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1 เอกสารประกอบการบรรยายเรื่ อง Knowing English ตอนที่ 1 Parts of Speech ( หน้ าที่ของคา ) Parts of Speech Table function / “job” part of speech verb Action or state Noun Thing or person Adjective describes a noun Adverb describes a verb, adjective or adverb Pronoun replaces a noun Preposition links a noun to another word joins clauses or sentences or words Conjunction Interjection short exclamation, sometimes inserted into a sentence example words example sentences ( to ) be, have, do, like, work, sing, can, must pen, dog, music, work, town, Paris, teacher, John a/an, the, 89, some, good, big, red, well, interesting quickly, silently, well, badly, very, really EnglishClub.com is a web site. I like EnglishClub.com. This is my dog. He lives in my house. We live in Paris. My dog is big. I like big dogs. I, you, he, she, Some to, at, after, on, but and, but, when Oh!, ouch!, hi!, well My dog eats quickly. When he is very hungry, he eats really quickly. Tata is Thai. She is beautiful. We went to school on Monday. I like dogs and I like cats. I like cats and dogs. I like dogs but I don’t like cats. Ouch! That hurts! Hi! How are you? Well, I don’t know. Parts of Speech Examples Here are some sentences made with different English parts of speech: pronoun noun preposition adjective noun adverb She ran to the station quickly. 2 pronoun verb adjective noun conjunction pronoun verb pronoun She likes big dogs but I hate them. Here is a sentence that contains every part of speech. interjection pron. conj. adj. noun verb prep. noun adv. Well, she and young John walk to school slowly. Assignments. We We live went in to school London. on Monday. Words with More than One Job Many words in English can have more than one job, or be more than one part of speech. For example, “work” can be a verb and a noun; “but” can be a conjunction and a preposition; “well” can be an adjective, an adverb and an interjection. In addition, many nouns can act as adjectives. To analyze the part of speech, ask yourself: “What job is this word doing in this sentence?” In the table below you can see a few examples. Of course, there are more, even for some of the words in the table. In fact, if you look in a good dictionary you will see that the word but has six jobs to do: verb, noun, adverb, pronoun, preposition and conjunction! 3 word work but well afternoon part of speech noun verb conjunction preposition adjective adverb interjection noun noun acting as adjective example My work is easy. I work in London John came but Mary didn’t come. Everyone came but Mary. Are you well? She speaks well. Well! That’s expensive! We ate in the afternoon. We had afternoon tea. Interjections Hi! That's an interjection. :-) Interjection is a big name for a little Interjections like er and um are also known as word. Interjections are short "hesitation devices". They are extremely exclamations like Oh!, Um or common in English. People use them Ah! They have no real when they don't know what to say, or to grammatical value but we use indicate that they are thinking about what them quite often, usually more in to say. You should learn to recognize them speaking than in writing. When when you hear them and realize that they interjections are inserted into a have no real meaning. sentence, they have no grammatical connection to the sentence. An interjection is sometimes followed by an exclamation mark (!) when written. The table below shows some interjections with examples. interjection meaning example expressing pleasure "Ah, that feels good." expressing realization "Ah, now I understand." expressing resignation "Ah well, it can't be helped." expressing surprise "Ah! I've won!" expressing grief or pity "Alas, she's dead now." expressing pity "Oh dear! Does it hurt?" expressing surprise "Dear me! That's a surprise!" ah alas dear 4 asking for repetition "It's hot today." "Eh?" "I said it's hot today." expressing enquiry "What do you think of that, eh?" expressing surprise "Eh! Really?" inviting agreement "Let's go, eh?" er expressing hesitation "Lima is the capital of...er...Peru." hello, hullo expressing greeting "Hello John. How are you today?" expressing surprise "Hello! My car's gone!" calling attention "Hey! Look at that!" expressing surprise, joy etc "Hey! What a good idea!" hi expressing greeting "Hi! What's new?" hmm expressing hesitation, doubt or disagreement "Hmm. I'm not so sure." expressing surprise "Oh! You're here!" expressing pain "Oh! I've got a toothache." expressing pleading "Oh, please say 'yes'!" ouch expressing pain "Ouch! That hurts!" uh expressing hesitation "Uh...I don't know the answer to that." uh-huh expressing agreement "Shall we go?" "Uh-huh." um, umm expressing hesitation "85 divided by 5 is...um...17." expressing surprise "Well I never!" introducing a remark "Well, what did he say?" eh hey oh, o well Pronoun Case Pronouns (and nouns) in English display "case" according to their function in the sentence. Their function can be: subjective (they act as the subject) objective (they act as the object) possessive (they show possession of something else) 5 The following table shows the different forms for pronouns depending on case. personal pronouns objective case possessive case I me my, mine 2nd you you your, yours 3rd he she it him her it his her, hers its 1st we us our, ours 2nd you you your, yours 3rd they them their, theirs who whom whose singular 1st plural relative/interrogative pronouns subjective case whoever whomever which/that/what which/that/what indefinite pronouns everybody everybody everybody's A problem of case: Mary and I or Mary and me? 1. Mary and I are delighted to be here today. (NOT Mary and me) 2. The letter was addressed to Mary and me. (NOT Mary and I) In 1, Mary and I are subjects, which is why the pronoun takes the subjective case ("I"). In 2, Mary and I are objects, which is why the pronoun takes the objective case ("me"). An easy way to check the correct case is to try the sentence without Mary. Would you say "I am delighted to be here" or "Me am delighted to be here"? Would you say "The letter was addressed to me" or "The letter was addressed to I"? Everybody, Somebody, Anybody, Nobody That's Not My Job! This is a story about four people named Everybody, Somebody, Anybody and Nobody. There was an important job to be done and Everybody was sure that Somebody would do it. Anybody could have done it, but Nobody did it. Somebody got angry about that, because it was Everybody's job. Everybody thought Anybody could do it, but Nobody realized that Everybody wouldn't do it. It ended up that Everybody blamed Somebody when Nobody did what Anybody could have done. 6 …Word Formation… ( การสร้ างคา ) ความเข้ าใจเรื่ องการสร้ างคาช่วยเรื่ องการทาข้ อสอบคาศัพท์ ซึง่ ประกอบด้ วยหัวข้ อต่อไปนี ้ a. Suffixes -er, -or, -ness b. Prefixes in-, ex-, miss c. Roots รากศัพท์มกั มาจากภาษา ลาติน -spect, -port, -vert d. Abstract nouns excitement , generosity, wisdom e. Compound adjectives. air-conditioned, off-peak, sugar-free f. Compound nouns 1 noun + noun baby-sitter, sunglasses, junk mail g. Compound noun 2 verb + preposition cutback, turnover, outlook h. Words from other language ballerina, yoghurt, judo i. Abbreviations and acronyms UN, ID, fridge j. New words in English video, jockey, surfing the net, shopaholic Suffixes คือกลุม่ อักษรทีใ่ ส่เข้ าไปท้ ายคาเพื่อเปลีย่ นหน้ าที่ของคา บางครัง้ เปลีย่ นความหมายด้ วย a. Common noun suffixes -er ( person ) writer, painter, worker, shopper, teacher Sometimes written as -or actor, operator, sailor, supervisor -er or –or used for things ( a particular job ) pencil- sharpener, bottle-opener, grater, projector * -er person who does something employer, sender -ee person who receives or experiences the action employee, addressee - (t ) ion / -sion / -ion used to form nouns from verbs complication, pollution, reduction, alteration, donation, promotion, admission - ist ( a person ) -ism ( an activity or ideology ) for people’s politics, beliefs and