Download The 5 themes of geography are movement, region, human

Curriculum Instructional Points to Know (page 1)
Unit 1
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The 5 themes of geography are movement, region, humanenvironment interaction, location, and place.
Multinational organizations such as the WTO, the UN, and OPEC
are important, yet controversial, tools in running the world.
Multinational companies like McDonald’s, Coca-Cola, and Disney
are icons of globalization and affect politics, the economy, and
culture locally and internationally.
Multinational initiatives such as the Kyoto Protocol are
international efforts to address the negative effects of humanenvironment interaction
Miniaturization and computerization have revolutionized ways of
storing and processing information, performing research, and
solving problems.
Television and satellites have resulted in cultural and intellectual
integration of countries into the world economy.
Unit 2
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Many early civilizations often started by rivers which enabled
societies to water their crops, have fresh water, and travel.
The development of agriculture was a key component in making
civilization possible.
Civilization is defined as a complex organization with advanced
cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping,
and advanced technology.
Hammurabi’s code was important to establishing order in
Babylonian society because it set a uniform code of law that applied
to all people in society.
Hammurabi’s code is the first known code of law
The development of agriculture and domestication allowed nomadic
groups to settle permanently.
Advances in agricultural technology, specifically irrigation, gave
rise to population growth.
Population growth gave rise to the need for more structure in
society.
Writing developed from the need to keep records in trade and
commerce.
Early forms of writing includes cuneiform (Sumerians),
hieroglyphics (Egyptians, and the alphabet (Phoenicians).
The spread of the alphabet is a good example of cultural diffusion
due to Mediterranean commerce. The alphabet was adopted for its
ease in trade and is the model for Western alphabets.
The Egyptian pharaoh was considered a god and secular ruler.
Egyptians held polytheistic beliefs.
Theocracy is a type of government with a god as the head and
blends religious beliefs with governing practices.
Monotheism is the belief in one god.
While most ancient belief systems were polytheistic, the Hebrews
developed a monotheistic belief system where only Yahweh is
divine.
Zoroastrianism included concepts of struggles between good and
evil as well as a final judgment which historians believe influenced
monotheistic religions.
Unit 3
India
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Early people in the Indus Valley developed advanced civilization
including trade (sea), agriculture (adapted to monsoon climate),
sophisticated cities (Mohenjo-Daro), and complex institutions.
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The arrival of Indo-Aryans brought many changes to early India
including new forms of religion (the Vedas), a new social order
(castes), the formation of states, and the spread of language
(Sanskrit).
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The Indo-Aryan influence is evident in modern Indian society and
culture.
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Hinduism is the belief in dharma and karma, belief that the sensory
world is an illusion, and the caste system; whereas Buddhism
includes the belief in a path to enlightenment, ethical guidelines-the
Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.
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Both Hinduism and Buddhism believe in reincarnation, that
progress of the soul depends on the way a life is led, and a belief in
nirvana.
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Buddhism had little impact on India at first but later gained wide
acceptance in Asia. Hinduism has influenced Indian culture,
architecture, language, and literature.
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The Mauryan Empire united northern India from the Ganges to
northwestern India up to the Hindu Kush. The Mauryans were the
first imperial dynasty to hold nearly all of India and the region west
of the Indus.
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During Gupta rule Hinduism became the dominant religion in India.
The early years of Gupta rule have been called a golden age.
Society prospered and great progress was made in the arts.
China
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Trade along the Silk Road between Chinese and Indian merchants
led to the diffusion of Buddhism as an important religion and
philosophy in China.
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Confucianism developed as a response to concerns about the causes
of the political and social unrest during the period of the warring
states and how moral and ethical leadership could solve these
problems.
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Confucius believed that political disorder could be prevented
through each person in society accepting his role in society and
performing the duties of those roles. In addition the government
and its leaders should be virtuous. He helped create the basis of a
bureaucracy. Confucianism was the most influential philosophy in
China. The ideas diffused to other countries, particularly Japan,
Korea, and Vietnam.
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The Zhou rulers believed in the idea of “Mandate of Heaven.”
During this rule there was civil unrest which caused the dynasty to
fall.
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The Qin dynasty came to power ending the trouble of the warring
states. Used the ideas of Legalism to unite China. Under the Qin
dynasty the Great Wall initiated.
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The Han dynasty reestablished the civil service system. During this
period trade prospered and China expanded its borders to its largest
size in the Classical Period.
Greece
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Geography played an important role in the development of many
civilizations. For the Greeks the sea provided isolation and the ability to
trade with other groups.
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The Minoan was the earliest civilization in Greece. The Minoans traded
with groups along the coast line of the Mediterranean Sea.
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The Mycenaeans conquered Crete, built early Greek cities and developed
the earliest style of Greek writing
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Socrates taught that students should question their knowledge.(The Socratic
Method)
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As a student of Socrates, Plato writes down conversations with Socrates, and
uses this information to help the Greeks decide on a form of government.
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Aristotle wrote books that summarized the knowledge of the Greeks
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Aristotle believed that knowledge could be classified; this will be applied to
all areas including species
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Alexander quelled Greek divisions under his military leadership. He then
conquered much of the Near East (Southwest Asia).
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As he placed Greek and Macedonians leadership in these places, Greek
ideas about culture spread to these areas.
