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Review Sheet for Test 3
Anthropology 2351
Chapter 7
1.
Clay tokens with icons on them are considered a precursor to writing developed 8000-7500 B.C.
2.
Cuneiform writing (its significance) and its date of development (3200 B.C.)
3.
Monogenetic theory (its meaning)
4.
Recent evidence suggests that there are multiple origins for writing
5.
Pictograms
6.
Language
7.
Call systems
8.
Primates use calls that are automatic and can’t be combined (example: food and danger)
9.
Displacement
10. Language is composed of 2 systems (1. Sound, 2. Meaning)
11. Language is arbitrary (we cannot predict exactly which SPECIFIC features that we will find in a
particular language)
12. Linguistic Universals
13. Wardhaugh claims that the primary purpose of writing is to lend some kind of permanence to the
spoken language not to limit the spoken language in any way
14. Language is a symbolic system in which words are associated with objects
15. Sapir’s 2 readily isolable patterns of meaning (reference, expression—and meanings)
16. Hockett’s 16 design features of language (and meanings)
17. Gestures (emblems, illustrators and Butterworths and meanings)
18. Proxemics (5 features)
19. Kinesics
20. Birdwhistle’s tertiary sexual attributes
21. Choreometrics and 2 torso movements
22. Phonology
23. Morphology
24. Lexicon
25. Syntax
26. Phoneme
27. Phonetics
28. Phonemics
29. Cognitive Revolution (and that it unseated behaviorism)
30. Universal Grammar
31. Linguistic determinism
32. Linguistic relativism
33. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
34. Focal Vocabulary
35. Semantics
36. Ethnosemantics
37. Sociolinguistics
38. Variation within a language at a given time is historic change in progress
39. Heider states that language is the single most important feature of cultural identity and that the
language an individual speaks identifies the individual and his/her group more definitively than any
other cultural trait
40. Style shifts
41. Diglossia
42. Linguistic relativity
43. Symbolic capital
44. Social capital
45. Ong sees a Euroamerican hegemony that determines and judges the signs and forms of metropolitan
status and glamour in the U.S.
46. Ong notes that as an ideological system of taste and prestige, symbolic capital reproduces the
established social order and conceals relations of domination
47. Historical linguistics
48. Daughter languages
49. Protolanguage
50. The Stammbaum model of genetic relationships between languages (or “family tree”)
51. 2 difficulties with the Stammbaum model
52. Wellentheorie or “wave theory”
53. The problem with Wellentheorie
54. Kurath’s 3 dialects of Texas
Chapter 8
1.
Adaptive strategy
2.
Cohens 5 adaptive strategies
3.
Problems with Cohen’s system (most people use mixed production strategies, each grouping contains a
wide range of cultures)
4.
Foraging
5.
Up to 10000 years ago people were foragers (the Agricultural Revolution changed this)
6.
The main difference between foragers and agriculturalists is whether food is wild (foragers) or
domesticated (agriculture)
7.
Wenke’s 3 characteristics of foragers that store foods (usually normative for agricultural societies)
8.
Foragers often live in bands (often a small group less than 100 people)
9.
Foragers are mobile
10. Bands are exogamous
11. Most foraging societies are egalitarian (contrasts in prestige are minor)
12. Horticulture
13. Vegeculture
14. Heider’s 3 subdivisions of horticulture
15. Slash and burn (swidden) horticulture allows for the clearing of land, killing of pests, use of ash to
enrich the soil
16. Shifting cultivation
17. Despite the appearance of shifting from plot to plot, sedentarism (settlement into villages) can occur
with horticulture
18. Cultivation continuum
19. Sectorial fallowing
20. Heider’s 8 characteristics of swidden agriculture
21. Heider’s 8 characteristics of Horticulture
22. Heider’s 8 characteristics of agriculture
23. Monoculture
24. Cash cropping
25. Irrigation
26. Terracing (and advantages, disadvantages—notes)
27. Intensive agriculture problems (3 of them)
28. Heider claims by 2500 B.C. all large mammals capable of domesticated (for agriculture) were
domesticated
29. Some areas of the world did not have large animals capable of being domesticated and in the Americas
this prevented the rise of intensive agriculture (until the Europeans brought horses and cattle)
30. Agriculture requires more labor than horticulture
31. Flannery’s “third choice” foods and their significance
32. Wenke claims that all of the major civilizations throughout history have been based on the cultivation
of 6 plant species (name them)
33. A problem with domestication is that plants and animals can become less fit for survival
34. The most important thing about agriculture is that the production of food is_______ and_______
allowing populations to rise and the formation of sedentary communities and, ultimately state level
societies
35. Pastoralists
36. 2 types of movement in pastoralism (nomadism, transhumance)
37. economy
38. mode of production
39. Durkheim’s idea of mechanical and organic solidarity
40. The 3 factors of production (land, labor, technology) and how they function in non-industrial versus
industrial societies
41. Alienation
42. 2 main questions that concern economic anthropologists
43. Economizing
44. Subsistence fund
45. Replacement fund
46. Social fund
47. Ceremonial fund
48. Rent fund
49. Market principle
50. Redistribution
51. Reciprocity
52. Generalized reciprocity (and 2 types from notes)
53. Balanced reciprocity (and 2 types from notes)
54. Negative reciprocity
55. A potlatch is an example of a economically irrational behavior (giving items away to gain prestige),
but is an example of the idea of social capital
56. Social refrigerator
Chapter 9
1. Political anthropology did not really start until after World War II
2.