ideologies Buddhist, Buddhism, Marxist, typist, physicist, terrorist * - ist also used for people who play musical instruments pianist, guitarist, violinist - ness used to make nouns from adjectives goodness, readiness, forgetfulness, happiness b. Adjective suffixes - able / -ible = can be done drinkable, washable, readable, forgivable, flexible ( can be bent ) c. Verbs ise, ( or – ize ) forms verbs from adjectives e.g. modernize ( make modern ), commercialise, industrialise d. Other suffixes that can help you to recognize the word- class - ment : ( nouns ) excitement, enjoyment, replacement - ity : ( nouns ) flexibility, productivity, scarcity - hood : ( abstract nouns esp. family term ) childhood, motherhood - ship : ( abstract nouns esp. status ) friendship, partnership, membership 7 - ive : ( adjectives ) passive, productive, active al : ( adjectives ) brutal, legal, refusal( noun ), arrival ous : ( adjectives ) delicious, outrageous, furious ful : ( adjectives) forgetful, hopeful, useful less : ( adjectives ) useless, harmless, homeless ify : ( verbs ) beautify, purify, terrify Prefixes ใส่ไว้ หน้ าคาเพื่อเปลีย่ นความหมายของคา The main prefixes used in English prefix meaning a(i) in a particular way or condition (ii) without (note different pronunciation) antiAgainst or opposed to antebefore autoself deto reverse, to alter disto reverse, to remove downto lower, to reduce dysnot regular or normal extrabeyond half one of two equal parts hyper extreme hypoless than usual, too little il-, im-, in-, irnot interintraintromegamidmisnonoveroutparapostpreproresemi- between within directed within very bit, important middle incorrectly, badly not too much go beyond / exceed (i) beyond ; (ii) similar or connected to after before in favour of again half examples (i) awake, asleep (first syllable pronounced /ә/ (ii) atypical, amoral (first syllable pronounced /еI/ ) antibiotic, anticlimax} anti-nuclear antenatal, antechamber autobiography, autograph decommission, deform, destabilize disarm, disagree, dismantle, disqualify downsize, downgrade dyslexia, dysfunctional extramural, extraordinary, extraterrestrial halfway, half-moon hyperactive, hyperinflation hypothermia, hypotension illegal, impossible, intolerant, irresponsible interactive, intercontinental, international intra-departmental, intramural introvert, introspection megabyte, megastar midday, mid-September misinterpret, misunderstand, misinform non-smoker, non-stick, non-believer overeat, overindulegent outdo, outshine, outbid (i) paranormal ; (ii) paramedic, paramilitary post-war, postpone pre-1990, predetermined, pre-set pro-Europe, pro-nationalisation reapply, refocus semicircle, semiconscious 8 subsuperteletransultraunupundervice Pseudo under, below, secondary above, beyond, escessive at a distance across extremely (i) remove ; (ii) reverse, not make higher, increase beneath, less than deputy false subway, subtitle, subzero, subnormal superstructure, superhero, supersensitive telecommunication, television, telepathy transatlantic, transmit ultralight, ultrasonic (i) undress, undo; (ii) unhappy, unlucky upgrade, uplift, upscale underworld, under-age, underestimate vice-president, viceroy Pseudo name ต่อไปนี ้เป็ นวิธีการเดาคาศัพท์โดยใช้ ความรู้เรื่ อง prefixes และ suffixes ที่พบบ่อยๆ En สามารถเป็ นได้ ทงั ้ prefix และ suffix เมื่อเติม en ข้ างหน้ าคาจะมีความหมาว่า make “ทาให้ ...” เติมข้ างท้ ายจะแปลว่า make แล้ วยังเปลีย่ นคานันไปเป็ ้ น verb อีกด้ วย en + light + en = make light = ทาให้ เกิดแสงสว่าง enrich = make rich ทาให้ ร่ ารวย enslave = make slave ทาให้ เป็ นทาส ensure = make sure ทาให้ แน่ใจ sharpen = make sharp ทาให้ แหลมคม lengthen = make longer ทาให้ ยาวขึ ้น widen = make wider ทาให้ กว้ างขึ ้น ante = before antedate = ลงวันที่กอ่ นวันจริง anti = against , antechamber = ห้ องทีอ่ ยูข่ ้ างนอกสาหรับนัง่ คอย , AmE ออกเสียงว่า “แอ๊ นไถ่” BrE ออกเสียงว่า “แอ๊ นถี่” หมายถึง ต่อต้ าน antibacterial = ต่อต้ านเชื ้อแบคทีเรี ย , anticommunist = ต่อต้ านลัทธิคอมมิวนิสต์ , antibody = ต่อต้ านเชื ้อโรคในร่างกาย, antiseptic = ต่อต้ านเชื ้อโรค ป้องกันการเน่า , antiknock = น ้ามันกันเครื่ องยนต์กระตุก , anti-aircraft = ปื นต่อสู้อากาศยาน anticlockwise = ทวนเข็มนาฬกิ า , คาอื่นๆที่พบบ่อย anni / annu = ปี aqua = water = น ้า sub = under = ใต้ anniversary = ครบรอบปี annual = ประจาปี aquamarine = น ้าทะเล, submarine = ใต้ ทะเล, subconscious = จิตใต้ สานึก aquarium = พิพิธพันธ์สตั ว์ทะเล subway = รถไฟใต้ ดิน, 9 astro = star = ดวงดาว astrology = study of star การศึกษาเกี่ยวกับดวงดาว หรือวิชาโหราศาสตร์ astronomy = วิชาดาราศาสตร์ , audi = hear = ได้ ยิน, ฟัง astronaut = นักบินอวกาศ auditorium = ห้ องประชุม, audio = ฟัง, audible = ฟัง, ได้ ยิน auditory = โสตประสาท auto = self = ด้ วยตนเอง autobiography = อัตชีวประวัติ, automotive = เคลื่อนไหวด้ วยเครื่องจักร automat = เครื่องขายอาหารอัตโนมัติ de = ออกจาก หรือ หมด ไป detrain = ลงจากรถไฟ , decode= ถอดรหัส, defrost = ละลายน ้าแข็ง ex = out = ออก ex = previous = เดิม,ก่อนหน้ านัน้ มักใช้ กบั คนหรือตาแหน่ง, อาชีพ และต้ องเป็ นคนที่ยงั มีชีวิต , exit = ทางออก , export = ส่งออก, ex - president = ประธานาธิบดีคนก่อน , ex – teacher ครูคนก่อน = , ex – husband = สามีเก่า, ex – wife = ภรรยาเก่า Roots A. Many words are from Latin roots. Here are some examples. SPECT = see, look You should respect your parents. respect = look up to The police suspected he was guilty but they had no proof. suspect = had a feeling Many pioneers traveled west in America to prospect for gold. prospect = search VERT = turn Missionaries went to Africa to convert people to Christianity. (change beliefs) PRESS = press, push This weather depresses me. ( make me feel miserable ) POSE, PONE = place, put The meeting has been postponed until next week. ( changed to a later date ) B. All the verbs listed, there is at least one noun and adjective as well. Verb inspect advertise compose introduce person noun adjective abstract noun inspector advertiser composer introducer inspecting advertising composite introductory inspection advertisement composition introduction Abstract nouns คำนำมที่จับต้ องไม่ ได้ A. An abstract noun represents an idea, experience or quality rather than an object that you can touch. For example, happiness, intention, shock. B. Certain suffixes are used frequently in abstract noun. The most common are – ment, -ion, -ness. C. Less common suffixes that form abstract nouns are –ship, -dom, - th and –hood 10 Here are some examples: Apprenticeship boredom Ownership martyrdom breadth strength adulthood motherhood D. Many abstract nouns do not use any suffixes at all. Here are some examples. anger belief calm chance faith fear humour idea Compound adjectives คำที่นำมำผสมกันแล้ วใช้ แบบ adjective a. Written with a hyphen, its meaning is clear from the words it combines. e.g. well-dressed never-ending shocking-pink b. Describing personal appearance Tom was a curly-haired, sun-tanned, blue-eyed, rosy-cheeked, thin-lipped, broad-shouldered, left-handed, slim-hipped, long-legged, flat-footed, young man, wearing an open-necked shirt, brand- new, tight-fitting jeans and opentoed sandals. c. Describing a person’s character. Melissa was absent-minded( forgetful), easy-going( relaxed ), goodtempered ( cheerful), warm-hearted( kind ), and quick- witted( intelligent),if perhaps a little big-headed( proud of herself),two-faced( hypocritical), selfcentred ( egotistical), and stuck-up( snobbish) at times, d. Special group has a prep. in its second part. all-out = หมดแรง ผิดหมด , built-up = กำรสะสม , well-off = มั่งคั่ง , hard-up = หมดเงิน , worn-out = กร่ อน , run-down = ตำมจนพบ,หมดลำน,เพลีย e. Compound adjectives+ typical nouns e.g. air – conditioned rooms duty – free cigarettes hand – made clothes bullet – proof windows part – time job world – famous film star f. You can vary the compound adjectives listed by changing one part of the adjective Curly – haired long – haired straight – haired red – haired First – hand ( knowledge) first – class ( ticket) first – born ( child) Compound nouns คาประสม ( 1 ) เกิดจาก noun + noun A. A fixed expression, made up of more