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EOC Definitions
Macromolecules
 Organic compound: Naturally occurring substances containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
 Monomer- small units
 Polymer-many monomers joined together
 Carbohydrate: also called a polysaccharide. main source of energy for humans short term energy (glucose)
 Examples of Carbohydrates: Cellulose and starch in plants, glycogen in animal liver.
 Carbohydrate monomer: monosaccharide ex: simple sugar
 Glucose: C6H12O6, sugar
 Polysaccharide – starch
 Cellulose-plant starch Ex: wood found in trees
 Lipid: long term energy storage, insulation and protective coats, insoluble in water, non-polar
 Polymer Lipid: monomer fatty acid
 Examples of lipid: includes fats, oils, and waxes. Blubber in animals used for protection and insulation.
 Saturated Fats: usually solid, steak fat, butter fat
 Unsaturated Fats: usually liquid, vegetable oil, peanut fat
 Protein: also called a polypeptide, enzyme. used for growth and repair and to speed up chemical reactions, and
fight disease.
 Proteins: made of C H O N, monomer- amino acids
 “R” group : determines the type of amino acid
 Examples of protein: enzymes, muscle, enzyme, antibodies, builds hair, teeth, fingernails, carries oxygen in
blood
 Polymer protein: monomer amino acid
 Nucleic Acid: Stores genetic information.
 Polymer Nucleic Acid: monomer nucleotide.
 Nucleotide: a sugar, a phosphate, and a base.
 Examples of Nucleic Acids: DNA or RNA, ATP
 Water-polar molecule, weak hydrogen bond
 Adhesion- water sticks to other things
 Cohesion- water sticks to itself
 Solute- substance being dissolved
 Solvent- substance that the solute is being dissolved into Ex: water is the universal solvent
 pH- a number that measures how acidic or basic a solution
o is (0-14) acids 0-6 (7 pure water) 8-14 base
Microscope – compound light microscope magnification
( high power 400X) ( lower power 100) ( Scanning power 40X
40x 10
10 x 10
4 x 10
 Opitical lense = 10 multiplied x magnification 4, 10, or 40
Cell Structure and Theory
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Cell Theory states that: All organisms are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of
organization in all organisms. All cells come from pre-existing cells
Prokaryotic Cell: Cell without a nucleus. Ex: bacteria
Eukaryotic Cell: Cell containing a nucleus. Ex: plants, animals, fungi, protists
3 things all cells have: cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic information (DNA)
3 things plant cells have that animals don’t: cell wall, large central vacuole, and chloroplast.
Cell Membrane: Lipid bilayer that allows things to enter and exit the cell also called plasma membrane
Cytoplasm: Gel like substance that holds the organelles in place
Membrane- bound organelles: act like little organs
Nucleus: control center of the cell
Nucleolus: makes ribosomes
Ribosome: site of protein synthesis makes proteins and enzymes
Rough ER: assembles lipids and proteins and exports them
o out of cell compared to an assembly line in a factory
Smooth ER: synthesis and detox of drugs
Golgi Apparatus: sorts and packages proteins Post Office
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Lysosomes- filled with enzymes that cleans up breaks down molecules
Cilia and Flagellum- used for movement
Vacuole: structure that stores water and other things in a cell (mainly plants)
Mitochondrion: power-house of the cell, turns glucose into ATP, site of Cellular respiration
Chloroplast: organelle in a plant cell that captures sun light and uses it to make energy (plant cells)
Cell Wall: supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants
Skin cells: somatic cells that divide the most
Muscle cells: cells that will contain and use the most ATP energy
Stem cells: are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide (bone
marrow, blood) used to grow new cells or replenish cells in organs
Embroyonic stem cells: comes from a umbilical cord blood just after birth
Cellular Transport
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Selectively permeable- allows only certain molecules to go through
Cellular transport: movement of water or molecules through diffusion and osmosis
Passive transport: movement of molecules through cell membranes without the use of energy (diffusion,
osmosis, facilitated transport)
Diffusion: molecules moving from areas of high concentration to areas with low concentration, no energy
needed.
