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Chapter 6: Chemistry in Biology Biology Section 1: Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Atoms: __________ are the building blocks of matter __________ are positively charged particles. __________ are particles that have no charge. __________ are negatively charged particles that are located outside the __________. Elements: An __________ is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means. The Periodic Table of Elements: __________: Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but have a different number of neutrons. Radioactive Isotopes: __________: A pure substance formed when two or more different elements combine. Chemical Bonds: __________ __________ 1. Chemical bond that forms when electrons are shared. 2. A __________ is a compound in which the atoms are held together by covalent bonds. __________ __________ 1. Electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms. 2. 3. 4. 5. __________ __________ __________ __________: When molecules come close together, the attractive forces between slightly positive and negative regions pull on the molecules and hold them together. Reactants and Products: A __________ __________ is the process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances. Section 2: Chemical Reactions Chemical Equations: __________ are the starting substances, on the left side of the arrow. __________ are the substances formed during the reaction, on the right side of the arrow. REACTANTS → PRODUCTS C6 H12O6 O2 CO2 H 2 O Balanced Equations: Energy of Reactions: The __________ __________ is the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction. Enzymes: A __________ is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. __________ are biological catalysts. The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called __________. The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the __________ __________. Section 3: Water and Solutions Water’s Polarity: Molecules that have unequal distribution of charges are called __________ __________. A __________ __________ is a weak interaction involving a hydrogen atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom. Homogenous Mixtures: A __________ is a substance in which another substance is dissolved. A __________ is the substance that is dissolved in the solvent. Heterogenous Mixtures: Acids and Bases: Substances that release hydrogen ions ( H ) when dissolved in water are called __________. Substances that release hydroxide ions ( OH ) when dissolved in water are called __________. pH and Buffers: The measure of concentration of H in a solution is called __________. __________ are mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range. Section 4: The Building Blocks of Life Organic Chemistry: Macromolecules: __________ are large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together. __________ are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds. Carbohydrates: Lipids: Proteins: __________ __________ are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur. __________ __________ are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information. Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called __________, composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and hydrogen atoms.