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Pope John Paul II High School
Study Guide First Semester Exam
Sophomore English
Vocabulary:
 Study Definitions, Synonyms, and Parts of Speech for words in Units 1-6.
 Use returned tests to help you study.
 Use www.vocabtest.com and www.vocabularyworkshop.com to help you
study.
o Focus on definitions you missed on your test.
 Create Flash Cards on Quizlet.
Literary Terms/ Poetic Devices: Know definitions for the following:
alliteration
assonance
mood
point of view
metaphor
inference
simile
theme
caesura
tone
kenning
apostrophe*
bard
allusion
in medias res

The apostrophe mentioned here is a literary device (Direct Address of an
inanimate object or of someone who is no longer living. Do not confuse it
with the punctuation which is also named apostrophe used in possessive
nouns and contractions: boy’s coat / can’t

Create Flash cards for these terms on Quizlet.
Writing:
 Revising, Proofreading/Editing in Essays
o Revising and Editing questions will include the following:
 Addition of words and phrases
 Subject/Verb Agreement
 Correct Verb Tense
 Order of sentences and/or paragraphs
 Correct Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement
 Appositives / Appositive Phrases
 Correct Use of First, Second, Third Person Point of View
Literature: Epic Poetry
 The Epic of Gilgamesh
 The Iliad – Books I and VI only
 Beowulf
o Review all online resources – powerpoints, videos, notes, handouts
o Review the name of all characters and their relationship to other
characters
o Review all returned tests
o Review all handouts
o Create Flashcards for yourself on Quizlet.com by setting up a free
account.
o Review notes posted on mrs-sullivan.com under the heading
Literature.
Short Stories
 “The Fisherman and the Jinnee”
 “The Gift of the Magi”
o Review returned tests – correct your answers.
o Review handouts.
o Review Study and Directed Reading Questions
o Know Point of View
 Literature Terms to Review: Be prepared to identify these in
the literature questions presented on the exam.
 irony
 hero
 quest
folk tale
in medias res
point of view
paraphrase
Epic Poem
invocation
Muse
theme
summary
Grammar:
 Introductory phrases and clauses
 Introductory clauses in sentences

After we eat dinner, we will have dessert.
o Notice the introductory clause (a subordinate
clause) starts with the subordinate
conjunction “After.”
 Subordinate clause cannot stand by
themselves as sentences.
o Notice the comma after the introductory
clause.
o Notice that there is a subject (we) and a verb
(eat) in the introductory (subordinate) clause,
o Notice that there is a subject (we) and a verb
(will have) in the independent clause.
 If we switch this sentence around, and place the independent
clause first, we do not need the comma. Look at the example
below.
Independent clause first: We will have dessert after we eat dinner. (no comma)
Subordinate clause first: After we eat dinner, we will have dessert. (comma)
 Introductory Phrases in sentences
 These can be adjectival or adverbial phrases
 They do not contain subjects or verbs
 They will begin with a preposition, a participle, a
gerund, or an infinitive.
o At school, we work hard. (notice the comma)
o In the morning, I drive to work. (comma)
o On the table, I’ll find my books. (comma)
o Do not use a comma if the sentence is turned around and the
phrase does not begin the sentence.
 We work hard at school. (no comma)
 I drive to work in the morning. (no comma)
 I’ll find my books on the table. (no comma)
 Subject/verb agreement
o Singular subject agreement
 The boy rides his bike. (Notice the “s” on end of verb)
o Plural subject agreement


The boys ride their bikes. (No “s” on end of verb)
o Notice that both of the girls had each of their
bikes stolen (two girls – plural; two bikes –
plural).
Fragments and Run-On Sentences
o Fragment: studying all night
 Correction: Add a subject – The students were studying all
night.
o Run-On: We went to the store, we didn’t have enough money.
 Correction: Add correct punctuation and/or conjunctions.
 We went to the store, but we did not have enough money.
(Added a coordinating conjunction turning sentence into a



compound sentence which has two independent clauses
connected by the conjunction “and” plus a comma).
We went to the store; we didn’t have enough money. (Added
a semicolon turning the sentence into a compound
sentence).
We went to the store. We didn’t have enough money. (Added
a period and capitalized the first letter of “We” to turn the
Run-On Sentence into two separate sentences.
Although we went to the store, we didn’t have enough money.
(Added a subordinating conjunction to turn the sentence
into a Complex Sentence with one dependent clause and
one independent clause).
 Correct use of the word “seen.”

The past participle “seen” must always have a helping
verb coming before it. The helping verbs can be any of
the following depending on the tense of the verb.
o Am, is, are, was, were, been, be, being, has,
have, or had, ( also the addition of “will” for
future or future perfect tense:




will be seen
will have been seen
will had been seen
REMEMBER: The word “of” is NOT a verb. It is a
preposition and cannot be used as a verb. There is
no such verb phrase as “would of.” Using these two
words together will always be incorrect.
 Correct pronoun usage

Pronouns
 First person/ subjective:
o I, we (Use in the subject position)
 My friends and I chatted online.
 (friends, I are subjects)
 Notice how the two subjects
come at the beginning of the
sentence.
 Second person
o You, your
o Use you, your, yours, and yourself when writing
dialogue, letters, or diaries. Do not use second
person pronouns when writing essays,
paragraphs, or sentences unless you are writing
dialogue using quotation marks.

Third person/objective
o Her, him, them (Never use in the subject
position)
 I gave him some money. (indirect
object)
 Notice how “him” comes after
the verb and WILL NEVER
START THE SENTENCE.
 The subject is “I” and the verb
is “gave.”
 She gave them to Susie.
 Notice how “them” comes after
the verb and WILL NEVER
START THE SENTENCE.
 The subject is “She” and the
verb is “gave.” “to Susie” is a
prepositional phrase.
 Correct Use of the Pronoun “THEM”

THE WORD THEM WILL NEVER HAVE A
NOUN FOLLOWING IT.
o Correct:
o Incorrect :
o Correct:

I like them.
I like them flowers.
I like those flowers
Know the difference between the following words:
than / then
to /two/ too
accept / except
affect / effect
your /you’re
there/ their / they’re
a lot / allot
of / have