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Returning Greek soldiers brought ideas from the places they conquered to
the Greek homelands.
Curriculum Instructional Points to Know (page 2)
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Greek culture left the following legacies:
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Political: popular government.
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Art and architecture: gymnasiums, amphitheatre, drama.
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Math and Science
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Philosophy: Humanism
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Mythologies
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The political development of Greece was marked by many forms of
government including monarchy, aristocracy, tyranny, and
democracy.
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The Athenian form of democracy was direct democracy which is a
form a government where citizens directly participate in law making
instead of electing officials to represent them.
Rome
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The Roman Republic built upon examples from Greece but failed due to
political and social tensions.
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The Roman Empire retained some elements of the republic, specifically the
senate. Conditions for Jewish discontent led
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to attempts to overthrow the Roman rule including hopes for a messiah
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Christianity was shaped by Jewish practices and Roman organization
(Constantine).
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Early Christians were persecuted in Rome
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The ability to travel freely in the Roman Empire aided the spread of
Christianity.
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Julius Caesar created the First Triumvirate, seized sole power, weakened the
power of the Senate, used his army to enforce his personal will and
expanded the boundaries of the Republic.
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Augustus Caesar served as the first emperor of Rome, designed institutions
that would support an imperial bureaucracy, created the Pax Romana, and
expanded the boundaries of the Republic.
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A combination of Roman military, economic, social and political policies
coupled with foreign invasions caused the Western Empire to fall. (See list
p. 176 of text).
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The eastern part of the empire continued on as the Byzantine Empire.
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Romans created forms of art/literature, science and architecture that we
imitate today.
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Romans created political forms that are emulated in our governmental
system today.
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Romans enjoyed spectator sports as many people do today.
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Romans created a language that would form the basis for many modern
languages.
Unit 4
Byzantine Empire
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After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Eastern Empire
continued as the Byzantine Empire.
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Byzantine Emperor Justinian preserved Roman legal heritage through
the Justinian Code.
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The Justinian Code included the idea that people should be ruled by
laws, rather than the whims of leaders. This idea is the basis of many of
the major legal systems in the world today.
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With Empress Theodora’s advice, Justinian changed Byzantine laws to
affect the status of women.
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The Byzantine legacy includes achievements in art (mosaics) and
architecture (Hagia Sophia).
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The Byzantine Empire was the continuation of the Roman Empire. A
strong central government, effective military forces, and strategic
location helped the Byzantine Empire flourish.
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Constantinople was a crossroads of trade and a center of learning.
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The Byzantine Empire weakened after many wars and conflicts with
outside powers.
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The Byzantine Empire came to an end after the Ottoman Turks captured
Constantinople in 1453.
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The East-West Split (1054), or division between the Western Roman
Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox churches arose over controversies
church beliefs, practices, and the authority of the pope
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The cultural diffusion that happened on the trade routes that connected
the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea made Byzantine culture the predominant
culture in Kievan Russia.
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The influence of the Byzantine church led to the dominance of
Orthodox Christianity in Russia to this day.
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Ivan III (Ivan the Great) was the first Russian ruler to take the title of
czar, a Russian version of Caesar, after he married the niece of the last
Byzantine emperor.
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Ivan the Great was the first ruler of an independent Russia after it
gained freedom from the Mongols. He began a long tradition of
absolute monarchy in Russia.
Mongols
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The Mongol conquerors established safe trade networks that enabled
cultures as distant as East Asia and Eastern Europe to share their
knowledge with each other.
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Marco Polo’s book, The Travels of Marco Polo, brought knowledge of
Asia to Western Europe.
Islam
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Islam was founded in sixth century Arabia by Muhammad.
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Muhammad gained many followers during his life as increasing
numbers accepted his ideas.
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Sunnis believed that agreement among Muslim people should settle
religious and world matters facing Muslims.
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Shi’as believe that the religious leaders, imams, as descendants of Ali,
are the ones with the ability to settle religious and world matters facing
Muslims.
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Within a few years after Muhammad died, Islam spread across the Middle East and
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Both agree on following the teachings of Muhammad.
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Islam was founded by Muhammad in Mecca, Arabia.
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Central beliefs of Islam are the Five Pillars.
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Each shares: its ancestry with Abraham, a belief in 1 supreme God, the
importance of the city of Jerusalem, and common elements of sacred
literature.
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Through trade and cultural diffusion, Muslim culture spread new
advances: manufacturing, science and medicine, mathematics and
geography.
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The Islamic Empire facilitated travel for people like Ibn Battuta who
