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BIOLOGY KEYSTONE EXAM REVIEW PACKET Module 1: Biochemistry, Basic Biological Principles, Homeostasis and Transport, Bioenergetics Module 2: Ecology, Cell Growth and Reproduction, Genetics, Theory of Evolution Biochemistry: The Chemistry of Life Standards: Explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form biological macromolecules. Compare the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids in organisms. Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels biochemical organization (ie. Atoms, molecules, macromolecules) Atom = Basic unit of matter Elements essential to life = CHNOPS Atoms Molecules Macromolecules Carbon is unique because it forms up to 4 bonds enabling the formation of large, complex macromolecules with multiple functions (See the macromolecules chart below.) Macromolecule Atomic Makeup Monomer Name Carbohydrate (Polysaccharide) C, H, O (1:2:1) Simple Sugars (Monosaccharides) Protein (Polypeptide chains) C, H, N, O, sometimes S (-NH2) (-COOH) Amino acids Lipid (Do not dissolve in water = nonpolar) C, H, O Fatty acids & glycerol Nucleic Acid C, H, N, O, P Nucleotides Examples (Polymers) Cellulose, Glycogen, Starch, Sugars Foods: grain, bread, rice, fruit, pasta Enzymes, Antibodies, Hemoglobin Muscle Functions Primary energy source & Major component of plant cell structure Foods: beans, nuts, meat, fish Aid in: Movement, transport of molecules in cells, digestion, vision, speed up reactions in living things Fats, Oils, Cholesterol, Steroids, Hormones, Phospholipids Source of stored energy, major component in plasma (cell) membranes DNA RNA Contain genetic information & aid in protein production Monomer Drawing Polymer Drawing Standards: Describe how biological macromolecules form monomers. Hydrolysis = breaks down macromolecules (polymers broken down into monomers) vs. Dehydration Synthesis = builds (synthesizes) macromolecules (monomers form polymers) Standards: Describe the role of an enzyme as a catalyst in regulating a specific biochemical reaction. Explain how factors such as pH, temperature and concentration levels can affect enzyme function. Enzymes = a protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction; enzymes are catalysts Catalyst = A substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed at a usually faster rate pH, temperature and concentration impact how enzymes function extreme changes in pH and temperature can cause enzymes to denature (change shape) leaving them useless most living things can only survive in a narrow pH range; large fluctuations in pH can be deadly enzymes can be reused as long as they are not damaged enzymes are specific and each enzyme can only speed up one type of reaction How do enzymes work? Using the Lock and Key Model OR Enzyme Substrate Complex Standards: Describe the unique properties of water and how these properties support life on Earth (ie, freezing point, high specific heat, cohesion, adhesion, surface tension) Properties of Water = essential to life (a result of hydrogen bonding) Cohesion = water molecules are attracted to each other (forms water droplets) Adhesion = water molecules are attracted to different molecules (water sticks to leaves) Capillary action = cohesion and adhesion work together to allow water to work against gravity (water traveling up roots) Surface tension = cohesion at work which results in a tension or “film” to form on water (water strider walking on water) High specific heat = water requires a lot of heat energy to raise its temperature; resists changes in temperature Freezing point = 0°C (Less dense as a liquid; therefore ice floats); water expands as it freezes Universal solvent = dissolves most substances (important in dissolving and transporting nutrients, minerals, etc). pH = The measure of acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of a solution scaling from 1 (highly acidic) to 14 (highly alkaline) with a midpoint of 7 (neutral).