
or uninterrupted), or by combining two or more word elements.
Jackson (2002:80) gave a good explanation, “compounds may be distinguished
from phrase on phonology, syntactic, and semantic grounds”. In English, words are
characterized by a single primary stress, so that compounds are often recognized by stress
pattern and lack of juncture (juncture refers to the transition which characterizes adjacent
syllables belonging to contiguous words). For example: ‘black-board’ potentially has
primary stress on each word and a juncture between the two words. On the other hand,
‘black-board, the compound, has one primary stress and no juncture. The same
observation applies to constracts such as ‘black ‘bird versus ‘blackbird; ‘hard ‘cover
versus ‘hardcover’.
Compounds may also be distinguished from phrases in that they have specific
syntactic features. But it must be added that the grammatical relations between
constituens of the compound are sometimes obscure. The writer shall consider in turn
‘word order’ interruptibility’, ‘modification’, and inflectibility’ of compounds.
Kam Chuan Aik (1992:75) also gave a good sample, such as goldfish which is
made up of gold and fish, flyover which is made up of fly and over, and father-in-law
which is made up of father, in and law. In other ways, such as: lily of the valley (a
flower), birds of prey(a category of birds) and personal computer (a type of computer). It
is important to distinguish between a compound word and words that are placed placed
one after another but are used to refer to different things. The characteristic meaning,
come-as-you-are is; is a compound word that function as an adjective modyfying party:
this is a come as you are party. in this sentence, come and are are verbs, as is a
preposition and you is a pronoun.
Compound words include, compound nouns: bride-to-be, baby-sitter, back-seat
driver, yellow pages; compound adjectives: mouth-watering, labour-saving, out-of-date,
life-and death; compound verbs: chain-smoke, stir-fry, lip-read, baby-sit, window-shop.
Compound words may be used to supply information in a short or concise way. It occur
frequently in newspaper headlines and in technical. The way to interpret most long
compound words is to start with the last word and work backwards. However, it should
be noted that there are compound words with fixed meaning that cannot be guessed from
the meaning of their components, not all black birds are blackbirds, and a man-of-war is
not a human being but a warship.
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Some compound words are by convention written as one word; typewriter,
overtake, newspaper, etc. Some are hyphenated; son-in-law, self-taught, a-take-it-orleave-it attitude. Some are writtenas separate words; a brick floor, a student hostel.
Sometimes, there are differences in the way the same compound words are written, such
as: textbook maybe written as text book, textbook and, text-book by different writers. We
might also know that some compound nouns have components that are always spelt with
an –s or –es, while the a compound adjective normally does not have an –s or –es ending
even though it may be formed from a clause or phrase with a plural phrase. Such as, a
stamp that costs twenty cents, which is mean that a twenty cent stamp (not twenty cents).
From the above explanation, the writer might conclude that compound words is
used together to form one word and used as a group of separate words that refer to one
thing or idea.
Kam Chuan Aik suggets us that English form compounds very freely, many are
in everyday use and many are created on the fly in the conversation. Let us think of
carefully the words, such as: a heat of sources, the supply of gas, post offices, my motherin-law’s-book, the population of the world etc. Some of these look similar to each other,
on the face of it. a heat of sources and the population of the world appear to be both
(noun + of + noun). But a heat of sources is an adjective and the populationof the world
is a noun being related to the world population, in their most typical uses. My mother-inlaw’s book is the compound nouns formed by adding ‘s. Where as the supply of gas is
relate to the gas supply, post offices being related to a post office.
Jakson (2000:44) states that “compounding is a combination of two or more
words (free mophemes) and a simple juxtaposition of two words compounding might be
form by noun and noun, verb and noun, adjective and noun, preposition and noun, and all
combinations of world class”. For example, white house, since the same items can be put
together in the same order to produce white house ‘ a house that white’ or which is built
from adjective and noun. Compounds are also found among adjectives ( newborn, redhot, banana-flavoured), verbs (download, stagemanage), prepositions / adverbs (inside,
inspite of).
In this case, vocabulary also is one of the systems of compound words, in which
the value of one elements is determined by the values of related elements in the system. A
parts of system, vocabulary is intimately interrelated with grammar. In fact, it is possible
to devide tha lexical system of most language into grammatical words, such as
preposition, articles, adverbs, etc. In most language teaching approaches, vocabulary has
play second fiddle to grammar.
Description Compound Words in Bahasa Indonesia
The definition of compounding in Indonesia according to Chaer (2003:163) is
translate as kata majemuk. Actually, “penggabungan kata didalam Bahasa Inggris dan
didalam Bahasa Indonesia tidak jauh berbeda. Hanya saja dibedakan oleh proses
pembentukan kata (is translate as kata majemuk. Actually, the theory of compounding in
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English and Bahasa Indonesia is not quite different. But the different may be in the
process of formation.)”. The notion of compounding in Bahasa Indonesia is not too
different with English compound words. Generally, the compound words in Indonesia as
a composition which have a new definition or in other means has one definition. So, the
different with phrase is that phrase has not new definition, but has a syntactic definition
or grammatically. The formation of compound in Bahasa Indonesia is slightly stated in
this chapter, we can follow this example:
a. Noun and Noun
kereta api
(train)
Meja hijau
(green table)
jalan raya
(road)
b. Noun and Adjective
Rumah sakit
(hospital)
orang kaya
(richman)
laut merah
(red sea)
c. Noun and Verb
Rumah makan
humor
(foodhouse)
Kolam renang (swimming pool
(joke book)
tenaga pengajar
(teacher)
kamar tidur (bedroom)
buku
d. Verb and Noun
Makan malam
jalan kaki
(dinner)
(walk)
suara hati
(conscience)
e. Adjective and Noun
Mahasiswa
(student)
panjang tangan (thief)
Murah hati
(kind)
tinggi hati
(jealous)
gagah perkasa
rasa curiga
(strong)
(suspect)
f. Adjective and Adjective
Hitam manis
lemah lembut
(sweet dark)
(pretty)
g. Preposition and Noun
Sepanjang jalan (along way)
di meja
(on the table)
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di rumah
(at home)
h. Quantity and Noun
Beberapa teman (some friends)
banyak barang
(many goods)
Setumpuk beras (a hulled rice)
i. Verb and Verb
Saling mencintai
(be in love)
makan minum
(eat and drink)
j. Preposition and Adjective
Dibawah kendali
dipenghujung
(under control) antara dusta
(at the end)
(between lays)
Reduplication of words in Bahasa Indonesia is the process morphemes to repeat
the basic forms of the word. For example, by full reduplication ( meja-meja: tables), a
part of reduplication, laki-laki ( lelaki :man), reduplication of the changing of sound,
balik (bolak-balik). Reduplication of words form is written completely by using a hypen
(-), such as:
Jangan – jangan
(perhaps)
tua – muda
Mondar – mandir
(to loiter)
mobil – mobilan
(counterfeit car)
(old-young)
kupu – kupu
(butterfly)
Hormat – menghormati (mutual respect)
Mata – mata
(a spy, a snoop)
Word Formation in Engalish
By word formation processes we mean the different devices which are used in
English to build new words from existing ones. Each word-formation process will result
in the production of a specific type of word. Word formation uses existing language
material words and morphemes to create new lexical items. The processes were already
well established in old English.
