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Ecology Earth Biome (several ecosystems in the same climate) Ecosystem (all abiotic and biotic in an area) Community (many populations) Population (several organisms of same species) Organism (individual; one) Organ System Organs Tissue Cell Atoms Subatomic Particles (proton, neutron, electron) Limiting Factors and Carrying Capacity Competition Migrate Die Adapt Thrive Biosphere (Life) Atmosphere & Gas Geosphere Land Hydrosphere Water Purple Coach Book Notes (p. 163-175) *Ecology – the study of the interactions among living things and their environment. *Stabilize – make stable, some species die and some are born. *Food Web – an interconnected network of food chains. *Food Chain – the flow of energy from one organism to the next in an ecosystem. *Energy Pyramid – a graphical model of energy flow in a community. *Producers – organisms that use sunlight to make food (i.e. plants). *Consumers – organisms that eat other things. *Decomposers – obtain energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms (i.e. fungi and heterotrophic bacteria). *Nonindigenous or Exotic Species – a species introduced into an ecosystem in which it does not naturally appear You must be new to Florida. Where are you from? I am. I’m from Cuba! *Indigenous or Native Species – an organism found naturally in an ecosystem Orange Coach Book Notes (p. 124-142) *Photosynthesis – process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light into chemical energy. *Predators are at the top of the food chain and are not often eaten by others, but die of other causes…….Decomposers! *Decomposers are always the LAST organisms on a food chain. *Energy Pyramid compares energy levels in an ecosystem ~Every level of the pyramid is called a trophic level *Biotic Factors – the living components of an ecosystem *Abiotic Factors – the non-living components of an ecosystem (i.e. soil, rocks) ~Some factors are recycled and reused (i.e. water between the sky, land and living organisms. Also, Oxygen, Carbon and Nitrogen are cycled through the land, sky and biotic factors.) Examples of Abiotic and Biotic Factors that Limit Population Density Abiotic Factors Sunlight Soil Water Earthquakes Tidal Waves Biotic Factors Disease Predators Prey Competition Symbiosis *Carrying Capacity – the maximum number of individuals the ecosystem can support over time. *Limiting Factors – factors that limit the number of individuals in an ecosystem. ~These can include food, water, climate, disease, predators, shelter, and available space (determines the carrying capacity). ~Members compete for resources; some may get them and others won’t. Those who do not get resources will either move or die. *Population Density – the numbers of individuals within a given space. ~Disturbances like hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, or fire cause population sizes and density to change *This can be immediate or happen slowly after a disturbance *Members move away and/or die There are so many connections between biotic and abiotic factors that even little changes in ONE of these factors can often cause many little or big changes throughout the ecosystem. *Primary Succession – takes place after an ecosystem is completely destroyed and existing soil is removed ~Lichen is the first organism to appear. *Secondary Succession – occurs after an ecosystem is disturbed. ~Existing soil is NOT removed. Both Successions end with a climax community although the climax communities vary depending on the biome.