Facilitated diffusion: molecules moving across cell membranes through protein channels. No energy needed.
High to low.
Osmosis: type of diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane. High to low. No energy needed.
Active Transport: movement of material across a cell membrane from low to high (against the gradient) that
requires energy and a protein channel.
Sodium Potassium Pump: is an ATPase enzyme that pumps sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.
These molecules are big and need help moving in and out of cell.
ENDOCYTOSIS – large particles are brought into the cell
Phagocytosis: cell eating, cell engulfs another
Pinocytosis: cell drinking, take up liquid from the surrounding environment
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EXOCYTOSIS – large particles leave the cell
HOMEOSTASIS – internal equilibrium; the plasma membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell; a
selectively permeable membrane only allows certain substances to pass through
Negative Feedback: Glucose / Insulin levels in cells
Positive Feedback: Blood platelets / Blood clotting
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HYPOTONIC – water moves in; cell bursts
HYPERTONIC – water moves out; cell shrivel
ISOTONIC – no net movement; cell maintains equilibrium
Plasmolysis – loss of pressure within a cell causing cell to shrivel (wilting of a plant)
Turgor Pressure- pressure in a plant cell results from water flowing in cell
Enzymes
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Enzyme: is a protein catalyst (speeds up chemical reaction)
Catalyst: is an enzyme that (speeds up chemical reaction)
Enzymes – lower activation energy of chemical reactions
Chemical reaction: changing of one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals
Reactant: starts the reaction
Product: ends the reaction
Activation energy: energy required to start a chemical reaction
Lock and Key Model- Lock is the enzyme Key is substrate
Substrate molecule: a molecule that an enzyme binds and acts upon
Active Site: where a chemical reaction occurs
Denatured- enzyme shape is changed (unfolded) by pH or temperature change changes it function
Optimal pH- the optimum pH and optimum temperatures of an enzyme are simply levels that the enzyme work
most effectively at
Cellular Respiration
mitochondria
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Cellular respiration: releasing of energy by breaking down glucose and other molecules in the presence of
oxygen
 Aerobic respiration: using oxygen to produce ATP
 Anaerobic: without oxygen
 Fermentation: cells releasing energy in the absence of oxygen (Anaerobic)
 Alcoholic Fermentation- produces alcohol and CO2 breaks down food without O2 common in yeast cells
 Lactic acid: anaerobic end product; cause of muscle fatigue (anaerobic)
 Glycolysis- splitting glucose into, occurs in cytoplasm, makes 2 ATP, pyruvic acid
 Krebs Cycle- occurs in mitochondria, breaks down pyruvic acid makes CO2
 Electron Transport Chain- occurs in inner membrane, final acceptor is oxygen produces lots 34 to 38 ATP
 Formula for Cellular Respiration: 6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 +6H2O +Energy
 Formula for Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon dioxide+ water  sugars+ oxygen
DNA and RNA
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DNA: deoxyribose nucleic acid (deoxyribose sugar) Genetic information polymer made of nucleotides
Nucleotide: monomer of a nucleic acid made up of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base
Double Helix: shape of DNA
Chromatin: DNA coiled around proteins in the nucleus
Chromosome: genetic information in the nucleus
Nitrogen base: bases that make up DNA, Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine
Purines: 1. Adenine (A) 2. Guanine (G)
Pyrimidines: 3. Cytosine (C) 4. Thymine (T)
Adenine: 1 of the 4 bases that make up DNA; pairs with Thymine A to T in DNA and Uracil in RNA A to U
Thymine: 1 of the 4 bases that make up DNA. Pairs with Adenine
