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History of the Horticultural Industry • As human culture developed, it found many uses for plants: o Food o Medicine o Clothing • Gathers became cultivators approximately 10,000 years ago • Ancient Greeks o Used flowers in everyday life and mythology • Ancient Egyptians o Flowers indicated presence of a god The Science of Horticulture • As a science began in the 18th century • Botanists studied plant: o Classification o Structure o Function o Genetics o Diseases • Gardens became associated with churches and monasteries Horticulture in the New World • Influenced the establishment of the United States • Boston Tea Party – 1773 • Tea leaves from a subtropical evergreen tree or shrub • Morrill Act • Signed by Lincoln • Established Land Grant Colleges • After WWII bedding plants began to be used • Houseplants in the 1970s Classifying Plants • Vascular Plants – Ferns, trees, and flowering plants – Tubelike cells in roots, stems, and leaves to carry water • Nonvascular plants – Liverworts and mosses – Take up water by osmosis Classification by Reproduction • Seedless – such as ferns: – Produce spores • Seeded – such as trees and flowering plants – Produce seeds – Angiosperms: Produces seeds in a flower – Gymnosperm: Produces seeds in a cone Classification by Name • Common Name – Most often used • Binomial Nomenclature – Used by taxonomists – Genus: Group – Species: Individual • Example: Eastern Redbud Cercis canadensis The Horticultural Tree • Agriculture – Science, business, and art of cultivating the soil • Agronomy – Study of Field crops • Forestry – Maintenance and cultivation of forests • Botany – Study of plant life • Horticulture – Study of growing fruits, nuts, vegetables, and ornamentals Branches of Horticulture • Arboriculture – Trees and shrubs • Olericulture – Vegetables • Pomology – Fruits and Nuts • Ornamental Horticulture Ornamental Horticulture • Floriculture – Flowers, ornamental plants, and related products • Landscaping – Planning and constructing of landscapes • Nursery Production – Production, harvesting, and sale of trees and shrubs • Turf grass Production – Development of grasses for athletic fields, golf courses, parks, and cemeteries Values of Horticulture • • • • • Aesthetics/Beautification Increased economic value Continuing Education Health Promotion Leisure opportunities Standard Measures Basic Formulas: Area and Volume • Surface Area – Amount of area on the outside, top, bottom, or sides of something • Volume – Amount of space inside something Ratios • Mix Ratios – Mixing items like soil, fertilizer, and pesticides – Like quantities, i.e. gallons to gallons • Slope Ratios – Grade or incline of a physical element like a hill – Horizontal distance vs. Vertical distance