Derivation
Derivation is a lexical process which actually forms a new word out of an
existing one by the addition of a derivation affix. For intances, the suffix –ation and –ure
may be added to the verbs resign and depart respectively to derive the nouns resignation
and departure, which are different words. Similarily, the suffixes –dom and –ful may be
added to the adjective free and the noun hope respectively to derive the noun freedom
and the adjective hopeful, which again are different words. Following Jackson (1985:34),
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it may be said that ‘strictly speaking, the term “derivation” refers to the creation of a new
word by means of the addition of an affix to a stem.
Inflection
Inflection is a general grammatical process words and affixes to produce
alternative grammatical forms of words. For example, the plural morpheme is an
inflectional morpheme. This implies that the plural form roses, for instance, does not
represent a lexical item fundamentally different from the singular forms rose, it is simply
an inflectional variant of the same word. Similarly, the addition of the comparative
inflection (-er) to the adjective cold gives colder, which is not a different lexical item, but
an inflectional variant of the same word.
The above defenitions and examples show that the distinction between inflection
and derivation is mainly morphological. While the application of inflection leads to
formation of alternative grammatical forms of the same word, that of derivation creates
new vocabularies items. This is the basic difference between inflection and derivation.
Compounding
In some of those example we have just consider, there is a joining of two separate
words to produce a single form. Compounding is one of the most important word
information processes that may create and enrich the vocabulary of the English words.
Conversion
Conversion may be defined as a process by which a word belonging to one word
class is transferred to another word class without any concomitant change or form, either
pronounciation or spelling. In this fact, this word-formation process occurs so regularly
that many scholars prefer to consider it as a matter of syntactic usage rather than as wordformation ( by Bauer 1983:227). For example: the use of uncountable nouns as
countable, ‘some beer / coffe sugar / tea’. Whereas in ‘two beers / coffes sugars / teas’,
the nouns are countable. As a general rule, if the context is carefully chosen.
Blends
A blends may be defined as a new lexeme built from parts of two words in such a
way that the constituent parts are usually easily identifiable. For instance, brunch (
breakfast + lunch), slanguage ( slang + language), infotainment( information +
entertaiment).
Shortenings
Shortening which is notice able in blending, is event more apparent in the process
describe as shortening. This occcurs when a word of more than one syllable ( for
example telephone) is reduce to a shorter form (phone), often in casual speech. Other
example: flu ( influenza), plane ( aeroplane).
Word Formation in Bahasa Indonesia
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A large number of the words used in the Bahasa Indonesia are formed by
combining root words with affixes and other combining forms. Knowing how affixes are
used is the key to understanding the meanings of derived words and in learning to read
bahasa Indonesia. There are a relatively small number of Indonesian affixes in common
usage and bahasa Indonesia is still very much a root-based language with nice complete
word "families". This is in contrast to English where there are many more affixes from
diverse sources and the study of root words and their "families" is not as useful.
Infixes
There are 3 types of infix that are inserted after the first syllable of root words to
create new words with varying meanings: el, em and er. Infixes are rarely used and are
not productive (not capable of being used to form new words freely). In general, an infix
adds a notion of "being many, having repetition, being in the form of or being an actor or
tool."
Prefixes
a.
Prefix –ber
Adding this prefix –ber to verb, noun or adjective root words results in a verb that
often means "being something, having something, having a certain attribute" or
"indicating a state of being or condition".
Examples:
beragama {ber+agama} = having a religion ["agama" is a noun]=
religion
berbahaya {ber+bahaya} = being dangerous ["bahaya" is an adjective]=
dangerous
berhenti {ber+henti} = to stop ["henti" is a verb]= stop
b.
Prefix me-, mem- men-, meng-, menge-, meny
me-, mem- men-, meng-, menge-, meny-, All six of these prefixes are variations
of the same prefix "me-" and we refer to them collectively as the "me-group". They have
the same meanings and usage but are spelled differently, depending on the first letters of
the root word to which they are attached. Examples:
melihat {me+lihat} = to see; to
look at
menjadi {men+jadi} = to become
mengerti {meng+erti} = to understand
mengelap {menge+lap} = to dust with a cloth
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menyapu {meny+(s)apu} = to sweep with a broom
membuat {mem+buat} = to make; to build
Prefixes from the me-group may be optionally dropped in informal speech,
except when the root word also has the suffix -kan or -i attached, in which case it cannot
be dropped. Prefixes from the me- group are never used in imperatives when the speaker
gives a command.
c.
Prefix –di
This prefix has a strong connection with the me- group of prefixes discussed
above.
Examples:
dilarang {di+larang} = prohibited
diparkir {di+parkir} = parked
Don't confuse the di- prefix discussed above with the use of "di" as a separate
word which means "in, at, on or to". The separate word "di" is not to be attached to other
words although some Indonesians do use it that way incorrectly.
d.
Prefix pe-, pem-, pen-, peng-, penge-, peny-
All six of these prefixes have the same meaning and usage but have different
spellings depending on the first letter of the root word to which they are attached. Adding
one of these prefixes to a noun root usually forms a noun that indicates a person, agent or
thing that has the character of the root word.
Examples:
pekamus{pe+kamus} = a person who makes a dictionary
pembantu {pem+bantu} = a maid or assistant
pencopet {pen+copet} = a thief
e.