Guanine: 1 of the 4 bases that make up DNA. Pairs with Cytosine
Cytosine: 1 of the 4 bases that make up DNA. Pairs with Guanine
RNA: single stranded ribonucleic acid (ribose sugar)
Restriction Enzymes: unzips DNA so it can be read and copied
Replication: copies DNA makes a complimentary strand occurs in nucleus
mRNA: messenger RNA, end product of transcription (messenger RNA)carries a copy of genetic information
instructions to make proteins from nucleus to ribosome
rRNA –makes up ribosome acts like builders that out together proteins claps onto the mRNA which makes the
site ofr protein synthesis
tRNA: transfer RNA, RNA molecules which bond with amino acids and transfer them to ribosomes, where
protein synthesis is completed
Protein synthesis: process of making proteins in a cell
Transcription: first step in producing proteins making mRNA from original DNA
Translation: process of assembling proteins from the information coded in RNA
Codon: 3 mRNA nucleotides coding for 1 amino acid
Anticodon: 3 tRNA nucleotides coding for 1 amino acid makes changes of amino acids which nakes proteins
Amino acid: molecule containing both a carboxyl group and an amino group
Mutation – change in DNA sequence code (causes genetic variation)
Mutagen – causes mutations ex: X-ray UV radiation
Point mutation: change in a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence of a gene just changes one codon
Substitution: one base pair in the DNA sequence is replaced by another
Frameshift mutation: insertion or deletion of nucleotides in the coding region of a gene changes every thing to
the right of the mutation
Addition: adding a nucleotide
Deletion: deleting a nucleotide
Cell Cycle/ Division
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Chromosomes- made of DNA (genes)
Chromatids- two identical pieces of copes of DNA segments
Centromeres- area in the middle where chromosomes/chromatids are attached
Asexual reproduction: reproduction involving only 1 parent divides into
Interphase: period between cell divisions (cell growth) has three phases LONGEST STAGE IN CELL CYCLE !!!!
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G- Cells grows
S phase-DNA replication
G2- cell growth and preparing for mitosis
Mitosis: division of the nucleus PMAT makes two identical diploid cells
Prophase: 1st stage of mitosis; chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and go opposite sides
of the nucleus LONGEST PHASE OF MITOSIS
Metaphase: 2nd stage of mitosis; chromosomes line up in Middle of the cell
Anaphase: 3rd stage of mitosis; chromosomes separate Spindles attach and pull sisters chromatids apart
Telophase: final stage of mitosis; 2 new nuclei form
Cytokinesis: division of cytoplasm after mitosis (two identical daughter cells are formed)
Sister chromatids: identical copies of a chromosome
Daughter cells: two identical cells that are formed when a cell reproduces itself by splitting into two
Sexual reproduction: reproduction involving 2 parents
Meiosis: process of making gametes has two Cycles Meiosis I and Meiosis II makes 4 genetically different
cells haploid cells
Crossing Over: genes are exchanged between two chromosomes Occurs Prophase I of Meiosis Causes Genetic
Variation!!!
Homologous chromosomes: chromosomes containing the same gene sequences
Diploid cell: cell with pairs of homologous chromosomes
Haploid cell: cells that contain only one copy of a chromosome set
Gamete: sex cells sperm and egg
Sperm Cell- has 23 chromosomes
Egg Cell- has 23 chromosomes
Autosome: chromosome that is not a sex chromosome (not X or Y)
Sex chromosome: X or Y the 23rd pair in humans
Fertilization: joining of the sperm and egg (zygote has 46 chromosomes 23 from mom 23 from dad)
Cancer- uncontrolled cell grow does not respond to signals from cell
Carcinogens- agents/ things that cause cancer (chemicals in DIP!!!! And cigarettes)
Genetic Variation-off-springs are different from parents caused by Mutations, Independent Assortment, and
Crossing over.
NONDISJUCTION- Chromosomes/ Chromatids do not divide correctly occurs during cell division.
