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ASTRONOMY
FINAL STUDY GUIDE
MRS. ENGLBRECHT
You have your final in your hands. The final will consist mainly of multiple
choice questions. For the most part, the questions are from your old test. Use
them as your source. There will be a matching section with the astronomers.
There will also be diagrams from old test ie. the sun, H-R diagrams etc. There
are going to be 10 questions from the lab quizzes.
The material covered is from Chapter 1 to 4 then Chapter 16 to 22 in your text
book.
Important Terms:
Scientific notation
Solar system
Planet
Star
Astronomical unit (AU)
Light year (ly)
Galaxy
Milky Way
Milky Way Galaxy
Constellation
celestial equator
Asterism
north, south, east, west points
Magnitude scale
angular distance
Celestial sphere
minute of arc
Horizon
second of arc
Zenith
angular diameter
Nadir
circumpolar constellation
North and south celestial poles
precession
Spring tides
lunar eclipse
Umbra
neap tides
penumbra
path of totality
Total eclipse
solar eclipse
Photosphere
chromosphere
corona
perihelion
Prominence
aphelion
diamond-ring effect
annular eclipse
Perigee
apogee
Sidereal period
node
Synodic period
Saros cycle
Uniform circular motion
Geocentric universe
Parallax (p)
theory
ellipse
semimajor axis,
eccentricity,
retrograde motion
Epicycle
Deferent
Equant
archaeoastronomy
Eccentric
natural law
theory
Heliocentric universe
Paradigm
natural motion
geosynchronous satellite
Violent motion
center of mass
Acceleration of gravity
closed orbit
Momentum
escape velocity
Mass
open orbit
Acceleration
angular momentum
Velocity
energy
Inverse square law
joule (J)
Kirchhoff’s laws
Spectral class or type
Spectral sequence
L dwarf
T dwarf
Doppler effect
Blue shift
Red shift
Granulation
Convection
Supergranule
Limb
Limb darkening
Transition region
Filtergram
Spicule
Coronagraph
Solar wind
Sunspot
Babock model
Prominence
Filament
Flare
Aurora
Coronal hole
Coronal mass ejection (CME)
Weak force
Strong force
Nuclear fission
Nuclear fusion
Neutrino
Black hole
event horizon
giant molecular cloud
Helium flash
main sequence
Planetary nebula protostar
Shell burning
subgiant
Supergiant
supernova
White dwarf
Nova
Supernova
Planetary nebula
Black dwarf
Chandrasekhar limit
Supernova remnant
Synchrotron radiation
Galaxy
Galactic disk
Galactic bulge
Galactic center
Period-luminosity relationship
Spiral arms
Dpiral density
Dark halo
Dark matter
neutron star
red giant
stellar nucleosynthesis
T-Tauri
neutron star
pulsar
singularity
black hole
event horizon
Schwarzchild radius (Rs)
Hubble classification scheme
Barred spiral galaxies
Elliptical galaxies
SO and SBO galaxies
Irregular galaxies
Local group
Galaxy clusters
Hubble’s Law
Seyfert galaxy
Chapter 1
Locate sky objects by their right ascension and declination on the celestial
sphere.
Identify some bright stars and constellations visible each season.
Explain why the stars appear to move along arcs in the sky during the night.
Explain why some different constellations appear in the sky each season.
Explain the apparent daily and annual motions of the Sun.
Define the zodiac.
Describe how the starry sky looks when viewed from different latitudes on Earth.
Define a sidereal day and a solar day, and explain why they differ.
Explain how astronomers classify objects according to their apparent
brightness(magnitude)
Explain why the polestar and the location of the vernal equinox change over a
period of thousands of years.
Chapter 8
Explain the Moon’s appearance and apparent motions in the sky.
Compare the Moon and Earth in diameter, mass, average density, and surface
gravity.
Describe the general surface features of the Moon.
Compare and contrast the Moon and Earth with respect to geological activity and
erosion of surface features.
Outline a hypothesis of the origin of the Moon that is consistent with
observations.
Explain the probable origin of lunar craters and maria.
Give the current model of the Moon’s internal structure.
Describe the relative positions of Earth, Moon, and Sun during a solar eclipse
and a lunar eclipse.