Prefix ter-
Attaching the "ter-" prefix has two possible results. "ter-" is added to an adjective
root word, it usually results in an adjective that indicates an extreme condition or a
superlative.
examples:
terbesar{ter+besar} = biggest; most big
terbaru{ter+baru} = newest; most new
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f.
Prefix se-
Adding the "se-" prefix has several possible results with varying word types. It
can often be viewed as a substitute for the word "satu" (meaning "one").
Examples:
sebuah{se+buah} (noun) = a piece; one piece; the piece
sepenuh{se+penuh} (adverb) = fully; completely; entirely
seragam{se+ragam} (adjective) = uniform; similar; alike
2.1.1
a.
Suffixes
Suffixes –an
-an : About one in every 34 words in Indonesian publications will have this very
common suffix which creates nouns.
Examples:
makanan{makan+an} = food
bantuan {bantu+an} = assistance
bilangan{bilang+an} = a number or sum
b.
Suffixes –i
Adding the "-i" suffix to a verb results in a verb which may indicate
repetitiveness, the giving of something or causing something to be. It may also simply
show where the action is directed or to whom the action is directed. The suffix "-i" is
used mainly in writing and formal speech.
Examples:
ampuni {ampun+i} = to give forgiveness
ulangi {ulang+i} = to repeat
temani {teman+i} = to befriend
c.
Suffixes –kan
Adding the "-kan" suffix to a verb results in a verb indicating causation; making
or causing something to happen.Its main function is to carry or transfer the action of the
verb to some other part of the sentence.
Examples:
campurkan {campur+kan} = to mix or combine
matikan {mati+kan} = to deaden; to extinguish
14
belikan {beli+kan} = to buy or purchase something
The suffixes -kan and -i both change predicates from intransitive to transitive.
For foreigners, the suffixes -kan & -i often cause great difficulty because there seem to be
no consistent patterns of usage which distinguish the two.
d.
Suffixes -kah
Adding this suffix indicates that the expression is a question. The suffix -kah is
added to the word in the sentence that is the main focus of the question.
Examples:
siapakah {siapa+kah} = who?
bolehkah {boleh+kah} = may I?
e.
Suffixes –lah
This suffix has many different and confusing usages but for simplicity we can say
it is often used to give emphasis, to soften a command or to add politeness to an
expression.
Examples:
pergilah {perg+lah} = go away! get out of here!
buanglah {buang+lah} = please discard; please throw away
Confixes
a.
Confix ke - an :
This is the most commonly used confix and about one in every 65 words in
Indonesian publications will have the "ke - an" confix.
Examples:
keadaan {ke+ada+an} = situation; condition
keluruhan {ke+luruh+an} = subdistrict
b.
Confix ketidak - an :
The ke - an confix may also consist of the negative tidak and an adjective root
word to form a noun that indicates an opposite state of being or something
uncharacteristic of the adjective root word.
Examples:
ketidakadilan {ke+tidak+adil+an} = injustice
ketidaksamaan {ke+tidak+sama+an} = disparity; inequality
ketidaksukaan {ke+tidak+suka+an} = a dislike; disfavor
15
c.
Confix pe - an, pem - an,pen - an, peng - an;penge - an, peny – an
All six of these confixes have the same meaning and usage but have different
spellings. We refer to these as the "pe - angroup". Adding a confix from this group
usually creates an abstract noun that indicates the process of performing the action
referred to by the verb in the sentence (as opposed to the result of the action). Indonesian
words formed from the "pe - an group" are often nouns that have English translations
which use the "-ing" English suffix when referring to a process in the sense of a noun.
Examples:
pelatihan {pe+latih+an} = training; exercising
penstabilan {pen+stabil+an} = stabilizing
pengeboman {penge+bom+an} = bombing
d.
Confix per – an
Adding the "per - an" confix often results in a noun that indicates the result of an
action (as opposed to the process). This resultant state or condition is similar to that
obtained when using the "ke - an" confix, but the "ke - an" confix usually forms a word
that has a more abstract or less general meaning.
Examples:
perkawinan {per+kawin+an} = a marriage ceremony
perkiraan {per+kira+an} = an estimation
permobilan {per+mobil+an} = the automobile industry
e.
Confix se - nya
This common confix often combines with single or repeated adjective root words
to form adverbs indicating the utmost or highest level that is able to be achieved by the
action of the root word.
Examples:
selamanya {se+lama+nya} = forever; as long as can be
selanjutnya {se+lanjut+nya} = afterwards; hereinafter
setinggi-tingginya{se+tinggi-tinggi+nya} = as high as possible
The Similarities and Differences
The formal description of the morphology should reflect as accutely as possible
the structure of the language. By the structure we mean the morphemes and combinations
of morphemes described according to their class and in terms of word. Many of the
structural problems have already been analyzed, a number of different ways in which the
description of a language may be organized.
16
A comparison of two languages can be carry out using any several different
styles of grammar. According to the Bloomfield, this emphasizes the importance of
language based on a discription to the different categories that make up the pattern of
language. these categories are define in formal terms and they are establish inductively.
The differences among languages are emphasize as follows by Verspoor (2000:67) the
differences (among languages) are great enough to preventour setting up any system of
classification that would fit all languages.
The main similarities and differences of compound words between English and
Bahasa Indonesia can be summarized that a language is patterned system arbitrary sound
terms, characterized by structure defence, creativity, displacement, and cultural
transmissionwere explain by Jean Aitchison (1972:28). These studies compared language
from within the same. Generally, the similarities and differences needs to based on
universal categories, one of the differen way they are linguistically realize from one form
language to another form language.
Noam Chomsky’s theory of grammar be such a sample and as a application to be
the basis theory on similarities and differences of compound words.
However, most of the similarities and differences studies carry out have based on
surface structure characteristic, such as those describe by the structuralist. The procedure
could be seen as follows according to Stockwell and Bowen (1965:101):
a.
Description (a formal description of the two language is made)
b.
Selection (the auxilary system or areas known true error analysis to present difficulty
are selected for comparison)
c.
Comparison (the identity of areas of the similarities and differences)
d.
Prediction (identifying which areas are likely to cause errors)
Conceptual Framework
This study is concerned with the similarities and differences of compound words
between English and Bahasa Indonesia. It is concerned about the comparing of two
language based on the types according to each theory. Compunding might be form by
noun and noun, verb and noun, and every combination of word class. The discussion is
conduct to look for the similarities and differences in compound words between English
and Bahasa Indonesia. The aspect of compound words include the function and position.