Turner syndrome –female with one X chromosome
Trisomy 21- Downs syndrome Three chromosomes on 21st
Karyotype: photographs showing chromosomes group in order in pairs picture shows set of chromosomes
Zygote- fertilized egg sperm + egg = baby
Genetics Mendel
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Traits- inherited characteristics hair color eye color
Gene: segment of DNA that codes for a trait
Allele: alternative form of a gene ex: A a
Dominant trait: a trait that appears over a recessive form
Recessive trait: a trait that does not appear unless there is no dominant trait
Homozygous: two identical alleles
Heterozygous: two non identical alleles
Purebred: Organism with identical alleles/genes for a trait
Hybrid: Organisms with different alleles/ genes for a trait
Genotype: genetic make up of a trait (Dd)
Phenotype: physical appearance of a trait ex: tall
Pedigree: chart showing a relationship within a family
Carrier: the organism carrying a certain trait but does not express it
Codominant Alleles: pairs of alleles that both affect the phenotype ( ROAN Cows , Speckled Chickens, AB
Blood type)
Incompletely dominant alleles: one is not completely dominant over the other (red plus white =
pink)FLOWERS!!!
Polygenic trait: trait controlled by 2 or more genes
Sex- linked trait colorblindness or hemophiliac : trait carried on the X or Y chromosome
Hemophiliac- blood will not clot
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Cancer: disease where some of the body’s cells lose the ability to control growth (tumors)
Cystic Fibrosis: recessive genetic disorder affecting the mucus lining of the lungs, leading to breathing problems
and other difficulties
Sickle cell anemia: recessive genetic disorder in which red blood cells take on an unusual shape, leading to
other problems with the blood (African American – associated with malaria affected regions)
Huttington’s disease: Dominant genetic disorder in which a protein is produced abnormally, leading to the
breakdown in the parts of the brain that control movement
Down syndrome: (trisomy 21) a genetic disorder that occurs when an individual has 3 chromosomes on the 21 st
pair instead of two caused by nondisjuction
Phenylketonuria: genetic disorder of a liver enzyme that disrupts normal body functions (PKU) can control by
diet
Human Genome Project: effort to map and sequence all the human genes
Gene therapy: treatment of a disease by introducing a new gene into a cell
DNA fingerprinting: fragments of DNA to identify the unique genetic makeup of an individual
Gel electrophoresis: separation and identification of molecules based on their movement through an electrically
charged field
Genetic Screening: testing individuals in a population for certain hereditary defects
Amniocentesis: test performed to determine chromosomal and genetic disorders and certain birth defects
Cloning: process used to make genetically identical copies of an organism
Transgenic: genes from other organisms (taking genes from one organism and putting it into another)
Recombinant DNA:
Evolution
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Charles Darwin: man who came up with the theory of evolution (natural selection)
James Hutton/ Charles Lyell: stated the earth was millions of years old
Alfred Wallace: same idea as Darwin
Thomas Malthus: predicts human population will grow faster than food and space needed to sustain it
Jean Baptiste Lamarck: suggests inheritance of acquired traits
Lynn Margulis- responsible for endosymbiant theory
Endosymbiant Theory- eukaryotic cells came from prokaryotic cells
Biogenesis: life forms producing similar life forms
Abiogenesis: spontaneous generation (life comes from nonliving things)
Natural Selection: survival of the fittest (or smartest)
Evolution: change over time
Co-Evolution: Two or more populations are evolved at the same time together
Convergent evolution: development of similar functions and structures in unrelated or distantly-related
organisms
Adaptive radiation: evolution of a single species into several new species in a short time
Vestigial organs: structures that have been evolved to be useless in a specific organism
Homologous Structures: structures that are the same tissues but used differently in different organisms
Geographic Isolation- species are isolated because location
Behavioral Isolation- different courtship rituals
Genetic equilibrium- allele frequency doesn’t change over time
Gene flow- alleles being brought into population due to migration
Speciation- changes leading to a new species
Artificial Selection- man selected traits when breeding
Sexual Selection- genders selection based on appearance or attraction
Structral Adaptations- long necks in giraffe over time
Classification
 Carolous Linnaeus: man who came up with the Binomial nomenclature
 Binomial nomenclature: the system for naming organisms (2 name naming)
 Dichotomous key: system of identifying objects with a scientific name
 Phylogenetic tree: branching diagram used to represent phylogeny