wrote of their journeys and documented the Islamic world of his time.
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Ibn Sina was a well-known doctor who wrote one of the most
influential medical textbooks of this time.
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Islamic trade routes extended into China, Europe and Africa.
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At its height under Suleyman, the Ottoman Empire included most of
eastern Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa.
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Under Shah Abbas I, the Safavid Empire regained control of Persia
from the Ottomans and the Uzbeks.
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Babur conquered Delhi and the surrounding areas and established the
Mughal Empire.
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Akbar won control of all of northern India and much of central India.
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The expectation that Muslims would be able to read the Qur’an for
themselves raised the literacy rates among the populations.
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Increased literacy rates led to a thirst for knowledge that displayed itself
in various achievements in science, mathematics and the arts.
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Trade led to increased diversity.
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The most successful empires instituted policies of religious tolerance
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Pope Urban II called for a crusade to free the Holy Land (Palestine)
from the Seljuq Turks.
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European Crusaders were only successful in the first crusade. By the
end of the Crusades, the Muslims had regained control of Palestine.
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The Crusades had a lasting impact. Europeans learned new strategies
for warfare, the Christian church became more powerful and trade
helped enrich European culture.
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In the Islamic World, the Crusades created distrust towards West and
simultaneously increased trade.
African Empires
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There are several theories regarding why the Bantu migrated including
push and pull factors.
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As the Bantus migrated, they spread their agricultural, pottery making,
and metal-working technology throughout eastern and southern Africa
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Understand that the presence of abundant gold and salt resources
contributed to the rise of the kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhay.
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Gold mined south of the Sahara was traded for salt mined in the desert.
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The distribution of these resources helped African kingdoms prosper.
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Camels were the main form of transportation across the desert
Curriculum Instructional Points to Know (page 3)
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The spread of Islam influenced trade and state building in Eastern
Africa.
Africans exported gold, ivory, hides and tortoise shells; they also sold
slaves.
Groups of Muslim settlers from Arabia, Persia and Indonesia moved to
the East African coast and formed a new society that combined
elements of African, Asian and Islamic cultures.
A unique African culture known as Swahili developed in East Africa.
They were bound by language and their association with trade
King ‘Ēzānā’s conversion to Christianity was a key event in the history
of eastern Africa.
The form of Christianity that grew throughout the region incorporated
many of the people’s traditional beliefs and customs.
This development laid the foundations of the Ethiopian Church that
continues to thrive today.
Unit 5
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Medieval monarchs resorted to feudalism to provide military
security to the area they were trying to dominate while not having
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Martin Luther believed that each person needed to read the Bible
for him/herself because each person’s faith could get him/her into
heaven.
to rely on a professional army they would have to pay with money
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Medieval monarchs “paid” their military leaders with grants of land
in the feudal system.
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Charlemagne provided strong personal leadership and maintained
control by appointing officials to help govern parts of his empire.
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Charlemagne placed a strong value on education.
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The growth of towns facilitated the decline of serfdom and
feudalism.
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The growth of towns fostered trade and cultural exchanges.
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The growth of towns established institutions like guilds that would
have modern equivalents in our society.
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The church hierarchy consisted of parish priests, diocesan bishops
and provincial archbishops along with the pope, cardinals, monks
and curia.
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The church sacraments are baptism, communion, matrimony,
anointing of the sick and dying, confirmation, ordination and
penance.
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The medieval church kept the flame of literacy, art and culture
alive.
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Due to weak central governments, the medieval church tended to
dominate politics in medieval society.
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The church was so powerful that it often could control kings and
emperors
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Magna Carta established the concept that society was governed by
laws; and all people, including the king, were subject to that law.
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Many features of our current government can be traced to this time
period (trial by jury, common law, representative government
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Trade helped Western Europeans to learn of the achievements of
other societies in the areas of medicine, science, art and math.
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This initial new knowledge encouraged many Europeans to search
for more knowledge.
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Florence, being a major trading and banking center, was one of the
first places to benefit from the cultural diffusion.
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Machiavelli was concerned not with lofty ideals of how government
could work but with practical knowledge that rulers need to have to
make sure that governments will work.
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Machiavelli was a humanist but was not concerned with morality
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Leonardo da Vinci created classical pieces of artwork including the
Mona Lisa and the Last Supper.
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Da Vinci also developed drawings for inventions such as the
helicopter, submarine and tank.
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Michelangelo used many different media for his artistic creations
