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ASTRONOMY FINAL STUDY GUIDE MRS. ENGLBRECHT You have your final in your hands. The final will consist mainly of multiple choice questions. For the most part, the questions are from your old test. Use them as your source. There will be a matching section with the astronomers. There will also be diagrams from old test ie. the sun, H-R diagrams etc. There are going to be 10 questions from the lab quizzes. The material covered is from Chapter 1 to 4 then Chapter 16 to 22 in your text book. Important Terms: Scientific notation Solar system Planet Star Astronomical unit (AU) Light year (ly) Galaxy Milky Way Milky Way Galaxy Constellation celestial equator Asterism north, south, east, west points Magnitude scale angular distance Celestial sphere minute of arc Horizon second of arc Zenith angular diameter Nadir circumpolar constellation North and south celestial poles precession Spring tides lunar eclipse Umbra neap tides penumbra path of totality Total eclipse solar eclipse Photosphere chromosphere corona perihelion Prominence aphelion diamond-ring effect annular eclipse Perigee apogee Sidereal period node Synodic period Saros cycle Uniform circular motion Geocentric universe Parallax (p) theory ellipse semimajor axis, eccentricity, retrograde motion Epicycle Deferent Equant archaeoastronomy Eccentric natural law theory Heliocentric universe Paradigm natural motion geosynchronous satellite Violent motion center of mass Acceleration of gravity closed orbit Momentum escape velocity Mass open orbit Acceleration angular momentum Velocity energy Inverse square law joule (J) Kirchhoff’s laws Spectral class or type Spectral sequence L dwarf T dwarf Doppler effect Blue shift Red shift Granulation Convection Supergranule Limb Limb darkening Transition region Filtergram Spicule Coronagraph Solar wind Sunspot Babock model Prominence Filament Flare Aurora Coronal hole Coronal mass ejection (CME) Weak force Strong force Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Neutrino Black hole event horizon giant molecular cloud Helium flash main sequence Planetary nebula protostar Shell burning subgiant Supergiant supernova White dwarf Nova Supernova Planetary nebula Black dwarf Chandrasekhar limit Supernova remnant Synchrotron radiation Galaxy Galactic disk Galactic bulge Galactic center Period-luminosity relationship Spiral arms Dpiral density Dark halo Dark matter neutron star red giant stellar nucleosynthesis T-Tauri neutron star pulsar singularity black hole event horizon Schwarzchild radius (Rs) Hubble classification scheme Barred spiral galaxies Elliptical galaxies SO and SBO galaxies Irregular galaxies Local group Galaxy clusters Hubble’s Law Seyfert galaxy Chapter 1 Locate sky objects by their right ascension and declination on the celestial sphere. Identify some bright stars and constellations visible each season. Explain why the stars appear to move along arcs in the sky during the night. Explain why some different constellations appear in the sky each season. Explain the apparent daily and annual motions of the Sun. Define the zodiac. Describe how the starry sky looks when viewed from different latitudes on Earth. Define a sidereal day and a solar day, and explain why they differ. Explain how astronomers classify objects according to their apparent brightness(magnitude) Explain why the polestar and the location of the vernal equinox change over a period of thousands of years. Chapter 8 Explain the Moon’s appearance and apparent motions in the sky. Compare the Moon and Earth in diameter, mass, average density, and surface gravity. Describe the general surface features of the Moon. Compare and contrast the Moon and Earth with respect to geological activity and erosion of surface features. Outline a hypothesis of the origin of the Moon that is consistent with observations. Explain the probable origin of lunar craters and maria. Give the current model of the Moon’s internal structure. Describe the relative positions of Earth, Moon, and Sun during a solar eclipse and a lunar eclipse. Chapter 2 Relate how some ancient civilizations attempted to explain the heavens in terms of earth-centered models of the universe. Summarize the role of renaissance science in the history of astronomy. .Explain how the observed motions of the planets led to our modern view of a sun-centered solar system. Sketch the major contributions of Galileo and Kepler to the development of our understanding of the solar system. State Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. Explain how Kepler’s laws enable us to construct a scale model of the solar system, and explain the technique used to determine the actual size of the planetary orbs. State Newton’s laws of motion and universal gravitation and explain how they account for Kepler’s laws. Explain how the law of gravitation enables us to measure the masses of astronomical bodies. Chapter 3 & 4 Discuss the nature of electromagnetic radiation, and tell how that radiation transfers energy and information through interstellar space. List the major regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and explain how the properties of the Earth’s atmosphere affect our ability to make astronomical observations at different wavelengths. Explain what is meant by the term ”black body” radiation” and describe the basic properties of such radiation. Tell how we can determine the temperature of an object by observing the radiation that it emits. Show how the relative motion of a source of radiation and its observer can change the perceived wavelength of the radiation, and explain the importance of this phenomenon to astronomy. Describe the characteristics of continuous, emission and absorption spectra and the conditions under which each is produced. Explain the relation between emission and absorption lines and what we can learn from these lines. Specify the basic components of the atom and describe our modern conception of its structure. Explain how electron transitions within atoms produce unique emission and absorption features in the spectra of those atoms. Describe the general features of the spectra produced by molecules. List and explain the kinds of information that can be obtained by analyzing the spectra of astronomical objects. Chapter 16 Summarize the overall properties of the Sun. Explain how energy travels from the solar core, through the interior, and out into space. Name the Sun’s outer layers and describe what those layers tell us about the sun’s surface. Discuss the nature of the Sun’s magnetic field and its relationship to the various types of solar activity. Outline the process by which energy is produced in the Sun’s interior. Sketch the structure of the Sun and identify the corona, chromosphere, photosphere, convection zone, radiation zone and core. Describe the Sun’s rotation and magnetic field. Describe the origin, properties and cyclic nature of sunspots, and explain how sunspot variations are related to solar activity. Compare and contrast the origin and nature of solar granules, faculae, plages, flares, and prominences. Describe the origin and nature of the solar wind. Outline the goal and results of the solar neutrino experiments. Chapter 17,18,19,20 Define stellar evolution. List the stages in the life cycle of a star like our Sun according to the modern theory of stellar evolution. Explain the importance of the H-R diagram to theories of stellar evolution. Explain the relation between a star’s age and its position on the H-R diagram. List the main steps in the birth of a star. Describe the energy balance and pressure balance in main sequence stars. Describe the origins of the different chemical elements and the importance of supernovas to new generations of stars. Explain how the process of star formation depends on stellar mass. Explain why stars evolve off the main sequence. Chapter 21 and 22 Describe the two types of supernova, and explain how each is produced. Describe the properties of neutron stars and explain how these strange objects are formed. Explain the nature and origin of pulsars, and account for their characteristic radiation. List and explain some of the observable properties of neutron-star binary systems. Describe how black holes are formed, and discuss their effects on matter and radiation in their vicinity. Relate the phenomena that occur near black holes to the warping of space around them. Discuss some of the ways in which the presence of a black hole might be detected Chapter 23 & 24 Describe the overall structure of the Milky Way Galaxy, and specify how the various regions differ from one another. Explain the importance of variable stars in determinig the size and shape of our Galaxy. Describe the orbital paths of stars in different regions of the Galaxy, and explain how these motions are accounted for by our understanding of how the Galaxy formed. Discuss some possible explanations for the existence of the spiral arms observed in our own and many other galaxies. Describe the basic properties of normal galaxies. Describe how galaxies are observed to clump into clusters. State Hubble’s law and explain how it is used to derive distances to the most remote objects in the observable universe. Specify the basic differences between active and normal galaxies. Describe some important features of active galaxies..