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Unit 4: Connecting the Hemispheres Lesson 3: Protestant Reformation and Counter Reformation SSWH9 The student will analyze change and continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation. d. Analyze the impact of the Protestant Reformation; include the ideas of Martin Luther and John Calvin. e. Describe the Counter Reformation at the Council of Trent and the role of the Jesuits Verbs Nouns I. The Beliefs & Authority of the Catholic Church A. During the Middle Ages, the ________________________________________________ was the dominant religion in Western Europe 1. Without a common ___________________________ in Europe, the Catholic _____________ became an important political leader 2. On the manor, _________________ were powerful because the controlled peoples’ access to ___________________ by delivering the sacraments & absolving sins B. The Catholic Church taught that people could gain access to heaven (called ___________________________) by having faith in God & doing _______________________________ for others 1. The church taught that Christians could gain more of God’s _____________ through a series of spiritual ______________________ called the Holy ___________________________ 2. Sacraments included __________________, Confirmation, Communion, Confession, ___________________, Ordination of Priests, Last Rites for the Dying C. But, the church was also growing __________________________ 1. Priests were required to go through rigorous ____________________ in a monastery…but some church positions were _________ to the highest bidder called ____________________ 2. Sometimes, feudal lords would use their influence to have friends or children named as priests, called _______________________ 3. As a result, some clergy members were poorly _______________________ 4. One of the most ___________________ church practices was the selling of _______________________________ a. Indulges began as a way for people to ___________________ for their sins through ____________________________ b. But rather than requiring good deeds, church leaders began selling indulgence certificates as a way of ____________________ D. These practices went _________________________________ during the Middle Ages II. The Renaissance Influence on Catholicism A. By the time of the Renaissance, some Christians began ______________________ church corruptions & questioned Catholic teachings 1. Christian ________________________ believed that they could help ___________________ the Catholic Church 2. In the 1300s, Reformers like John Wycliffe & priest Jan Hus attacked corruptions like indulges, said that the ___________________ (not the Pope) was the ultimate authority on Christianity, & wanted church teachings in the __________________________ (local language) not Latin 3. Catholic leaders responded to these criticisms by _______________________ Wycliffe & Hus 4. In 1509, Christian humanist _________________ published Praise of Folly which called for an end of corruptions B. As a result of Johann _____________________________ invention of the moveable-type ____________________________________ in 1453, Erasmus’ book _________________________ throughout Europe & increased calls for church reform III. The Protestant Reformation A. By the early 1500s, the Catholic Church was in ____________ over the controversy of corruption & its unwillingness to adopt reforms 1. In Germany, a Catholic monk named _________________________ became involved in a serious dispute with the Catholic Church 2. Martin Luther’s ______________ from the Catholic Church began the _________________________________________________ & inspired a series of new Christian denominations 3. During the Protestant Reformation, reformers ___________ church corruptions & practices in hopes of ____________ Christianity B. Martin Luther 1. As a young boy in Germany, Luther was going to become a _________________, but after he nearly died in a thunderstorm he vowed to become a Catholic _______________ 2. After ______________________ the Bible as a monk, Martin Luther became a priest & scholar a. During his studies of the Bible, Luther became convinced that ________________________________ could not be achieved by good works & _______________________________ b. Instead, Luther was inspired by St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans: “A person can be made good by having _________________ in ____________________________” c. Martin Luther believed that salvation was gained though having faith in God; He called this idea __________________________ d. Martin Luther was also deeply troubled by the church’s selling of ________________________, which he saw as false salvation 3. In 1517, Martin Luther wrote a list of arguments against church practices called the “____________________________________” a. He __________ the Ninety-Five Theses on the church door in the town of Wittenberg & welcomed _____________ of his ideas b. The “Ninety-Five Theses” _______________ quickly through Europe causing an incredible ____________________ i. Many people, especially in Northern Europe, were ____________________ about his ideas ii. But the Catholic Church __________________________ Luther & rejected his ideas 4. In 1521, Luther was called before the __________________________________________, a meeting of church & political leaders a. The Church demanded that Luther ___________________________ his teachings b. Luther ____________________, argued that the Bible was the only source of religious _____________________, & encouraged Christians to __________________ the Bible for themselves c. At the Diet of Worms, Martin Luther was _________________________________________________ from the Catholic Church C. Martin Luther’s stand against the Catholic Church led to the formation of a new Christian denomination known as ________________ 1. Lutheranism was the first of a series of “______________________” Christian faiths that _____________ from the Catholic Church I. The Protestant Reformation A. During the Protestant Reformation, religious reformers called ___________________________________ broke from the Catholic Church & started new ____________________________ denominations 1. ____________________________ began the Reformation & believed in _____________________________________ 2. John Calvin believed in ____________________________________ & a _________________ code of living 3. _____________________, not the _____________, was the head of the Anglican Church B. In the 1500s, the new protestant faiths spread, especially into _________________________________________ in areas away from the _________________ of the Catholic Church C. But, ______________ Europeans, especially in Spain, France, Portugal, & Italy ________________________________ the Catholic Church which remained the _________________ religion in Europe but it had lost much of its power & influence II. The Counter Reformation A. The _ of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation became known as the ________________________________ (or the ______________________ Reformation) B. One of the first ____________________ in the Catholic Church was _______________________________________ who formed the Society of Jesus in 1540; Members of the Society of Jesus were called ______________ & focused on 3 goals: 1. Jesuits formed _____________________ to better educate Catholic priests 2. Jesuits tried to ________________ the ________________________ of Protestantism 3. Jesuits sent _________________________ around the world to ____________________ non-Christians to Catholicism C. In 1545, Pope Paul III created a _____________________________ of Catholic leaders to ____________________ church practices, known as the _________________________________________________ 1. Over the next 18 years, the Council of Trent made a series of _________________ a. The Catholic Church stopped ________________ false ________________________ b. New _______________________ were created to educate priests 2. The Council of Trent also _________________________________ several core Catholic beliefs & practices a. The _____________________ interpretation of the Bible is ______________ & all others who interpret the Bible are _______________________ (non-believers) b. Salvation is gained through _________________ in God & ____________________________ c. All _________________ Holy ____________________________ are legitimate means to gain God’s grace 3. To enforce these beliefs, the Church used the _______________________________________ to accuse, hold trials, & _______________________ heretics 4. The Church banned & ____________________ all offensive books, including Protestant ________________ III. Impact of the Protestant Reformation A. The Protestant Reformation left Europe __________________________________________________ B. Numerous religious ____________________ were fought between Catholics & Protestants C. The weakened authority of the _________________ helped _________________ gain power & form nations D. _________________________________ converted non-Christians throughout the ___________________ E. The Reformation encouraged __________________________ & the ___________________________ of long-held beliefs