such as sculpture, painting, and architecture.
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Renaissance authors like Petrarch, Dante and Erasmus started to
write in their vernaculars and about the individuality and realism of
the subjects instead of only religious matters.
As the Renaissance spread north, authors like Erasmus and More
started to write about reforming
society in hopes of inspiring people to lead better lives.
The printing press helped spread the ideas of the Renaissance and
Reformation by making printing material less expensive and
available to a larger population.
As inexpensive, printed material became more available to the
common people, literacy rates tended to rise.
Many people saw the church as more interested in acquiring money
rather than saving souls.
Many people believed the clergy of the church had become immoral
and lax in their duties.
Many people began questioning the authority of the popes.
As more people questioned the authority of the Catholic Church,
the popes tended to lose power while centralized monarchs tended
to gain that power.
Martin Luther protested what he saw as errors in Roman Catholic
teachings.
Martin Luther used the written word to spread his beliefs to a
growing audience.
Calvin built on protestant doctrine and also introduced the idea of
predestination.
Calvinism spread from Switzerland throughout Europe (France,
Italy, Poland, Hungary, Germany), and later the North American
colonies (Puritanism).
Henry VIII severed the relationship between the Church of England
and the Roman Catholic Church in Rome.
Subsequent English monarchs (Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I)
continued to shape the beliefs and practices of the Church of
England.
The Catholic Church attempted to clarify doctrines at the Council of
Trent, but changed none of its doctrines or practices.
The Catholic Church instituted the Inquisition, the Jesuit Order and
the Index of Forbidden Books in an attempt to fight off
Protestantism.
Lasting effects of the counter-reformation include a strong interest
in education and the spread of Catholicism to Asia.
Curriculum Instructional Points to Know (page 4)
2nd Semester
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Unit 6
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The Olmec created the Americas’ first civilization, which in turn
influenced later civilizations.
The Olmec appear to have been a prosperous people who directed a
large trade network throughout Mesoamerica.
The planed ceremonial centers, ritual games, and art styles of the
Olmec can be seen in later cultures of this region. Later
Mesoamerican societies copied the Olmec pattern of urban design.
They left behind the notions of an elite ruling class.
For reasons not fully understood, the Olmec civilization collapsed
around 400 BC.
The following factors contributed to the rise of the Maya
civilization: a united culture, loyalty to the king, a prosperous
culture and a food surplus.
The following factors contributed to the fall of the Maya
civilization: many physical and human resources funneled into
religious activities, frequent warfare between kingdoms, population
growth created the need for more land.
For reasons not fully understood, the Maya civilization declined
around the late 800s.
Mayan civilization displayed Olmec influence in several areas. The
Maya were similar to the Aztec and Inca in their strong religious
beliefs that dictated the usage of many physical and human
resources, loyalty to the ruler or king, and united culture.
Through alliances and conquest, the Aztecs created a powerful
empire in Mexico.
The factors that contributed to the rise of the Aztec Empire include:
united culture, loyalty to the emperor, strong emphasis on religion
and a strong military.
The factors that contributed to the fall of the Aztec Empire include:
many physical and human resources funneled into religious
activities, need for prisoners changed the warfare style to less
deadly and less aggressive and the tribute states were rebellious and
needed to be controlled.
The Aztec calendar was influenced by the Maya calendar. Like the
Maya and Incas, the Aztecs were influenced by earlier civilizations.
The Inca built a vast empire supported by taxes, governed by a
bureaucracy, and linked by extensive road systems.
The factors that contributed to the rise of the Inca include: a united
culture, loyalty to the emperor, an extensive road system and care
for the entire population during good and bad times.
The factors that contributed to the fall of the Inca include: many
physical and human resources funneled into religious activities,
enemy could also use roads to move troops, and people struggled to
care for themselves with the elimination of the welfare state.
The Inca exercised almost total control over economic and social
life. Unlike the Maya or Aztec, the Inca allowed little private
business or trade. Like the Maya and Aztec, the Inca calendars
provided information about the gods whom the Inca believed ruled
the day and time.
During the early period of the Ming Dynasty, the Chinese made
advances in sea travel that would take 100 years for Europeans to
match.
Zheng He led seven Ming-sponsored voyages in which he flaunted
Chinese wealth and obtained goods from India, parts of eastern
Africa and the Middle East.
Confucian ideals which influenced Chinese society went against the
material gains produced by exploration, so there were not many
incentives to continue sea travel.
The invention of the printing press made it possible for more
Europeans to read the works of ancient geographers. They used this
new knowledge to create better maps and use them to devise new
trade routes.
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The astrolabe was an early tool for determining direction and
distance. It was used until the more accurate compass enabled
sailors to sail beyond sight of land without getting lost.
Europeans developed longer ships with rudders in the rear and
larger sails; these changes enabled ships to sail against the wind and
sail safely in different types of weather conditions.
European explorers and conquistadors led many voyages to control
trade routes and establish colonies in Africa, Asia and the New
World.
Spanish conquerors (conquistadors) Hernan Cortes and Francisco
Pizarro defeated the great empires of the Aztec and the Inca and
secured great wealth for Spain.
Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama sailed east across the Indian
Ocean; this marked the establishment of an overseas trade route
from Europe to India. This allowed the Europeans to go around the
Muslim traders and obtain goods more cheaply.
The voyages of Christopher Columbus are significant because they
marked the beginning of the Colombian Exchange, a massive
exchange of foods, goods, slaves and diseases, which connected
both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
Although he died on this voyage, Portuguese navigator Ferdinand
Magellan led the first voyage to successfully sail around the world,
thus proving the earth was round.
British explorer James Cook visited Australia, Hawaii and many
other Pacific islands on behalf of the British.
Samuel de Champlain claimed several lands in Canada on behalf of
the French.
The “Colombian Exchange,” which consisted of products, plants,
animals and diseases exchanged across the Atlantic in the years
following Christopher Columbus’ voyages led to many benefits and
disadvantages for Europeans and Native Americans.
The Atlantic Slave trade developed from the Europeans’ desire to
profit from their colonies.
Europeans tried to enslave Native Americans and poor whites, but
Africans provided the greatest economic benefit.