 Cladogram: diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms
 Autotroph: organism who makes their own food
 Heterotroph: can’t make it’s own food; gets its food from other organisms
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Unicellular: one cell
Multicellular: more than one cell
Domain: largest taxonomic group, larger than kingdoms
King Phillip Came Over For Green Spaghetti
Kingdom: group of related phylum
Phylum: group of related classes
Class: group of similar orders
Order: group of similar families
Family: group that share characteristics
Genus: closely related species. First part of the scientific name
Species: group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
Organisms
 Bacteria: single-celled prokaryote organisms with a cell wall. Domain of unicellular prokaryotes
 Conjugation – Transfer of genetic information between 2 bacterial cells
 Bacteria Causes: : Lyme disease, Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Bacterial Meningitis, Strep throat,
Tooth decay, Salmonella
 Binary Fission – DNA replication, cell divides in half. Asexual process
 Protist: any eukaryote that is not an animal, plant, or fungus
 Amoeba: a single-celled protist that moves by crawling
 Euglena: plantlike protists that have 2 flagella but no cell wall
 Paramecium: a common animal-like protist that cannot produce its own food (contractile vacuole)
 Fungi: absorbs nutrients from environment
 Annelid Worm: worms with cylindrical bodies segmented both internally and externally
 Insect: a cold-blooded organism that has six legs and three body segments
 Amphibian: cold-blooded vertebrate that spends part of its life in water and part of its life on land
 Mammal: animal that gives birth to live young and that feeds its young with milk secreted from mammary glands
and has hair on its skin
 Nonvascular plant: plants that lack vascular tissue (moss, liverwarts)
 Vascular tissue: plant tissue specialized to conduct water
 Gymnosperm: cone bearing plant naked seeds
 Angiosperm: flowering plant covered seeds(fruit)
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Adaptation: inherited traits that increase an organism’s chance of survival
Phototropism: plants growing towards light
Thigmotropism: plants response to touch
Geotropism/ gravitropism: plants response due to gravity
Mimicry: acting like/ looking like another organism
Camouflage: blending in with one’s surroundings
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Pathogens: something that enters or invades the body
Virus: particles made up of nucleic acids that replicate by infecting living cells (virus must have a host)
Virus cause: Common cold, Influenza, Small pox, W arts, AIDS, Chickenpox, Measles, Hepatitis, W est Nile, Polio
Passive Immunity: immunity gotten from another host Ex. Motherbaby
Active Immunity: immunity gotten when you are exposed to antigens Ex. Vaccine: made of weakened or dead
pathogen
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Antigen: substance that triggers a response (Vaccine)
B-Cells: type of white blood cell (wbc) that attacks antigens in the body’s fluids
T-Cells: type of wbc that attacks antigens INSIDE living cells
T-cells: 2 types
Helper T-cells: help B-cells produce plasma cells
. Killer T-cells: travel directly to pathogen and kill it
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Vaccine – weakened or killed pathogens injected into the body
Influenza: disease caused by viruses that infect the respiratory tract
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Small Pox: a highly contagious disease caused by a type of poxvirus; symptoms usually include a fever and a
blistery-like rash
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AIDS: disease that destroys the body’s ability to fight infection by attacking the immune system
Streptococcus: a bacterium, many types of which cause disease or illness
Toxin: Substance that is harmful or poisonous
Lead Poisoning: condition caused by breathing or swallowing substances that contain lead
Mercury Poisoning: condition caused by breathing or swallowing mercury
Malnutrition: lack of proper nutrition
Vitamin deficiency: ex. Low iron causes anemia
White blood cells- fights off infections
UV Rays- causes skin cancer
Animal Behavior
 Behavior: the way an organism reacts to changes
 Stimulus: signal an animal responds to
 Response: single response to a stimulus
 Innate behavior: instinct or born behavior
 Learned behavior: behavior that is taught or acquired through experience
 Social behavior: behavior towards members of the same species
 Reflex: quick automatic response to a stimulus
 Estivation: Inactivity during the warm summer months
 Hibernation: Inactivity during the cold winter months
 Migration: continuous movement from one place and back again
 Phototaxis: attraction and movement towards light
 Chemotaxis is a migratory response
 Communication: passing information from one organism to the next
 Courtship ritual: animal sends out stimuli to attract a member of the opposite sex