2. The Research Design
In this part of study, the data are analyzed by using a descriptive qualitative
method. “Descriptive qualitative is a method of research which makes the description of
situation events or occurances”. So that, this method has an intention to accumulate the
basic data (Nazir, 1998:36). The data were collected would be analyzed and the result of
the study was the description of circumtances of compounding word in using language
and to prove the similarities and differences of word formation of compound words
between English and in Bahasa Indonesia. In this case, the writer wants to describe the
17
similarities and differences of word formation of compound words between English and
in Bahasa Indonesia. Then, this description is conduct by comparing and constrasting
English and Bahasa Indonesia word to find out the similarities and differences in both
languages.
The Data
The writer took the data from some magazines, which are related to the study in
English and Bahasa indonesia. The sources of the data are taken from “(Plantation King
Indonesia’s Richest Man” by Globe Asia) Jun 2011-Vol 5 NO 6”in English and“(50
Best Banks by Investor Business and Capital Markets) Jun 2011-XIII/216”in
Indonesia.
Technique of Collecting Data
The data of this study are Compund word by taking from two magazines, Consist of
two languages between English and Bahasa Indonesia. Choosing the article; English
“(Plantation King Indonesia’s Richest Man by Globe Asia) Jun 2011-Vol 5 No
6”, Indonesia“(50 Best Banks by Investor Business and Capital Markets) Jun
2011- XIII/216”. And then all of them are investigate to find out the similarities and
differnces between compound words in both languages.
The procedures of analyzing the data
Underlining the compound words found in English and Indonesia’s Article,
categorizing the word formation of compound words, describing the word formation of
the compound words according to it’s word formation, concluding the finding
3. Data Analysis
The data are taken from English and Bahasa Indonesia magazine. The English
article is taken from Globe Asia magazine (page 162-167) Jun 2011-Vol 5 NO 6 edition,
they are:
1. “Beyond 2015”
2. “Promoting Peace Through Entrepreneurship”
3. “Building National Competitiveness”
The article using Bahasa Indonesia is taken from INVESTOR magazine (page
92-99) Jun 2011-XIII/216 edition, they are:
1. “Patgulipat Harvestindo Berujung Petaka”
2. “Sisi Minor Kinerja Emiten BEI”
3. “Menagih Komitmen Emiten Rugi”
The Data Analysis
The data are analyzed by the theory proposed by Jackson (2000) by using the
prosedure of analyzing the data which have been mentioned in the previous chapter.
English Word Formation
Word formation in English consists of six types, and they are marked by each
symbols: A – Derivation
18
B – Inflection
C – Compounding
D – Conversion
E – Blends
F – Shortening
Table 4.1: The analysis of article “Beyond 2015”
Derivation
NO
Word Formation
Explanation
A.
1
Widely
Wide + ly
(Adjective)
2
Association
Associate + ion
(Noun)
3
Regional
Region + al
(Noun)
4
Government
Govern + ment
(Noun)
5
Conjuction
Conjuct + ion
(Noun)
6
Organization
Organizate + ion
(Noun)
7
Economically
Economical + ly
(Adjective)
8
Maximize
Maxime + ize
(Verb)
9
Available
Availe + able
(Adjective)
10
Connectivity
Connective + ity
(Noun)
11
Important
Import + ant
(Noun)
12
Largely
Large + ly
(Adjective)
13
Liberalize
Liberal + ize
(Verb)
14
Movement
Move + ment
(Noun)
15
Transportation
Transportate + ion
(Noun)
16
Telecommunication
Telecomunicate + ion
(Noun)
17
Infrastructure
Insfrastruct + ure
(Noun)
18
Community
Communite + ity
(Noun)
Inflection
NO
Word Formation
Explanation
1
Days
Day + s
(Noun)
2
Accepted
Accept + ed
(Verb)
3
Nations
Nation + s
(Noun)
19
B.
C.
4
Founding
Found + ing
(Verb)
5
Grouping
Group + ing
(Verb)
6
Addresed
Address + ed
(Verb)
7
Leader
Lead + er
(Noun)
8
Anwers
Answer + s
(Noun)
9
Emerged
Emerge + ed
(Verb)
10
Beginning
Begin + ing
(Verb)
11
Ideas
Idea + s
(Noun)
12
Being
Be + ing
(Adverb)
13
Efforts
Effort + s
(Noun)
14
Towards
Toward + s
(Adverb)
15
Opened
Open + ed
(Verb)
16
Opportunities
Opportunity + es
(Noun)
17
Raised
Raise + ed
(Verb)
18
Challenges
Challenge + s
(Noun)
19
Added
Add + ed
(Verb)
20
Combined
Combine + ed
(Verb)
21
Trading
Trade + ing
(Verb)
22
Partners
Partner + s
(Noun)
23
Included
Include + ed
(Verb)
24
Rises
Rise + es
(Noun)
25
Touched
Touch + ed
(Verb)
Compounding
NO
Word Formation
Explanation
1
South-east
South + east
(Noun)
2
Within
With + in
(Adverb)
3
High-value
High + value
(Adjective)
4
Three-fold
Three + fold
(Adjectice)
5
Chairman
Chair + man
(Noun)
Conversion
NO
Word Formation
Explanation
20
D.
1
The association
The + association
(Noun)
2
A long way
A long + way
(Noun)
3
The question
The + question
(Noun)
4
The regional
The + regional
(Noun)
5
A number
A + number
(Noun)
6
To provide
To + provide
(Verb)
7
The beginning
The + beginning
(Noun)
8
The ASEAN
The + ASEAN
(Noun)
9
A new
A + new
(Noun)
10
To step
To step
(Verb)
11
To establish
To + establish
(Verb)
12
To determine
To + determine
(Verb)
13
To build
To + build
(Verb)
14
To aspire
To + aspire
(Verb)
15
To maximize
To + maximize
(Verb)
16
To challenge
To + challenge
(Verb)
17
To develop
To + develop
(Verb)
18
To embrace
To + embrace
(Verb)
19
To create
To + create
(Verb)
20
To continue
To + continue
(Verb)
21
To liberalize
To + liberalize
(Verb)
22
The economy
The + economy
(Noun)
23
A modern
A + modern
(Noun)
24
The world
The + world
(Noun)
25
The connectivity
The + connectivity
(Noun)
26
The region
The + region
(Noun)
Blends
NO
Word Formation
-
E.
