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The Maya, Aztec, and Inca Civilizations Chapter 1: The Maya: People of Mystery 1 Maya archaeologists civilization pok-ta-pok Popol Vuh 2 Yucatán Peninsula Mexico Honduras Guatemala Belize 3 city-state Copán Chichén Itzá Vocabulary Words Maya- an ancient people who lived in southern Mexico and Central America city-state- a city that is an independent political state with its own ruling government hieroglyph- a picture or symbol representing an idea, an object, a syllable, or a sound pok-ta-pok- an ancient ball game played by the Maya Popol Vuh- The Maya sacred book Chapter 1: The Maya: People of Mystery 1. The Maya people lived in southern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Belize. 2. The Maya civilization disappeared and archaeologists are still trying to discover why. 3. This civilization was mightiest from 200 A.D. to 900 A.D. 4. Large temples and pyramids make it clear that religion was very important to the Maya people. 5. The Maya used hieroglyphs for writing, and many were carved into Maya buildings. 6. Maya life revolved around family, farming, and service to the gods. 7. A popular game among the Maya was pok-ta-pok. This game involved hitting a large, rubber ball through a small stone hoop without using hands or feet. 8. The Maya took this game very seriously. Victors were often richly rewarded, and losers were sometimes sacrificed to the gods. The Maya, Aztec, and Inca Civilizations Chapter 2: Maya Science and Daily Life 1 astronomy equinox famine Vocabulary Words astronomy- the study of celestial objects (stars, sun, moon, planets) equinox- one of the two days in a year when there is an equal amount of daytime and nighttime mathematics- the study of numbers Chapter 2: Maya Science and Daily Life 1. The Maya knew a lot about astronomy and created a 365 day solar calendar. 2. They also had a religious calendar called the Sacred Round which had 260 days. 3. The Maya number system consisted of: a dot for one, a bar for five, and a shell for zero. 4. Most Maya people were farmers. Their main crop was corn, but they also grew beans, squash, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, and pumpkins. 5. Many families lived in one-room huts made from mud or grass. 6. Maya boys and girls began working at age five, and became adults at age 14. 7. Their marriages were arranged, and the gods were always consulted before a marriage occurred. 8. Archaeologists have many theories as to why the Maya disappeared. The farmers rebelled against the priests and nobles They were killed by disease Famine (no crops due to drought or heavy rain) Major earthquake Invaded by warriors from other tribes The Maya, Aztec, and Inca Civilizations Chapter 3: The Aztecs: Soldiers of Blood 1 Texcoco (tesh KOH koh) Tenochtitlán (tay noch tee TLAHN) Aztecs sacrifice Vocabulary Words Tenochtitlán- the Aztec capital city located in central Mexico sacrifice- an offering to the gods Chapter 3: The Aztecs: Soldiers of Blood 1. The Aztec civilization began about 300 years after the decline of the Maya (1300 A.D). 2. The Aztecs were originally nomadic until the sun god told them to build their city where they saw an eagle perched on a cactus holding a snake in its beak. 3. When the Aztecs saw the eagle, it was on a swampy island in the middle of a lake. This is where they built their capital city, Tenochtitlán. 4. Aztec warriors expanded the empire by conquering neighboring city-states. 5. The conquered city-state would then send valuable items to Tenochtitlán as payment. 6. The Aztecs believed the sun had been made and destroyed four times, and that they lived under the fifth sun. In order to keep the gods from destroying the sun, they would need to keep the gods happy. 7. They believed that one way to keep the gods happy was through human sacrifice. 8. When conquering other city-states, the Aztecs would often take prisoners of war back to the capital city to be sacrificed. 9. People in the Aztec society were born into a certain class and were not able to advance. 10. As a result, brave men would join the Aztec army for a chance at honor and glory. The Maya, Aztec, and Inca Civilizations Chapter 4: Tenochtitlán: City of Wonder 1 2 causeway codex canal cacao beans litter Montezuma II Vocabulary Words causeway- a raised road built over water to connect islands to a mainland Lake Texcoco- the lake where Tenochtitlan was located codex- an accordion shaped “book” in which the Aztec recorded lists of rulers, religious holidays, and payments made by conquered people cacao beans- beans that were roasted and used to make chocolate Montezuma II- the Aztec emperor in the early 1500s litter- a chair attached to two beams and carried on the shoulders of several men Chapter 4: Tenochtitlán: City of Wonder 1. Tenochtitlán was built on an island in the middle of a lake. It was connected with causeways and canals. 2. The Aztecs grew crops in “floating gardens” which were piles of mud stacked up from the river bottom. 3. Aztec girls learned how to weave and take care of the house. Aztec boys often went to school to become warriors or priests. 4. Near the center of town was a market where people traded goods, food, and slaves. 5. The Great Temple was located in the center of the city. Near the temple was the palace of the Aztec emperor. 6. The Aztec emperor during the early 1500s was Montezuma II. 7. During Montezuma II’s reign there was a drought, a comet appeared in the sky, and lightning struck one of the temples. 