 Territoriality: behavior in animals that defines and defends a territory
 Parenting: raising and caring for a baby organism
 Habituation: decreased or stopped response to a repetitive stimulus that doesn’t harm nor reward
 Conditioning: mental connection between a stimulus and a reward/ punishment (classical and operant)
 Imprinting: learning based on early experience
 Insight: an animal applying what it has already learned to a new situation
 Trail and Error- learning from mistakes (mouse moving through a maze)
 Pheromones: is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response (killerbees)
Ecology
 Biotic: living
 Abiotic: non living
 Niche: the role of a specie in an environment
 Symbiosis: close association between two or more organisms of different species
 Mutualism: a relationship between two kinds of organisms that both benefit from
 Commensalisms: one species is benefited while the other is neither helped nor harmed
 Predation: Hunting and killing another animal for food
 Parasitism: one organism lives in or on another organism and benefits from that relationship while the host
organism is harmed by it
 Competition: when 2 or more organisms try to claim limited resources
 Carrying Capacity: the maximum number an environment can support
 Density- independent factor: factor that affects all populations regardless of size (fire, flood)
 Density- dependant factor: factor depending on population size( disease, food sources)
 Succession- natural changes and replacement of different species
 Primary Succession- first arrival of communities
 Secondary Succession- changes community by natural disaster (fire, flood)
 Pioneer species- first species to colonize ( Lichens)
 Climax community- a stable old community
 Exponential growth- J curve
 Limiting Factors- restricts growth of population
 Carrying Capacity- number of organisms a environment can hold
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Biodiversity- number of different species
Habitat loss- biggest threat to biodiversity
Invasive species- non- native to an area (KUDZU)
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Primary producer: makes it’s own food Plants
Consumer: a living thing that can’t produce it’s own food so it obtains energy by eating other living things
Trophic level: level or step in a food chain or food web layers in the energy pyramid
Herbivore: only eats plants
Carnivore: preys on other animals meat eaters
Omnivore: eats both plants and animals
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Carbon Cycle: process of carbon being recycled (every living thing is made of carbon) (obtained by plants ,
animals you eat)
Nitrogen Cycle: nitrogen is consumed by humans when they eat plants, bacteria fixes nitrogen in the soil so
plants can absorb the nitrogen
Greenhouse effect: warming effect of the Earth’s atmosphere and surface, due to a build-up of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere
Global warming: the increase in average global temperatures due to the greenhouse effect
Acid rain: rain that has become acidic after contact with certain atmospheric gases (primarily sulfur dioxide,
carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides). Caused by air pollution
DDT: chemical pesticide or insecticide used to destroy disease-carrying and crop-eating insects. It was banned
years ago in North America as a possible cause of cancer, but it is still used in developing
CFC’s: Chlorofluorocarbons chemical that depletes Ozone layer
Sustainable Use- letting people use resources
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Plants
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Nonvascular Plants: Plants that do not have vascular tissues. Tissues are usually no more than a few cells thick,
and water and nutrients travel by osmosis and diffusion.(slow
Vascular Plants: Plant that have vascular tissues. Tissues are made up of tubelike, elongated cells through
which water, food, and other materials are transported.
Vascular Tissues- fleshy tissue of plants. Large leafs, stems
Vacuole- in plant it stores water
Bryophytes: *Mosses and Liverworts
Roots and Shoots make up plant body
Xylem carries H2O, Phloem carries Food (sugars)
Pollen and Seeds are common
Gymnosperms(Cone bearing) bear seeds directly on the surface of a cone
Roots: underground organs
Leaves: photosynthetic organs
Stems: supporting structures
Angiosperms (Flowering) bear seed in a layer of tissue for protection
Conifers are “evergreens”
Male gametophyte: Pollen
Seed: embryo (early stage of development
sporophyte(2n = diploid) phase and gametophyte(n = haploid) phase
alternation of generations: two phases of life cycles for plants the alternation of a sexual phase and an asexual
phase in the life cycle of an organism
POLLINATION: Process of transferring ripe pollen from the Anther to the Stigma
Self Pollination: When pollen falls from the anther to the stigma on the SAME PLANT
Cross Pollination:Between TWO DIFFERENT PLANTS!