-
Shortening
NO
Word Formation
Explanation
-
Explanation
21
1
ASEAN
The Association of South-east Asian Nation (N)
2
ALF
ASEAN leaders Forum
(N)
Table 4.2: The analysis of article “Promoting Peace Through Entrepreneurship”
A.
Derivation
NO
Word Formation
Explanation
1
Delegation
Delegate + ion ( Noun)
2
Revolution
Revolute + ion (Noun)
3
Organization
Organizate + ion (Noun)
4
Corporation
Corporate + ion (Noun)
5
Instution
Instute + ion (Noun)
6
Foundation
Foundate + ion (Noun)
7
Architecture
Architec + ure (Noun)
8
Succesful
Succes + ful (Noun)
9
Commercialization
Commercialize + ion (Noun)
10
Innovation
Innovate + ion (Noun)
B. Inflection
NO
Word Formation
Explanation
1.
Lives
Live + s (adjective)
2
Breathes
Breathe + s (Noun)
3
Hoping
Hope + ing (Verb)
4
Originated
Originate + ed (Adverb)
5
Delivered
Delivere + ed (Verb)
6
Talked
Talk + ed (Verb)
7
Promoting
Promote + ing (Verb)
8
Announced
Announce + ed (Adverb)
9
Convening
Convene + ing (Verb)
10
Organized
Organize + ed (Adverb)
11
Attended
Attend + ed (Verb)
12
Delegates
Delegate + es (Noun)
22
13
Largest
Large + est (Adjective)
14
Biggest
Big + est (Adjective)
15
Adding
Add + ing(Verb)
16
Enterprises
Entreprise + es (Adjective)
17
Companies
Company + es (Noun)
18
Priorities
Priority + es (Noun)
19
Leading
Lead + ing (Verb)
20
Creating
Create + ing (Verb)
21
Universities
University + es (Verb)
22
Interested
Interest + ed (Adjective)
23
Embraces
Embrace + es (Adverb)
24
Coordinating
Coordinate + ing (Verb)
C. Compounding
NO
Word Formation
Explanation
1.
World peace
World + peace
(Noun)
2
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneur + ship
(Noun)
3
Groundwork
Ground + work
(Noun)
4
Live up
Live + up
(Adverb)
5
Outstripping
Out + stripping
(Adverb)
6
Underspins
Under + spins
(Adverb)
7
Tipping point
Tipping + point
(Noun)
8
In-country
In + country
(Noun)
9
Eco-system
Eco + system
(Noun)
10
Early-stage
Early + stage
(Adjective)
11
Stars-up
Star + up
(Noun)
12
Alongside
Along + side
(Noun)
13
Platform
Plat + form
(Noun)
14
Heavyweight
Heavy + weight
(Adjective)
15
Chairman
Chair + man
(Noun)
16
Spearheading
Spear + heading
(Noun)
23
17
Under global
Under + global
(Noun)
18
A high-powered
A high + powered
(Noun)
19
Non-tech
Non + tech
(Noun)
20
Key-note
Key + note
(Noun)
21
Workshop
Work + shop
(Noun)
22
Follow-on
Follow + on
(Verb)
23
Bankable
Bank + able
(Noun)
24
Classroom
Class + room
(Noun)
25
Real-life
Real + life
(Noun)
D. Conversion
NO
Word Formation
E.
Explanation
1
A sign
A + sign
(Noun)
2
To spread
To + spread
(Verb)
3
To lay
To + lay
(Verb)
4
A key
A + key
(Noun)
5
To promote
To + promote
(Verb)
6
To meet
To + meet
(Verb)
7
An entrepreneur
An + entrepreneur
(Noun)
8
A delegate
A + delegate
(Noun)
9
To convene
To + convene
(Verb)
10
To business
To + business
(Verb)
11
To pitch
To + pitch
(Verb)
12
To present
To + present
(Verb)
13
To implement
To + implement
(Verb)
14
An umbrella
An + umbrella
(Noun)
15
To develop
To + develop
(Verb)
16
To offer
To + offer
(Verb)
17
To grow
To + grow
(Verb)
Blend
NO
Word Formation
Explanation
24
-
F.
-
-
Shortening
NO
Word Formation
1
US
2
Web
Explanation
United + state
(Noun)
Web + site
(Noun)
Table 4.3: The analysis of article “Building National Competitivenes”
A. Derivation
NO
Word Formation
Explanation
1
Competitivenes
Competitive + nes
(Noun)
2
Direction
Direct + ion
(Noun)
4
Incentive
Incenty + ive
(Adjective)
5
Extraordinary
Extraordine + ary
(Adjective)
6
Globalization
Globalize + ation
(Noun)
7
Important
Import + ant
(Noun)
8
Goverment
Gover + ment
(Noun)
9
Regional
Region + al
(Noun)
10
Reliable
Rely + able
(Adjective)
11
Manufacture
Manufact + ure
(Noun)
12
Reallocate
Re + allocate
(Verb)
13
Accesibility
Accesible + ity
(Noun)
14
Exponentially
Exponential + ly
(Adjective)
15
Available
Availe + able
(Adjective)
16
Passionate
Passione + ate
(Adjective)
17
Application
Applicate + ion
(Noun)
18
Investment
Invest + ment
(Noun)
19
Generation
Generate + ion
(Noun)
B. Inflection
NO
Word Formation
1
Writing
Explanation
Write + ing
(Verb)
25
2
Bulding
Build + ing
(Verb)
3
Remembered
Remember + ed
(Noun)
4
Asked
Ask + ed
(Verb)
5
6
Giving
Checking
Give + ing
Check + ing
(Verb)
(Verb)
7
Answering
Answer + ing
(Verb)
8
Worker
Work + er
(Noun)
9
Demanding
Demand + ing
(Verb)
10
Rising
Rise + ing
(Verb)
11
Enabling
Enable + ing
(Verb)
12
Dominates
Dominate + es
(Verb)
13
Markets
Market + s
(Noun)
14
Reffering
Reffer + ing
(Verb)
15
Experts
Expert + s
(Adjective)
16
Industries
Industry + s
(Noun)
17
Established
Establish + ed
(Verb)
18
Innovators
Innovator + s
(Noun)
19
Manufacturing
Manufacture + ing
(Verb)
20
Captures
Capture + s
(Adjective)
21
Created
Create + ed
(Verb)
22
Goes
Go + es
(Verb)
23
Facilities
Facility + es
(Noun)
24
Lower
Low + er
(Noun)
25
Needed
Need + ed
(Verb)
C. Compounding
NO Word Formation
Explanation
1
Airport
Air + port
(Noun)
2
Sometime
Some + time
(Adjective)
3
Extraordinary
Extra + ordinary
(Noun)
26
4
Hard-working
Hard + working
