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Anatomy 1
Instructor: Jacki Houghton
Lecture 1: Anatomical Terminology and Introduction to the Human Body
I. Levels of Organization of Organisms
A. atoms (elements of periodic table)
B. molecules (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid)
C. cells (epithelial, bone, muscle, nervous)
D. tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular)
E. organ (stomach, heart, brain, lung)
F. organ system (muscular, skeletal, digestive, nervous)
G. whole organism (each different species)
II. Anatomy - the study of the structures of an organism
A. Gross Anatomy - structures as seen by unaided eye
B. Developmental Anatomy - study of the anatomy of the developing organism
1. Embryology - fertilization to third month of fetus
C. Histology ("tissues" "to study") - structures that can be seen with the microscope such as
cells and tissues
1. Cytology - study of cell structure/function
D. Systemic Anatomy - study of individual organ system
E. Regional Anatomy - study of structures in particular area
F. Pathology ("disease" "to study") - study of changes in structure due to disease/injury
III. Structure - Function Relationships
A.
Anatomy - study of structure
Physiology - study of function
B.
Structure determines Function
Function determines Structure
IV. Anatomical Terminology - The Language of Anatomy
A. Summary of Common prefixes and suffixes (Lecture Notes)
B. Anatomical Position
1. subject stands erect
2. upper limbs placed at sides with palms forward
3. feet flat on floor in natural forward direction
C. Directional Terms (practice using them in the lab!)
1. superior (cephalic) : inferior (caudal)
2. anterior (ventral) : posterior (dorsal)
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3. medial : lateral
4. ipsilateral (same side) : contralateral (opposite)
5. proximal : distal
6. superficial : deep
7. parietal : visceral
D. Planes and Sections
1. sagittal - divides into right and left parts
a. midsagittal - right down the middle (also called the “median plane”)
b. parasagittal - away from the midline
2. frontal (coronal) - divides anterior & posterior
3. horizontal (transverse) - divide superior & inferior
E. Body Cavities
1. Dorsal Body Cavity
a. cranial cavity (brain)
b. vertebral cavity (spinal cord)
2. Ventral Body Cavity (viscera - organs found here)
a. thoracic cavity
i. pleural cavity (space separating the parietal pleura and visceral pleura of lungs like balloon pushed in with fist)
ii. mediastinum - all contents of thoracic cavity except the lungs (eg. heart)
b. abdominopelvic cavity
i. abdominal - stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small
intestine
ii. pelvic - urinary bladder, cecum, appendix, sigmoid colon, rectum,
reproductive organs
3. Other Body Cavities
a. oral cavity (mouth)
b. nasal cavity (sinuses for air passage)
c. orbital cavities (eyes)
d. middle ear cavities (in temporal bone)
e. synovial cavities (freely moveable joints)
V. Divisions of Abdominopelvic Cavity
A. Quadrants (from the umbilicus - belly button)
1. right upper quadrant (RUQ)
2. left upper quadrant (LUQ)
3. right lower quadrant (RLQ)
4. left lower quadrant (LLQ)
B. Regions (nine regions around umbilicus)
Right Hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left Hypochondriac
Right Lumbar
Umbilical
Left Lumbar
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Right Iliac
Hypogastric
Left Iliac
VI. Specific Terms for Various Regions (SEE TEXT!)
A. Examples of Regional Terms (you must know all of the areas
1. axillary - armpit
2. brachial - upper arm
3. pubic - around genitalia
4. carpal - wrist
5. antebrachial - forearm
6. acromial - point of shoulder
Etc.
VII. Medical Imaging Techniques
A. Classic X-ray : radiography (radiograph)
1. good for dense structures (bones and tumors)
B. Computed Tomography (CT) or Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Scanning
1. employs X-ray technology to create clearer image
2. tumors, aneurysms, kidney stones, gallstones, etc.
C. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
1. uses magnetic properties of molecules, not X-rays
2. presence of cancer cells, chemical disease of brain, spinal cord disorders, blood
flow problems, injury after stroke, measure effects of drugs on tissues
3. used chiefly on soft tissues such as brain & heart
D. Ultrasound (US)
1. uses high frequency sound waves
2. gall stones, pelvic organs, blood flow, fetal development
E. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
1. uses radioisotopes such as Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13
2. effects of drugs, site of molecules, cancer cells
3. very good at studying glucose absorption by neurons in the brain during certain
tasks
F. Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
1. takes X-ray picture before and after administration of contrast substance to the
vessels
2. used to study vessels of the brain and heart to help prevent strokes and heart
Attacks
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Overview of Organ Systems
I. Major Organ Systems
A. There are 12 major organ systems of the body:
1. integumentary (skin)
2. skeletal (bone)
3. muscular (muscles)
4. nervous (CNS and PNS)
5. endocrine (hormones/regulation)
6. cardiovascular (heart and blood vessels)
7. lymphatic (lymph fluid)
8. respiratory (lungs)
9. digestive (stomach, intestine)
10. urinary (kidneys, bladder)
11. reproductive (male and female genitalia)
12. immune (cells in the blood/body)
II. Integumentary System
A. Major Components
1. skin (epidermis, dermis, etc.)
2. hair
3. sweat and oil glands
4. sensory organs and glands
B. Major Functions
1. helps to regulate body temperature
2. protects against external injury and desiccation
3. eliminates salts and urea
4. produces vitamin D
5. responds to temperature, pressure, and pain
III. Skeletal System
A. Major Components
1. bone
2. cartilages
3. tendons
4. ligaments
5. joints
B. Major Functions
1. provide protection for internal organs (skull, ribs)
2. provide support for body
3. mechanical advantage for muscular actions (levers)
4. storage of vital minerals - calcium
5. site of blood cell formation (marrow)
IV. Muscular System
A. Major Components
1. muscles of different type/function
a. striated muscle (voluntary)
b. smooth muscle (involuntary)
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c. cardiac muscle (heart)
B. Major Functions
1. striated muscle
a. primarily to contract on command
b. allows voluntary motions such as walking,
grasping, and moving in general, facial
expressions
2. smooth muscle
a. contracts to allow involuntary motion
b. along arteries, digestive tract
3. cardiac muscle
a. contracts in rhythmic fashion involuntarily
b. propels blood through lungs and body
V. Nervous System
A. Major Components
1. brain and spinal cord (Central Nervous System)
2. nerves and sensory organs (Peripheral N S)
B. Major Functions
1. detect changes in internal and external environment
2. respond to changes to keep body homeostatic
3. organize activities of muscles and glands
VI. Endocrine System
A. Major Components
1. pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal
glands
2. ovaries, testes, pancreas
B. Major Functions
1. maintains body homeostasis, growth, development
2. produce hormones in response to a variety of stimuli
(increased sugar level, impending doom, sexual attraction,
length of day)
3. hormones then act on target organ to cause change
VII. Cardiovascular System
A. Major Components
1. heart
2. blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
3. blood (serum, proteins, red & white cells)
B. Major Functions
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1. primarily a transport system moving blood
a. oxygen, carbon dioxide, ions (salts Na,K,Ca,Cl)
b. nutrients and waste
c. hormones and proteins
d. white blood cells and antibodies
VIII. Lymphatic System
A. Major Components
1. lymph nodes and vessels
2. spleen
3. thymus
4. other scattered lymph tissue
B. Major Functions
1. location of lymphocytes involved in body immunity
2. remove pathogens and debris from blood
3. returns leaked fluid to blood vessels
XI. Respiratory System
A. Major Components
1. nasal passages
2. pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
3. lungs
B. Major Functions
1. remove carbon dioxide from blood
2. allow blood to uptake oxygen from environment
X. Digestive System
A. Major Components
1. oral cavity, esophagus
2. stomach
3. small and large intestine
4. rectum
5. other: teeth, salivary glands, liver, pancreas
B. Major Functions
1. breakdown foods into minute particles to be absorbed by the blood and delivered to body
2. remove unused foodstuff from the body as feces
XI. Urinary System
A. Major Components
1. kidneys
2. ureters
3. bladder
4. urethra
B. Major Functions
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1. remove nitrogen-based waste molecules (urea, uric acid, ammonia) from the blood and body
2. maintain water balance and ion/acid balance of blood
XII. Reproductive System
A. Major Components
Male: testes, scrotum, penis, and duct system for sperm
Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
B. Major Functions
1. produce gametes (sperm and egg)
2. allow means for conception to occur
3. provide environment for fetal development
XIII. Immune System (Special)
A. Major Components
1. white blood cells and other special immune cells
B. Major Functions
1. identify foreign material and eliminate it
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