STAMEN: Entire male sex organ
ANTHER: Tip of stamen
PISTIL: Entire female sex organ
STIGMA: Tip of the pistil
STYLE: Holds stigma up high to receive pollen
STYLE: Holds stigma up high to receive pollen
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PETALS: Attract insects and birds Protect other flower parts
SEPALS: Underneath flower Protect flower bud Perform photosynthesis
DECIDUOUS TREES: Lose all their leaves at the same time
EVERGREEN TREES: Retain leaves all year
Stomates: Openings in the cuticle of the leaf.Allow for exchange of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor
Guard Cells: Control opening/closing of the stomata.
Transpiration – pulls water up from leaves
Photoperiodism: Response plants show to changing light and dark periods (changes in the length of day or
night).
Hormone: A chemical that is produced in one part of an organism and transported to another part, where it
causes a change.
Auxin: Hormones that stimulate or cause the elongation of plant cells.
Tropism:A plant growing in response to a stimulus
Causes part of a plant to grow faster… making the plant bend
• Phototropism: Response to light
• Geotropism (aka:Gravitropism):
• Thigmotropism: Response to touch from solid object
• Example: Vine wrapping around a pole
Chemotropism: Movement of a plant in response to a chemical stimulus
• Growth or bending due to chemical stimulus
Dormancy – growth and activity decreases or stops.
•
Dutch elm disease (DED) is caused by a member of the sac fungi (Ascomycota) affecting elm trees, and is
spread by the elm bark beetle.
•
Pfiesteria is a genus of heterotrophic dinoflagellates that has been associated with harmful algal blooms and fish
kills
1-1 What is science?
An organized way to use evidence to learn about natural world
Begins with observation- gathering information – data
Quantitative – numbers
Qualitative – descriptive
Use data to make inferences (logical interpretation from observations)
Then propose a hypothesis (explanation for observations)
Use prior knowledge, inferences, and creativity
Must be testable!
Conclusions must be valid (based on logical interpretation of data)
1-2 How scientists work:
Ask a question, form a hypothesis, set up experiment, using only one variable changed at a time (controlled experiment)
Manipulated (changed) variable, Responding (unchanged) variable
Record results, draw conclusions
Theory – extremely well supported hypothesis
1-3 Studying life
Living things share 8 characteristics:
1. Made of cells
2. Reproduces
3. Based on a universal genetic code (carried by DNA)
4. Growth and development
5. Obtain and use materials (metabolism)
6. Respond to environment
7. Maintain stable internal environment (HOMEOSTASIS)
8. Change over time (evolve)
Levels of organization includes:
Molecules, cells, groups of cells, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, bioshpere
1-4 Tools and Procedures
Scientists use metric system – units are based on multiples of 10.
International system of units (SI)
Record data and graph it
Microscopes – Light (use light rays) Compound Light (light passes through and uses two lenses) Electron Microscopes
(beams of electrons produce images – Transmission TEM and Scanning SEM)
2-1 Nature of Matter
Basic unit of matter is atom– protons (+) neutrons (no charge) and electrons (-)
Nucleus is made of protons and neutrons, electrons circle the outside
Compounds are two or more elements combined – held together by bonds
2-2 Properties of Water
Cohesion – attraction of similar molecules (water drops on a penny)
Adhesion – attraction of unlike molecules
Mixtures- two or more elements or compounds mixed together, not chemically combined.