The slave trade allowed European colonies to profit, while draining
the African continent of talent and labor. The trade influenced the
wide distribution of persons of African descent throughout the
world
Copernicus developed a heliocentric theory, which stated that
everything in the universe revolved around the sun, and not the
earth.
Kepler used models, observations and mathematics to test
Copernicus’ theory.
Galileo invented a telescope, which he used to prove Copernicus’
theory correct. His discoveries caused conflict with the Catholic
Church and Galileo ended his life under house arrest.
Through his laws of motion and gravitation, Newton tied together
the movement of all the things in the heavens and on earth. He
realized that the force holding planets in their orbits is the same one
causing objects to fall to Earth.
Curriculum Instructional Points to Know (page 5)
Unit 7
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Louis XIV, Peter the Great and Tokugawa Ieyasu all strengthened
their power by restraining the nobles in their country.
Peter the Great actively sought to westernize Russia while
Tokugawa Ieyasu actively fought western influence.
Louis XIV and Peter the Great tried to increase the size of their
territory while Tokugawa Ieyasu was not interested in territorial
expansion.
Louis XIV, Peter the Great and Tokugawa Ieyasu all strengthened
their power by restraining the nobles in their country.
Peter the Great actively sought to westernize Russia while
Tokugawa Ieyasu actively fought western influence.
Louis XIV and Peter the Great tried to increase the size of their
territory while Tokugawa Ieyasu was
not interested in territorial expansion.
John Locke inspired people to question and replace governments
that do not protect basic human rights.
Voltaire inspired people to question irrational religious and
governmental practices.
Baron de Montesquieu encouraged people to form governments that
have separated powers into three branches that have checks and
balances on each other.
That Jean-Jacques Rousseau encouraged people to think of
themselves as being in a social contract with
their government.
Continuing conflicts between Protestants and Catholics produced
the Glorious Revolution.
Political parties developed to support each side of the conflict.
The English Bill of Rights marked the end of the absolute
monarchy in England.
The French assistance to the USA during the American Revolution
caused financial problems for France.
The ideas of the Enlightenment were important factors in causing
both Revolutions.
Both countries had to experiment with types of government in the
periods after their revolutions
Napoleon came to power in France after years of political turmoil.
Napoleon used his military career to further his political goals.
After the Napoleonic period, some people wanted to continue with
reform while other people wanted to turn back the clock
Napoleon’s continued fighting against Britain and final invasion of
Russia brought about his ruin
The American and French Revolutions encouraged Haitians to
revolt.
The Napoleonic Wars in Europe distracted imperial powers from
their New World Empires.
Haitians set up the first black republic.
The turmoil of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe helped engender
revolutions in Latin America.
Liberal ideas from the French and American Revolutions inspired
leaders of revolts in Latin America.
The Monroe Doctrine stated that the US would not interfere with
any European colonies, but they would
step in if Europeans tried to take back colonies they lost, or
establish new ones.
Napoleon’s actions spread the ideas of the French Revolution
around the globe.
The turmoil caused by the Napoleonic Wars helped engender
revolutions in many areas of the world for decades to come.
The Qing (Manchu) rulers took over China after the Ming collapse
and tried to keep the Chinese and Manchu people separate.
Kangxi, the second Qing emperor, ruled longer than any other
Chinese emperor.
Oda Nobunaga ended the Ashikaga shogunate in 1573.
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The Tokugawa shoguns created a strong central government that
provided stability for the Japanese
As the populations of China and Japan grew, pressures on the
government to provide for the larger number created instability.
The White Lotus Rebellion was led by Buddhist monks against the
Qing government, although the Qing government was successful,
its rule was severely weakened.
As the population grew, China and Japan experienced the growth of
cities, as well as the emergence of new forms of art, literature and
theater.
Qing rulers resented the power of the Jesuits and turned against
them.
Disagreements over the opium trade led to the Opium War between
Britain and China.
The Chinese lost the Opium War, and signed the Treaty of Nanjing,
a treaty that primarily benefited the British.
The Taiping Rebellion lasted from 1850-1864, and severely
weakened the Qing dynasty and the nation sof China as a whole
The Tokugawa determined that Christianity was a threat to their
rule and they took several measures to isolate Japan from foreign
influences.
The Japanese policy of closing their ports during storms angered
many Western nations.
Commodore Perry negotiated the Treaty of Kanagawa, which led to
the end of Japan’s isolation from other nations.
Unit 8
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Improved farming techniques and mechanical innovations in
England led to an increase in food production and population.
This increased population laid the foundation for factory labor and a
market to sell goods
Inventions like the seed drill, the steel plow and the mechanical
reaper made agriculture more efficient.
Inventions like the interchangeable parts, the steam engine, cotton
gin and the flying shuttle made factory work more efficient.
Improvements in transportation and communication included
railroads, canals, telegraph and telephone.
Industrialization pulled people into cities causing an increase in
population, sanitation problems, and environmental problems.
The new urban areas offered improved educational and
entertainment opportunities as well as changes in family life.
As people started to work in factories and live in cities, they
wanted more say in their governments.
Women, who often worked along side of men in factories, wanted
the ability to vote and often went to extreme tactics to earn the right
prior to World War I
Adam Smith believed in a free market economy that allowed
individuals to make their own economic decisions.
Karl Marx believed that the working class had been oppressed and
would rise up and demand equal treatment: better working
conditions, control of the manufacturing process, increased wages,
government control of the economy, and the end of private
property.
European businesses wanted outlets/markets for their goods and
places to find raw materials.
European countries tried to show their dominance over other
European countries by gaining more colonies.
European countries that had industrialized had strategic advantages
over non industrialized countries.
The British took over South Africa from the Boers but allowed the
Boers to maintain control over the local government. British hoped
to gain control of natural resources such as diamonds and gold.
The Japanese took control of Korean schools and forced the schools
to teach only Japanese
Economically the Japanese took control of many Korean farms and
gave them to Japanese people
Curriculum Instructional Points to Know (page 6)
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The post war era was characterized by uncertainty, global anxiety, and
disillusionment with predictability and logic.