(Verb)
5
Macroeconomic
Macro + economic
(Noun)
6
Fallacy-free
Fallacy + free
(Noun)
7
Global-market
Global + market
(Noun)
8
Good brands
Good + brands
(Noun)
9
Mind set
Mind + set
(Noun)
10
Neighboring
Neigh + boring
(Noun)
11
Mobile phone
Mobile + phone
(Noun)
12
Lifestyle
Life + style
(Noun)
13
Net working
Net + working
(Verb)
14
Greenfield
Green + field
(Noun)
15
Multi-million
Multi + million
(Noun)
D. Conversion
NO
Word Formatioon
Explanation
1
A friend
A + friend
(Noun)
2
To conference
To + conference
(Verb)
3
To bring
To + bring
(Verb)
4
The airport
The + airport
(Noun)
5
The bold
The + bold
(Noun)
6
To work
To + work
(Verb)
7
The week
The + week
(Noun)
8
The opportunity
The + opportunity
(Noun)
9
The role
The + rule
(Noun)
10
A key
A + key
(Noun)
11
To use
To + use
(Verb)
12
To transfer
To + transfer
(Verb)
13
The technology
The + technology
(Noun)
14
The challange
The + challenge
(Noun)
15
To increase
To + increase
(Verb)
27
16
The growth
The + growth
(Noun)
17
The data
The + data
(Noun)
18
To build
To + build
(Verb)
19
To provide
To + provide
(Verb)
20
The people
The + people
(Noun)
E. Blends
NO
Word Formation
F.
1
Networking
2
Let’s
Explanation
Internetworking
(Noun)
Let us
(Adverb)
Shortening
NO
Word Formation
Explanation
1
US
United state
(Noun)
2
Net
Internet
(Noun)
3
Phone
Handphone
(Noun)
Discussion
1. The examples of word formation in English above are called derivation, consist of
new words of the same grammatical form, such as noun to noun,or different
grammatical forms, such as verb to noun. For example:
b. Organization : organize (verb) + ion = noun
c.
Foundation : foundate (verb) + ion = noun
2. The second types of word formation is inflection. For example:
a. Universities : university (noun) + es
b. Companies : company (noun) + es
3. The third types is Compound words may be written as one word or as two words
joined with a hyphen called by compounding. For example:
a. Entrepreneurship : consist of two words (entrepreneur as
adjective + ship as a noun)
b. Groundwork : consist of two words ( ground as a noun + work as
a verb)
3 A word of one grammatical form becomes a word of another grammatical form
without any changes to spelling or pronunciation called conversion. For example:
a. To lay : to + lay as a noun (a verb)
b. To spread : to + spread as a noun (a verb)
28
4
As the examples of word formation above are called shortening, its called because
make a new word retains the meaning of the original word. such as US, web. For
explanation:
a. US (United State)
b. Web (website)
Indonesian Word Formation
Word formation in Bahasa Indonesia consist of four types, and they are marked
by each symbols:
A-Infixes
B-Prefixes
C-Suffixes
D-Confixes
Table 4.4: The analysis of article “Patgulipat Harvestindo Berujung Petaka”
A. Infixes
NO Word Formation
Explanation
1
Selaku
Saku + infix el = selaku : as if
(Adverb)
2
Selama
Sama + infix el = selama : for
(Adverb)
B. Prefixes
NO
Word Formation
Explanation
1
Menjabat
Men + jabat : take hold of
(Verb)
2
Berjuang
Ber + juang : fighting
(Verb)
3
Terkoyak
Ter + koyak : torn
(Adverb)
4
Pengawas
Peng + awas: supervisor
(Noun)
5
Menguras
Meng + uras: draining
(Verb)
6
Tersimpan
Ter + simpan: stored
(Adverb)
7
Dibobol
Di + bobol: collapse
(Adverb)
8
Bermula
Ber + mula : start
(Adverb)
9
Bergerak
Ber + gerak : move
(Noun)
10
Pemegang
Pe + pegang : handle
(Noun)
11
Terhadap
Ter + hadap : toward
(Adverb)
12
Pemilik
Pe + milik : owner
(Noun)
29
13
Mencapai
Men + capai : achieve
(Adverb)
14
Bernama
Ber + nama : named
(Adjective)
15
Tersangka
Ter + sangka : susected
(Adverb)
16
Terungkap
Ter + ungkap : expressed
(Adverb)
17
Berjangka
Ber + jangka : spaced
(Adverb)
18
Pembuat
Pem + buat : maker
(Noun)
19
Beredar
Ber + edar : revolve
(Adverb)
20
Berencana
Ber + rencana : plan
(Verb)
C. Suffixes
NO
Word Formation
Explanation
1
Urusan
Urus + an: affairs(Adverb)
2
Lantaran
Lantar + an :because(Adverb)
3
Kelolaan
Kelola + an: managed(Noun)
4
Hubungan
Hubung + an : relationship(Adverb)
5
Belakangan
Belakang + an: later(Adverb)
6
Tahanan
Tahan + an: custody(Noun)
7
Simpanan
Simpan + an : deposit(Noun)
8
Dugaan
Duga + an : guess(Adjective)
D. Confixes
NO
Word Formation
Explanation
1
Dijalani
Di + jalan + i : lived(Verb)
2
Memulihkan
Me + pulih + kan : recover(Verb)
3
Kepercayaan
Ke + percaya + an : recover(Adjective)
4
Pemeriksaan
Pe + periksa + an : examination (Adverb)
5
Kemungkinan
Ke + mungkin + an : possibility (Adverb)
6
Pencabutan
Pen + cabut + an : revocation(Verb)
30
7
Perusahaan
Per + usaha +an : company(Noun)
8
Menggelapkan
Meng + gelap + kan : obscure(Ver)
9
Diberitakan
Di + berita + kan : reported(Verb)
10
Mengalami
Meng + alam + i :experience(Verb) :
11
Kesulitan
Ke + sulit + an : difficulty(Noun)
12
Membuahkan
Mem + buah + kan experience(Verb)
13
Menguasai
Meng + kuasa + i : master(Verb)
14
Menyelamatkan
Men + selamat + kan : saved (Verb)
15
Pertemanan
Per + teman + an : friendship(Noun)
16
Menyebutkan