Lewellen’s 8 major thrusts of political anthropology
3.
Thompson and Hickey’s “Structural-Functionalist” definition
4.
Action theory
5.
Conflict theory
6.
Power
7.
Authority
8.
Power + Legitimacy = Authority
9.
Service’s 4 types or levels of political organization
10. 3 characteristics of uncentralized political systems
11. 3 characteristics of centralized political systems
12. There is still disagreement on the general size of bands today (despite the 1965 conference)—usually
less than
13. Modern bands (marginal environments unable to support pastoralism) may not be representative of
archaic bands because prehistoric bands lived in much richer environments
14. Shamanism
15. Heider’s tribe size
16. Helm’s three objections to the idea of tribe
17. Lewellen’s 2 reasons for the use of tribe
18. Pantribal sodalities
19. Voluntary associations
20. Age grades
21. Heider’s Chiefdom size
22. A chiefdom passes a tribe in 2 ways
23. A chiefdom has a more permanent power structure than a tribe (chiefs have access to coercion)
24. Many scholars believed that the village farming way of life combined with the rise in cultural
complexity to account for the rise of the state (slightly erroneous)
25. Lewellen notes a 4 factor multi-causal model for the rise of the state
26. Kottak notes that the presence and acceptance of stratification is one of the key features in the state
27. Weber’s 3 related aspects of stratification
28. Wenke claims that early states formed essentially in at least 6 areas of the ancient world (name them)
29. Heider and state size
30. Cohen claims that the state is more permanent than a chiefdom
31. Kornblum’s definition of bureaucracy
32. Weber’s 6 typical aspects of bureaucratic organization
33. Wright and Johnson see the state as having at least 3 levels of decision making (do not name levels)
34. 6 potential flaws in Service’s typology
Service’s 4 types of political organization--attributes
Groups
BANDS
TRIBES
CHIEFDOMS
STATES
Subsistence Type
Hunting and
Gathering
Informal or
Situational
Extensive
Agriculture and
intensive fishing
Charismatic Chief
with limited power
Intensive
Agriculture
Leadership Type
Importance of
Kinship (Type)
Bilateral, used in
different ways
depending on the
band
Extensive
Horticulture and
Pastoralism
Charismatic
Headmen with no
power, but some
authority in group
decision making
Unilineal; may
form the basic
structure of society
Unilineal, some
Bilateral; descent
groups are ranked
in status
Major means of
social integration
Marriage alliances
unite large groups;
bands united by
kinship and family
Pantribal sodalities
based on kinship,
voluntary
associations and/or
age grades
Integration through
loyalty to chief,
ranked lineages
and voluntary
associations
Political
Succession
May be hereditary
headmen; actual
leadership by those
with special
abilities
Reciprocity
(sharing)
No formal means
of succession
Social
Stratification
Ownership of
Property
Egalitarian
Egalitarian
Little or no sense
of personal
ownership
Communal
(lineage or clan)
Law and
Legitimate Control
of Force
No formal laws or
punishments; right
to use of force is
communal
No religious
priesthood or full
time specialists;
shamanistic
No formal laws;
right to use force
belongs to lineage,
clan or association
Shamanistic; focus
on rites of passage
Chief’s position
not directly
inherited, but must
come from a high
ranking lineage
Redistribution
through the chief;
reciprocity at
lower levels
Rank (individual
and lineage)
Land communally
owned by lineage
(also strong sense
of personal
ownership)
Informal laws;
chief has limited
access to coercion
State demands
supra kinship
loyalty; power
based on ranked
kin groups
(unilineal or
bilateral)
State level
supercedes all
lower loyalties;
integration through
commerce and
specialization of
function
Direct hereditary
succession of
sovereign;
appointment of
bureaucrats
Redistribution
based on formal
tribute or taxation
Major Types of
Economic
Exchange
Religion
Reciprocity; trade
with other bands
Formative formal
priesthood,
hierarchical
Sovereign leader,
supported by an
aristocratic
bureaucracy
Classes
Private and state
ownership
increases at the
expense of
communal owners
Formal laws and
punishments; state
has legitimate right
to physical force
Full time
priesthood