These attitudes permeated all parts of society including science (Einstein),
art (Picasso), and social thinking (Freud).
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Several factors led to the Russian Revolution including:

Economic - Rapid industrialization caused new problems and stirred
discontent.
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Social - Revolutionary movements grew among the working class. The
Bolshevik movement was influenced by Marx’s Communist doctrine.
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Political - Defeat in the Russo-Japanese war fueled unrest at home.
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WW I strains Russia’s resources and deals a final blow to czarist rule.
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The March Revolution forced the czar to abdicated ended Romanov
Dynasty. Similarly, the Hapsburg dynasty in Austria also fails.
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Lenin seizes control during the Bolshevik Revolution.
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Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP) brought reforms that nationalized
industries, collectivized farms, gave women more

Pacific Ocean between Japan and Russia.
rights, and emphasized education.
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Both Bismarck and the Emperor Meiji unified their nations using
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Stalin’s first Five Year Plan brought changes that eliminated free trade,
similar ideas such as expanded industry, a strong central
forced collectivization, and brought hardship to Soviet life.
government where monarch has all the power, and that both used
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Socio-economic collapse caused by the global depression resulted in unrest,
war to help them gain power.
violence, and weakened governments across Europe.
These conditions gave rise to totalitarian states in Russia (Stalin), Germany
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Meiji was forced to develop his nation rather than have it taken over 
(Hitler), and Italy (Mussolini).
by the West.
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Similarities between totalitarianism and authoritarianism include: having a
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Bismarck preferred to be the person behind the throne and he
strong dictatorial leader, complete control over political life, and many parts
established a harsh government.
of social life. Both exhibit governments that use brute military force to

Many people outside Europe started to develop nationalism to
control citizens. Both place limitations on individual freedoms and are antipromote their country.
democratic.
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Mustafa Kemal and the Young Turks promoted progressive reform

Differences: totalitarianism is often driven by political ideology and geared
toward certain national goals while authoritarianism is not.
in Turkey.
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Italy invades Ethiopia in 1935 after a border dispute. The League of
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Mustafa Kemal adopted Western ideas to try and resist Greek
Nations offered little protection.
attempts to control their land.
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In 1937 Japanese forces invade Nanjing, China. This becomes known as the
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The Russians used the ideas of cultural nationalism to promote a
Rape of Nanjing because violent atrocities were most severe among women
Slavic state with Russia as the protector of
victims.
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all Slavs—especially those on the Balkan Peninsula.
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The League of Nations could not stop aggression in Asia and Africa because
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The Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists (usually known
they had no military forces and superpowers were unwilling to enforce
as the Boxers) was a nationalist group in China that fought
sanctions on countries that ignored mandates.

After World War I political instability increased in Spain. The fascist party,
unsuccessfully to end foreign domination of their country
the Falange was led by General Francisco Franco In 1936 civil war broke
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In Turkey, the Young Turk revolutionary group led the genocide
out in Spain.
against the Armenians
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The Spanish Civil War grew into a small European war which divided the
countries once again into alliances.
Unit 9
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Germany and Italy supported the fascist regime, while France, the Soviet
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There were four M.A.I.N. causes of WWI: Militarism, Alliances,
Union, Great Britain, and the United States supported the old regime the
Imperialism, and Nationalism.
Loyalists
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The surge of nationalism among European nations, along with competition
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Fascism became the policy of the major leaders of the Mediterranean and
for colonies, fueled the growth of militarism.
the Eastern World.
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European nations entered entangling alliances such as the Triple Alliance
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Japan faced shortages in raw materials while Italy sought overseas
and the Triple Entente to maintain a balance of power.
expansion as a way to improve the economy.
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Alliances meant to maintain this balance actually fueled chances for war.
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The League of Nations was unable to stop Japan’s aggression in China and
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The assassination of Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist finally ignited
Italy’s aggression in Ethiopia.
conflict which pulled European nations into war.
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Hitler took over Austria and Sudetenland through military aggression.
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Innovative technology changed the way wars were fought. The first modern
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Allied powers originally used the policy of appeasement to try and pacify
“weapons of mass destruction” are introduced including machine guns,
Hitler.
submarines, bombing airplanes, poison gas, and tanks. New technology
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Hitler and Stalin created the Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact.
made war more gruesome, more deadly, and more impersonal for soldiers.
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The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 pulled the U.S.
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One defensive strategy against these weapons was trench warfare. Frontline
into the war.
conditions in the trenches were very poor.
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The German defeat at El-Alamein (Egypt) gave the Allies control of North
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The Battle of Verdun symbolizes how new technology resulted in longer
Africa.
battles, massive casualties, and worsened conditions for soldiers.
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The Soviets’ triumph over the Germans at Stalingrad signified a defeat from

The Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to take blame for the war, pay
which the Germans would never fully recover.
reparations, and demilitarize.
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The D-Day invasion of the Normandy coast on June 6, 1944 was a

As a result of land redistribution and the mandate system, political
significant event which led to the Allies ultimate victory.
boundaries changed significantly in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
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The American take over of the airfield in Guadalcanal marked the first
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With the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the Hapsburg dynasty ended.
invasion into Japanese territory, protected supply lines, and lifted the morale

The formation of the League of Nations was written into the treaty.
of American soldiers.
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The Treaty of Versailles provided for governing of colonies formally held

General MacArthur gains control of the Philippine Islands in October 1944
by defeated European powers.
thus gaining control of the Pacific for the Allies.
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The mandate system was intended to be temporary. “Advanced” European

The New Order was Hitler’s plan to create a unified European continent or
nations were supposed to help equip colonies to survive in the modern
ideology for a master race.
world.
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The Final Solution was Hitler’s plan of to eliminate Europe’s Jewish

Most colonies were taken advantage of economically and politically.
population.
The French developed the economy and transportation of
Indochina, but these developments benefited the French rather than
the native peoples.
The Berlin Conference
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helped to ease tensions between European nations over the
development of colonies in Africa.
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The Berlin Conference included no natives of Africa, and the
people who drew the maps did not care about ethnic groups when
they drew the boundaries
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Development of strong governments and the expansion of
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industry in both Russia and Japan, caused leaders to push for a
larger imperial area.
Curriculum Instructional Points to Know (page 7)
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As a result of these ideologies, Jews were segregated into guarded ghettos
and also sent to concentration camps or death camps such as Auschwitz and
Treblinka.
The human cost of the Holocaust included as many non-Jewish victims
(disabled, ethnic minorities, homosexuals, gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses,
Communists) as Jewish victims.
Allied leaders met in Tehran, Iran to plan Germany’s defeat by conducting
the war on two fronts.
The charter for the United Nations was negotiated at the Yalta Conference.
Allied leaders met in Potsdam, Germany to discuss postwar settlements and
the occupation of Germany.
Borders were redrawn in Eastern Europe resulting in the reshaping of
Poland. Many Eastern European nations came under the sway of the Soviet
communists.
The New Order was Hitler’s plan to create a unified European continent or
ideology for a master race.
The Final Solution was Hitler’s plan of to eliminate Europe’s Jewish
population.
As a result of these ideologies, Jews were segregated into guarded ghettos
and also sent to concentration camps or death camps such as Auschwitz and
Treblinka.
The human cost of the Holocaust included as many non-Jewish victims
(disabled, ethnic minorities, homosexuals, gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses,
Communists) as Jewish victims
Allied leaders met in Tehran,
Iran to plan Germany’s defeat by conducting the war on two fronts.
The charter for the United Nations was negotiated at the Yalta Conference.
Allied leaders met in Potsdam, Germany to discuss postwar settlements and
the occupation of Germany.
Borders were redrawn in Eastern Europe resulting in the reshaping of
Poland.
Many Eastern European nations came under the sway of the Soviet
communists.
Unit 10
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The Marshall Plan was intended to rebuild Europe so that poverty would not
drive countries to become communist.

The primary purpose of the United Nations was to maintain international
peace and security.

It was also designed to foster international cooperation to solve cultural,
economic and social problems.

The United Nations is organized into two main bodies: 1) the General
Assembly which is composed of all member nations; and 2) the Security
Council which is composed of 7 permanent member nations.
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General MacArthur’s occupation plan for Japan included demilitarizing the
country and creating a new Japanese government.

These plans helped Japan’s economy to recover rapidly from the devastation
of the war
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In Turkey, the Young Turk revolutionary group led the genocide against the
Armenians.
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In India and China, nationalist movements, led by Gandhi and Sun Yat-sen
respectively, sprang from the desire for government reform.