8. The Aztecs thought these events were signs that the world was coming to an end. The Maya, Aztec, and Inca Civilizations 9. In reality, the end of the Aztec empire was brought about by Spanish soldiers seeking riches and glory during Montezuma II’s reign. The Maya, Aztec, and Inca Civilizations Chapter 5: The Incas: Lords of the Mountains 1 Sapa Inca conquistador alpaca llama 2 census Vocabulary Words Sapa Inca- title for the emperor of the Inca people conquistador- the Spanish word for “conqueror” alpaca- a South American mammal valued for its long, woolly coat llama- a South American mammal valued for its endurance and for its woolly coat and meat census- a count of the number of people living in a certain area Chapter 5: The Incas: Lords of the Mountains 1. The Incan empire was located on the western coast of South America. It lasted from14381532 2. This empire was the largest in the Americas. At its height, it consisted of 12 million people and stretched for more than 2,000 miles. 3. Because the empire was so vast, it stretched across arid plains, the Andes mountains, high plateaus, and into the jungle. 4. The Inca people were organized into clans, each responsible for farming a piece of land. 5. Most Incas were farmers. They grew many crops including more than a hundred varieties of potatoes. 6. Llamas were raised by Incan farmers and were used for many things including food, wool, and transporting goods. 7. The Sapa Inca was the emperor of the Inca people. They believed he was the living son of Inti, the sun god. 8. The Inca people worked and donated some of their crops to the Sapa Inca for the good of the empire. The Maya, Aztec, and Inca Civilizations 9. The rule of the Sapa Inca was absolute, and government officials traveled throughout the empire to make sure the laws were obeyed, to collect taxes, and to arrange marriages. These officials were called “He-Who-Sees-Everything.” The Maya, Aztec, and Inca Civilizations Chapter 6: Inca Engineering 1 terrace quipu Machu Picchu llama 2 census Vocabulary Words The Royal Road- a 2,000 mile road that connected the Inca Empire terrace- a flat piece of land carved out of the side of a mountain or hill quipu- a piece of string used as a record-keeping device Machu Picchu- a fortress located high in the Andes Mountains census- a count of the number of people living in a certain area Chapter 6: Inca Engineering 1. To connect the empire, the Inca people constructed a 2,000 mile road called the Royal Road. It ran from modern day Quito, Ecuador to Santiago, Chile. 2. The road crossed many types of challenging terrain and had a canal to provide water, and roadside storehouses where travelers could get food. 3. Parts of the Royal Road were paved with cut stones. 4. The Incas were also skilled at building rope suspension bridges to cross mountains, streams, and valleys. 5. In order to farm in their mountainous terrain, the Incas developed terraces cut into the mountain sides so that crops could be planted on a level plain. 6. In spite of their great engineering skills, the Inca people did not have a written language. They used string counters called quipus for keeping records and messengers to carry news throughout the empire. 7. The Incas build a great fortress in the Andes Mountains called Machu Picchu. 8. Like the Aztecs, the Incas grew their empire by conquering neighboring people, but they were more likely to convert the people to loyal Inca subjects than to sacrifice them. The Maya, Aztec, and Inca Civilizations Chapter 7: The End of Two Empires 1 Hernán Cortés smallpox 2 Atahualpa (ah ta WAHL pah) Francisco Pizarro Cajamarca Vocabulary Words Hernán Cortés - a Spanish explorer whose army conquered the Aztec empire smallpox- a highly contagious disease similar to chicken pox Atahualpa- the son of the Sapa Inca who took over after his death Francisco Pizarro- a Spanish explorer whose army conquered the Inca empire Chapter 7: The End of Two Empires 1. In 1519, the Aztecs first encountered the Spanish explorers. They were surprised by their unusual appearance, their cannons, and horses. Montezuma II thought they might be the gods coming to Earth. 2. Hernán Cortés led the Spanish on a march toward Tenochtitlán. 3. Eventually, the Spanish reached Tenochtitlán and fighting broke out. Montezuma was killed during one of the battles. 4. During a later attack on the city in 1521, Cortés surrounded Tenochtitlán and the people began to starve. An outbreak of smallpox also killed many Aztecs. 5. Tenochtitlán finally fell to the Spanish in August of 1521. 6. A few years later, the Spanish arrived on the northern shores of the Inca empire. Their arrival spread diseases that killed thousands of Incas; one of them was the Sapa Inca. 7. After the death of the Sapa Inca, there was a civil war between the two surviving sons over who would rule. Atahualpa won and soon became the new Sapa Inca. 8. Francisco Pizarro was the leader of the conquistadors in South America. 9. Pizarro and his men ambushed Atahualpa and his escort of 6,000 unarmed men at the city of Cajamarca. 10. The Spaniards massacred the Incas and took Atahualpa prisoner. The Maya, Aztec, and Inca Civilizations 11. Atahualpa offered to fill a room full of gold in exchange for his release. After the gold was brought from all over the empire, Pizarro broke his promise and executed Atahualpa. 12. The Inca Empire fell to the Spanish in June of 1534.