Chapter 2
Relate how some ancient civilizations attempted to explain the heavens in terms
of earth-centered models of the universe.
Summarize the role of renaissance science in the history of astronomy.
.Explain how the observed motions of the planets led to our modern view of a
sun-centered solar system.
Sketch the major contributions of Galileo and Kepler to the development of our
understanding of the solar system.
State Kepler’s laws of planetary motion.
Explain how Kepler’s laws enable us to construct a scale model of the solar
system, and explain the technique used to determine the actual size of the
planetary orbs.
State Newton’s laws of motion and universal gravitation and explain how they
account for Kepler’s laws.
Explain how the law of gravitation enables us to measure the masses of
astronomical bodies.
Chapter 3 & 4
Discuss the nature of electromagnetic radiation, and tell how that radiation
transfers energy and information through interstellar space.
List the major regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and explain how the
properties of the Earth’s atmosphere affect our ability to make astronomical
observations at different wavelengths.
Explain what is meant by the term ”black body” radiation” and describe the basic
properties of such radiation.
Tell how we can determine the temperature of an object by observing the
radiation that it emits.
Show how the relative motion of a source of radiation and its observer can
change the perceived wavelength of the radiation, and explain the importance of
this phenomenon to astronomy.
Describe the characteristics of continuous, emission and absorption spectra and
the conditions under which each is produced.
Explain the relation between emission and absorption lines and what we can
learn from these lines.
Specify the basic components of the atom and describe our modern conception
of its structure.
Explain how electron transitions within atoms produce unique emission and
absorption features in the spectra of those atoms.
Describe the general features of the spectra produced by molecules.
List and explain the kinds of information that can be obtained by analyzing the
spectra of astronomical objects.
Chapter 16
Summarize the overall properties of the Sun.
Explain how energy travels from the solar core, through the interior, and out into
space.
Name the Sun’s outer layers and describe what those layers tell us about the
sun’s surface.
Discuss the nature of the Sun’s magnetic field and its relationship to the various
types of solar activity.
Outline the process by which energy is produced in the Sun’s interior.
Sketch the structure of the Sun and identify the corona, chromosphere,
photosphere, convection zone, radiation zone and core.
Describe the Sun’s rotation and magnetic field.
Describe the origin, properties and cyclic nature of sunspots, and explain how
sunspot variations are related to solar activity.
Compare and contrast the origin and nature of solar granules, faculae, plages,
flares, and prominences.
Describe the origin and nature of the solar wind.
Outline the goal and results of the solar neutrino experiments.
Chapter 17,18,19,20
Define stellar evolution.
List the stages in the life cycle of a star like our Sun according to the modern
theory of stellar evolution.
Explain the importance of the H-R diagram to theories of stellar evolution.
Explain the relation between a star’s age and its position on the H-R diagram.
List the main steps in the birth of a star.
Describe the energy balance and pressure balance in main sequence stars.
Describe the origins of the different chemical elements and the importance of
supernovas to new generations of stars.
Explain how the process of star formation depends on stellar mass.
Explain why stars evolve off the main sequence.
Chapter 21 and 22
Describe the two types of supernova, and explain how each is produced.
Describe the properties of neutron stars and explain how these strange objects
are formed.
Explain the nature and origin of pulsars, and account for their characteristic
radiation.
List and explain some of the observable properties of neutron-star binary
systems.
Describe how black holes are formed, and discuss their effects on matter and
radiation in their vicinity.
Relate the phenomena that occur near black holes to the warping of space
around them.
Discuss some of the ways in which the presence of a black hole might be
detected
Chapter 23 & 24
Describe the overall structure of the Milky Way Galaxy, and specify how the
various regions differ from one another.
Explain the importance of variable stars in determinig the size and shape of our
Galaxy.
Describe the orbital paths of stars in different regions of the Galaxy, and explain
how these motions are accounted for by our understanding of how the Galaxy
formed.
Discuss some possible explanations for the existence of the spiral arms
observed in our own and many other galaxies.
Describe the basic properties of normal galaxies.
Describe how galaxies are observed to clump into clusters.
State Hubble’s law and explain how it is used to derive distances to the most
remote objects in the observable universe.
Specify the basic differences between active and normal galaxies.
Describe some important features of active galaxies..