In Turkey, Mustafa Kemal adopted Western ideas to try and resist Greek
attempts to control their land.
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China’s transition from an empire to a republic was led by Nationalist leader
Chiang Kai-Shek.
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Mao Zedong was the leader of the Communists and took control from the
Nationalists in 1949.
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Mohandas Gandhi was a key figure in India’s move for independence from
Britain. He advocated civil disobedience.
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India was granted independence in 1947 with two separate nations, India
(Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim).
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India’s first prime minister was Jawaharlal Nehru.
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Kwame Nkrumah was the central figure of Ghana’s independence
movement. He was heavily influenced by Pan-Africanism.
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In 1957, Ghana became the first African nation to gain independence from
its colonial power (Britain).
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Once Britain reversed its position on creating a Jewish national homeland,
the United Nations attempted to partition the land in 1948.
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The partition attempt left Israel with the homeland they desired, and left the
Palestinians a stateless nation.
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The creation of the state of Israel sparked an on-going conflict between the
Jews and Arab Palestinians.
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The conflict is based on the Palestinian’s claim to Jewish homelands.
America’s support for Israel has led to many conflicts with Israel’s Arab
neighbors.
The division of Germany symbolized a clear distinction between the
communist East and the democratic West.
The split between the East and the West evolved into military and political
alliances.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in 1949 between
Western nations.
The Warsaw Pact was formed in 1955 between Eastern nations.
Both the Soviet Union and the United States invested heavily in science and
math in an attempt to maintain a strategic edge over the other.
As each side became more and more armed for war, tensions around the
world grew stronger.
Scientific advances made for the military often had spill-over effects into the
civilian society.
In 1972, Nixon and Brezhnev (USSR) signed the Strategic Arms Limitation
Treaty (SALT) which placed limits on nuclear weapon supplies.
Indira Gandhi was the first female prime minister of India.
She governed India for nearly 20 years and her leadership helped India
become a key factor in international affairs.
Golda Meir became Israel’s first female prime minister in 1969. She
worked to form peace agreements with Israel’s Arab neighbors.
Margaret Thatcher was Great Britain’s first female prime minister. She was
known as “the Iron Lady” for her tough stance against communism and
other issues
Both men ruled their nation during transition periods.
Both men attempted to improve relations between the USSR and the USA.
Both men instituted economic reforms in their country.
Both men allowed more freedoms in their country.
Gorbachev’s reforms helped to bring an end to the USSR.
Two of the important secondary conflicts between the communist countries
and the non communist countries involved Korea and Vietnam.
Korea was and remains split between communist and non communist
governments.
Vietnam was split but was later reunited under communist leadership.
The Khmer Rouge, a communist group influenced by Vietnam, took control
of Cambodia and subsequently killed more than 1 million Cambodians.
The protest of Chinese students protest against communism in the Spring of
1989 brought global attention to internal resistance to communism.
The students demanded a more democratic form of government.
After several days of protesting, the Chinese forcibly cleared Tiananmen
Square killing hundreds ofunarmed civilians. This incident stunned the
West and revealed the deep flaws of Cold War communism.
Due to pressure to open its borders, the East German government finally
“opened” the Berlin wall in November 1989 ending decades of separation
from West Germany. The fall of the Berlin Wall was the most powerful
symbol of the end of communism.
Pressures from both internal reforms and external challenges caused the
communist government of the Soviet Union to collapse.
Strains from the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and from rebels within
Soviet Chechnya contributed to the demise of the Soviet Union.
As the USSR started to lose control, many of its satellite countries such as
Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and the Baltic States, took the opportunity to gain
freedom from Moscow while republics of the Soviet Union started to
declare their independence.
The new freedoms gained in Eastern Europe released old ethnic tensions.
Bosnia’s greatest challenge was its diverse ethnic and religious mix.
Bosnian Serbs began a program of ethnic cleansing intended to drive the
Muslims out of areas they claimed.
The Dayton Accord was a US-led agreement that ended the war. Bosnian
Serbs kept control over some areas while the govt remained under Muslim
control.
Pan-Africanism refers to the movement to improve the lives of all people of
African descent including freeing African nations from colonial rule.
The movement began in North America and the West Indies, but spread to
include people of African descent throughout the world.
Pan-Arabism refers to the nationalistic movement which emphasized the
unity of all Arabs, and sought to end foreign control in the Middle East.
Ethnic divisions between the Hutu and Tutsi were exploited by Belgium
during colonialism.
The Belgians forced both group to carry identification cards and also
favored Tutsis for positions of power and higher education.
Curriculum Instructional Points to Know (page 8)
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After colonialism struggles for control resulted in a civil war where the
Hutus gained control.
In 1994, the Hutu controlled government killed an estimated 800,000 Tutsis
Apartheid was the segregation of public facilities, neighborhoods, and jobs
based on race.
Nelson Mandela led to fight against apartheid and spent 27 years in prison.
He became South Africa’s president in 1992.
The African National Congress was the pivotal organization in the fight
against apartheid.
Terrorist groups have sponsored several attacks in the 20th century, and
fighting terrorism has proven difficult due to the stateless nature of terrorist
organizations.
In Peru, the Maoist group Shining Path carried out terrorist attacks in the
rural areas of Peru with the goal of destroying Peruvian society and
replacing it with a socialist society.
(The Red Brigade is not mentioned in textbook.) The Red Brigade was
active in Italy during the 1970’s and 1980’s; they claimed to represent the
masses against big business and the government.
Hamas is a militant Palestinian Islamic movement in the West Bank and
Gaza Strip, founded in 1987, it is dedicated to the destruction of Israel and
the creation of an Islamic state in Palestine.
US officials believe that Al Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden, is one of the
terrorist groups responsible for the 9/11 attacks.
Terrorism has increased fear and insecurity, declining consumer confidence
in travel, expanded law enforcement, and fear of attacks on world energy
supplies.