Solutions- mixture where all components are combined evenly (like KoolAid)
Solute – substance that is dissolved
Solvent – substance that solute dissolves in (water)
Suspensions- not evenly mixed (like salad dressing)
Acid- pH less than 7
Pure Water- pH of 7
Base- pH more than 7
2-3 Carbon Compounds
Organic Molecules – Macromolecules
Monomers form polymers (one forms many)
Carbohydrates C, H, O
Used for energy and structure
Sugars and Starches
Lipids C, H
Used to store energy, membranes and waterproofing
Fats, oils, waxes
Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P
Store and transmit genetic info
RNA and DNA
Proteins C, H, O, N
Polymers of Amino Acids
Some control rates of reactions ENZYMES
Fight disease, transport materials, build muscles
2-4 Chemical Reactions
Changing a set of chemicals (reactants) into another set of chemicals (products)
Activation energy starts a reaction
Catalysts speed up reactions (Enzymes) – remember the chicken liver lab!
Substrates bind to active site on the enzyme!
3-1 What is Ecology?
The scientific study of organisms and environment interactions
The biosphere is where all life exists (the planet)
Species, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome, Biosphere
Observation, Experimenting, Modeling – 3 ways to study ecology
3-2 Energy Flow
Sunlight is the main energy source
Autotrophs – make own food PRODUCERS – plants, algae, producers
Photosynthesis – Carbon Dioxide and Water into Carbs and Oxygen
Chemosynthesis – Using chemicals to produce food
Heterotrophs – rely on others for energy CONSUMERS – herbivores (eat plants), carnivores (eat meat), ominvores (eat
both), detritovores (eat dead matter), decomposers (break down dead matter)
Energy Flow: SUN  Autotrophs  Heterotrophs
Flows only 1 direction!!
3-3 Cycles of Matter
Matter is recycled within and between ecosystems
Every living organism needs nutrients to grow and carry out functions. The Carbon Cycle cycles carbon through the
atmosphere, oceans, and land factors
4-1 The Role of Climate
Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, water vapor and a few other atmospheric gases trap heat energy and maintain Earth’s
temperature
4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Together, biotic and abiotic factors determine the survival and growth of an organism and productivity of an ecosystem.
Community interactions like competition, predation and various forms of symbiosis (mutualism, commensalisms,
parasitism) affect ecosystems.
Ecosystems change in response to natural and human disturbances
5-1 How Populations Grow
Geographic distribution, density and growth rate are the 3 important characteristics of a population.
What affects population size?
- # births
- # deaths
- # that enter or leave an area
Populations will have exponential growth if conditions remain ideal
(J SHAPED CURVE)
As resources are used up, population growth levels off at its CARRYING CAPACITY and is called logistic growth
(S SHAPED CURVE)
5-2 Limits to growth
Density dependent factors – depend on factors related to number of individuals- competition, predation, parasitism and
disease.
Density independent factors – unusual weather, natural disasters, seasonal cycles and certain human activities
5-3 Human Population Growth
Human pop. size continues to grow with time
6-2 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
Environmental goods are renewable or nonrenewable.
Human activities can affect the quality and supply of renewable resources such as land, forests, fisheries, air and fresh
water.
6-3 Biodiversity
One of Earth’s natural resources
Human activity can reduce the amount of biodiversity
Biodiversity provides us with foods, industrial products and medicines
Global warming threatens biodiversity
7-1 Life is Cellular
The cell theory - all living things are made of cells
- cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living thing
- New cells are produced from existing cells
7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Nucleus contains nearly all of the cell’s DNA
PROTEINS ARE ASSEMBLED ON RIBOSOMES
The Golgi body sorts and packages proteins and other materials for storage or secretion
MIGHTY MITOCHONDRIA convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for a cell
to use
Chloroplasts capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. It also is involved in movement
of materials into and out of the cell
7-3 Cell Boundaries
All cells have a cell membrane. The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection
and support. Some also have a cell wall (PLANTS!) They provide additional support and protection
Diffusion causes many substances to move across a cell membrane but does not require the cell to use energy.
MOVES FROM HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION!! (Food color in water)
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
7-4 Diversity of Cellular Life
Cells in multicellular organisms develop in different ways to perform different functions.
The levels of organization in a multicellular organism are individual cells, tissues, organs and organ systems