Men + sebut + kan : mentioned(Verb)
17
Mengkonfirmasikan
Men + konfirmasi + kan : confirming(Verb)
18
Pemeriksaan
Pe + periksa + an : checking (Noun)
19
Membekukan
Mem + beku + kan : freeze(Adverb)
20
Mengajukan
Meng + aju + kan : submit (Verb)
21
Pengelolaan
Peng + kelola + an : management(Noun)
Table 4.5: The analysis of article “Sisi Minor Kinerja Emiten BEI”
A. Infixes
NO
Word Formation
Explanation
1
Pemegang
Pegang + infix –em : holder
B. Prefixes
NO
Word Formation
(Noun)
Explanation
1
Terakhir
Ter + akhir : last
(Noun)
2
Bertumbuh
Ber + tumbuh : grow
(Adverb)
3
Menembus
Me + tembus :penetrate
(Adverb)
4
Dibanding
Di + banding :compared
(Noun)
5
Mencapai
Men + capai :achieved
(Verb)
31
6
Mendorong
Men + dorong :push
(Verb)
7
Berlangsung
Ber + langsung :continue
(Adverb)
8
Membangun
Mem + bangun build
(Verb)
9
Pemegang
Pe + pegang :holder
(Noun)
10
Berkutat
Ber + kutat : struggle
(Verb)
11
Berhasil
Ber + hasil :success
(Adjective)
12
Menderita
Men + derita : suffer
(Adjective)
13
Mencetak
Men + cetak : print
(Verb)
14
Bermodal
Ber + modal : have capital
(Adverb)
15
Mengambil
Meng + ambil : take
( Verb)
16
Sejumlah
Se + jumlah : some
(Adverb)
17
Terbesar
Ter + besar : biggest
(Adverb)
18
Berkurang
Ber + kurang :reduce
(Adverb)
19
Sebesar
Se + besar : as much
(Adverb)
20
Memicu
Me + picu : tiggering
(Adverb)
21
Sebanding
Se + banding : comparable
(Adverb)
22
Membengkak
Mem + bengkak : swell
(Adjective)
23
Menyusul
Men + susul : follow
(Verb)
24
Bergabung
Ber + gabung : join
(Verb)
25
Berbohong
Ber + bohong : lie
(Verb)
C. Sufixes
NO
Word Formation
Explanation
1
Lompatan
Lompat + an : leep
(Noun)
2
Catatan
Catat + an : note
(Noun)
3
Gabungan
Gabung + an: combination
(Noun)
4
Tahunan
Tahun + an : annual
(Noun)
32
5
Pinjaman
Pinjam + an : loan
(Noun)
6
Ajukan
Aju + kan : submit
(Noun
7
Sedangkan
Sedang + kan : whereas
(Adverb)
8
Aturan
Atur + an : rule
(Noun)
D. Confixes
NO Word Formation
Explanation
1
2
Pendapatan
Kenaikan
Pen + dapat + an : income
Ke + naik + an : increase
(Noun)
(Adverb)
3
4
Melanjutkan
Dilandasi
Me + lanjut + kan : continuing (Verb)
Di + landas + i : based
(Adjective)
5
6
7
8
9
10
Perdagangan
Menegaskan
Mengkhwatirkan
Kesuksesan
Dibenahi
Keuntungan
Per + dagang + an : trade
Me + tegas + kan : assert
Meng + kwatir + kan : worry
Ke + sukses + an : success
Di + benah + i : corrected
Ke + untung + an: profit
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Berdasarkan
Mencermati
Permainan
Memprihatinkan
Dipetakan
Perkembangan
Merupakan
Dialami
Penggabungan
Kehadiran
Penurunan
Ber + dasar + kan: based
( Adverb)
Men + cermat + i : observing (Noun)
Per + main + an : game
(Noun)
Mem + prihatin + kan : concern (Adjective)
Di +peta + kan : mapped
(Verb)
Per + kembang + an : developed(Noun)
Me + rupa + kan : is
(Adverb)
Di + alam + i : experienced
(Verb)
Peng + gabung + ngan : combination (Noun)
Ke + hadir + an: present
(Noun)
Pe + turun + an: decrease
(Noun)
(Noun)
( Verb)
(Adjective)
(Adjective)
(Verb)
(Noun)
Table 4.6: The analysis of article “Menagih Komitmen Emiten Rugi”
A. Infixes
NO
Word Formation
Explanation
1
Pemegang
B. Prefixes
NO
Word Formation
1
Bertumbuh
Pegang + infix –em : holder (noun)
Explanation
Ber + tumbuh : grow
(Verb)
33
2
Sejumlah
Se + jumlah : some
(Adverb)
3
Menderita
Men + derita : suffer
(Verb)
4
Terjadi
Ter + jadi : happen
(Adverb)
5
Meningkat
Me + tingkat : increase
(Adjective)
6
Perugi
Pe + rugi : adverser
(Noun)
7
Pemegang
Pe + pegang : holder
(Noun)
8
Memperoleh
Mem + peroleh : get
(Verb)
9
Mendukung
Men + dukung : support
(Verb)
10
Berbeda
Ber + beda : different
11
Pengendali
Peng + kendali : controller
(Noun)
12
Menjadi
Men + jadi : be
(Adverb)
13
Mengaku
Meng + aku : admit
(Verb)
14
Berbagai
Ber + bagi : various
(Adverb)
15
Beroperasi
Ber + operasi : operate
(Verb)
16
Membuat
Mem + buat : make
(Verb)
17
Dimaksud
Di + maksud : mean
(Adverb)
18
Membaik
Mem + baik : improve
(Adverb)
19
Berencana
Ber + rencana : plan
(Verb)
20
Menutup
Me + tutup : closed
(Verb)
21
Sebesar
Se + besar : as much
(Adverb)
22
Digoreng
Di + goreng : fried
(Verb)
C. Suffixes
NO Word Formation
(Adverb)
Explanation
1
Kantongi
Kantong + i : pocket
(Verb)
2
Tunjangan
Tunjang + an : allowance
(Noun)
3
Tentukan
Tentu + kan : determine
(Verb)
34
4
Aturan
Atur + an : rule
(Noun)
5
Lupakan
Lupa + kan : forget
(Verb)
6
Alasan
Alas + an : reason
(Noun)
7
Lonjakan
Lonjak + an : surge
(Noun)
8
Laporan
Lapor + an : report
(Noun)
D. Confixes
NO
Word Formation
Explanation
1
Pendapatan
Pen + dapat + an : income
(Noun)
2
Kerugian
Ke + rugi + an : loss
(Noun)
3
Bersangkutan
Ber + sangkut + an : pertinent (Adverb)
4
Dirugikan
Di + rugi + kan : disadvantaged(Verb)
5
Ditransaksikan
Di + transaksi + kan : transacted(Verb)
6
Perusahaan
Pe + usaha + an : company
7
Penilaian
Pe + nilai + an : valuation
(Noun)
8
Mengatakan
Meng + kata + kan : say
(Verb)
9
Menyebabkan
Men + sebab + kan : cause
(Adverb)
10
Perlakuan
Per + laku + an : treatment
(Adjective)
11
Mewajibkan
Me + wajib + kan : require
(Verb)
12
Membagikan
Mem + bagi + kan : share
(Verb)
13
Berdasarkan
Ber + dasar + kan : based
(Adverb)
14
Kemungkinan
Ke + mungkin + an : posibility (Adverb)
15
Merugikan
Me + rugi + kan : harm
16
Keterpurukan
Ke + terpuruk + kan : downturn (Adjective)
17
Melakukan
Me + laku + kan : do
18
Persaingan
Per + saing + an : competition (Adverb)
19
Mengatasi
Meng + atas + i : evercome
(Noun)
(Verb)
(Verb)
(Verb)
35
20
Disebabkan
Di + sebab + kan : caused
(Verb)
21
Menjanjikan
Men + janji + kan : promise
(Verb)
22
Diterbitkan
Di + terbit + kan : published
(Verb)
23
Dimiliki
Di + milik + i : owned
(Adverb)
24
Menjauhi
Men + jauh + i : avoid
(Verb)
25
Perubahan
Per + ubah + an : change
(Noun)
Discussion
1. As the first types above called by infixes, because the words follow by infix–el, -em,
and er. For example:
Pegang : add by infix –em = pemegang (holder)
[an infix] is an affix which is incorporated inside another word.
2. The examples of word formation in Bahasa Indonesia in the second types is prefixes,
consist of prefixes -me, -di, -mem, -meng, -ber, -ter. Such as Terakhir, meningkat,
menembus, dibanding, mendorong, berlangsung, membangun, pemegang, dihimpun,
menderita, seiring, menjadi, berhenti, mencetak, mengambil. For explanation:
a. Meningkat: prefix –me + tingkat (increase)
b. Terakhir : prefix –ter + akhir (last)
c. Berlangsung : prefix –ber + langsung (continue)
This prefix is related to me- prefix above. While the me- indicates that the subject is
the actor who doing an action , the di- indicates that the subject is the object of an
action. A sentence with me+verb is called active sentence, and di+verb is called
passive sentence.
3. The third types is suffix, which follow by suffix –i, -an, -kah, -lah. Such as
Lompatan, gabungan, laporan, tahunan, lakukan, pinjaman, jaminan, aturan, batasan.
For explanation:
a. Lompatan : lompat + suffix an (leap)
b. Tahunan : tahun + suffix an (annual)
Indonesian suffixes are -kan, -i, -an and -nya. They can form a noun; can soft a
command or add politeness; can direct the action; and derives causatives or
adjectives.
4. And the other types in word formation in Bahasa Indonesia is called confixes.
a. Pendapatan : confix pen-an : dapat (income)
b.
Kenaikan : confix ke-an : naik (rise)
c.
Melanjutkan : confix me-an : lanjut (continue)
Based on the analysis above, there is one types by using a hypen (-) in Bahasa
Indonesia which is not used in English, named by reduplication words. For example:
a. Hingar-bingar (noisy)
36
Reduplication is a process of repeating a word, either wholly or partially. This
process is very productive and it shows a number of characteristics. It is used to express
various grammatical functions such as verbal aspect and some showing complex
models.A wide use of reduplication is one of the most prominent grammatical features of
the Indonesian languages. To some this sounds like a child language (hula-hula, caca).
Tables of Totality in English and Bahasa Indonesia Word FormationWord
Formation of English and Bahasa Indonesia English
Derivation
Inflection
Compounding Conversion
Blends
Shortening
47 words
73 words
45 words
2 words
7 words
Bahasa Indonesia
Infixes
4 words
1.
2.
63 words
Prefixes
Suffixes
Confixes
67 words
24 words
67 words
In relating to the conclusions above, The following suggestions are offered:
The writer suggested to the readers to tryto find out the similarities and the
differences of word formation in another language, such as regional language, so it
can avoid misunderstanding in forming the words.
The writer suggest students to deepen their knowledge about linguistic, specially in
morphology such as word formation construction.
37
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Chaer, Drs. Abdul. 2003. Liguistik Umum. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Chuan Aik, Kam & Kai Hui, Kam. 1992. Dictionary of Grammar and Usage. Singapore:
Longman.
Edward, Arnold. 1990. English Grammar & Usage. London: Gelatik.
Fairlough, Norman. 1995. Critical Discourse Analysis. London and New York: Longman
Falk, Julia. S. 1978. Linguistics and Language: A Survey of
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Basic Concepts and
Jackson, Howard & Amvela, Etienne Ze’. 2000. Words, Meaning and Vocabulary.
Cassel: Wellington House.
Nasr, Raja T. 1980. The Essentials of Linguistic Science. London: Longman.
Nazir, Ph. D. Moh. 2005. Metode Penelitian. Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia.
Nida, Eugene A. 1976. Morphology: The Descriptive Analysis of Words. New York: The
University of Michigan Press.
S, Dedi. 2007. Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan. Jakarta: Limas.
Saleh, Yuslizal. 1984. Struktur bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Dekdikbud.
Wren & Martin. 1980. High School: English Grammar & Composition. N. D. V. Prasada
Rao: Hundred and Twenty.
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