than one word and function as a noun. = 2 nouns address book human being science fiction B. Written as 2 words tin opener , bank account, baby – sitter sometimes written in 1 word : pedestrian crossing, earring pen – name , trademark C. Main stress on first part ( sometimes on second part. ) Main stress underlined. alarm clock answering machine blood donor book token 11 bus stop steering wheel contact lens tea-bag credit card windscreen wiper D. Uncount. compound nouns , air-traffic control birth control computer technology cotton wool data-processing hay fever income tax junk food pocket money Compound noun : singular only. arms race brain drain generation gap global warming mother- tongue welfare state Compound noun : plural only grass roots human rights luxury goods race relations road works traffic lights heart attack youth hostel blood pressure food poisoning mail order death penalty greenhouse effect kitchen scissors sunglasses Compound nouns (2) เกิดจำก verb = preposition คานามผสมชุดนี ้มีรากฐานมาจาก phrasal verb walk – out = strike = ประท้ วง , break – down = escape = หนี break – up = collapse = เลิกล้ ม , ควา่ คานามผสมชุดนี ้เกี่ยวเนื่องกับ technology input = information that is put in, output = production, printout = paper on which computer information has been printed Words from other languages Words from Greece : drama, hippopotamus, psychology, synonym, theory Words from German : frankfurter, hamburger, kindergarten, poodle, waltz Words from Finland: sauna Words from France: boutique, chauffeur, coup, cliché, cuisine, elite, gateau, au pair, a la carte, RSVP = Repondez, s’il vous plait. Words from Holland: cruise, tattoo, yacht, Words from Norway: fjord, ski Words from Spain: embargo, guerrilla, junta, macho, mosquito, patio Words from Portugal: cobra, dodo, marmalade Words from Russia: mammoth, tsar, tundra, sputnik 12 Abbreviations and acronyms Read as individual letters. WHO, ID, BBC, GMO, IRA, UN, PM, MP NOTE ถ้ ำ abbre. เป็ นคาสาคัญในประโยค ต้ องลงเสียง Stress ที่ last letter เช่ น She works for the CIA. I heard it on the BBC. Acronyms = Some abbreviations are read as words. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries pronounced as the full words* etc. = et cetera, PTO = please turn over, NB = nota bene ( by Ms. Rabiab Santatiwongchai, FLD.Samutprakan School) Self Practice! Exercise 1: Add a prefix or suffix from the list to the word in each sentence. un- , dis- , mis- , in- , im- a) I didn't read all of the books because I found it... uninteresting. b) Cycling to school has one ................advantage. It makes you feel hot and sweaty. c) Paula had a ticket for the theatre, but ............... fortunately she fell ill that night. d) Terry can't stand waiting in queues, because she is very ................patient. c) My brothers always ................appear when it's time to do the washing-up. f) My teacher underlined the word in red because it was .................correct. g) After Jack lost his job, he was ................employed for three months. h) I'm sorry, but I completely ..............agree with you. I think it was a great film. 1) Because of a ................understanding half the class went to the wrong classroom. j) Ann felt really ...............appointed when she didn't get the job. out- , over- , under- , inter- , re- a) My alarm clock didn't go off, and so I ....overslept this morning. b) Peter packed some shirts and socks, some ...............wear, and his jeans. 13 c) You have to go to the ...............national airport to catch a plane to the USA. d) It's very cold this morning, so wear your ...............coat. e) Helen decided to ...............line all the important words in her French book. f) Our team was completely ...............played by the team from Wales. g) I've decided to ...............write my letter, because 1 made too many mistakes. h) Bill ...............cooked the meat, and it was burnt in places. i) 1 have to go to the library today and ...............new my ticket. j) The staff went on strike because they were ...............paid and overworked. -er , -let , -ess , -hood , -ship , -ful , -ery a) After two years of friendship........, Kate got to know David really well. b) If you don't speak the language you feel more like a foreign............ . c) Sarah spent a very happy child............ on a small island. d) I asked a steward............ what time the plane arrived, but she didn't know. e) Every teenage............ knows that parents worry a lot. f) Don't forget to add a spoon............ of sugar, and some milk. g) We live in a beautiful neighbour............ on the outskirts of the city. h) Tina picked up a hand............ of snow, and threw it in my face. i) Under the floor there was a rumbling sound of machine............ . j) The college sent Sue a small book............ describing its courses. -ful , -less , -ly , -like , -y , -ish , -ic , -al , -ous a) On rainy.... days, we spend a lot of time indoors watching television. b) The mystery creature has a long snake............ body, and six legs. c) Paul received most of his music............ education from his mother. d) The government is going to provide more houses for home............ people. c) Mary's mother............ qualities made her a favourite with the children. 14 f) This road is extremely danger............ when the weather is bad. g) We didn't have any difficult............ in finding your house. h) It was very fool............ of you to leave all the doors and windows open. i) Everyone thanked the fire-fighters for their hero............ efforts. j) Lisa's party was the most success............ she had ever had. Exercise 2: Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given. 1) It's.......unusually.......cold today, considering it's still summer. usual 2) Actually I found Tony's book was ..............................interesting. surprise 3) .............................., my father used to go to school with your father. interest 4) The police managed ..............................to find the missing children. success 5) Jean's compositions are always ..............................written. beautiful 6) I am ..............................ashamed of your behaviour! thorough 7) This question is ..............................difficult, isn't it! awful 8) Mike tried ..............................to phone Cathy several times. success 9) These instructions seem ..............................complicated. necessary 10) Someone had ..............................left the front door open. obvious 11) There are over one million .....inhabitant....in this city. inhabit 12) Greg often suffers from ..............................in the school holidays. bore 13) This is the tallest ..............................in the whole of the country. build 14) Some students can't find suitable .............................. . accommodate 15) I was upset by Carol's ..............................to help me. refuse 16) It took Tim years to become a successful .............................. . act 17) Every ..............................in this company has received a pay rise. employ 18) You need a lot of ..............................to write a good story. imagine 15 19) Don't forget to turn off the ..............................before you leave. cook 20) I read an interesting ..............................in the local paper. advertise 21) I can't sit on this chair. It's really uncomfortable........ . comfort 22) Ann has left home and is in.............................. of her parents. depend 23) These old envelopes are re.............................. so we can save money. use 24) Not being chosen for the team was a great dis.............................. . appoint 25) Maria and Louis have a really good .............................. . relate 26) Being un.............................. means that you share with others. self 27) Not taking exercise is rather un.............................. . health 28) David has a really un.............................. temper, and gets angry easily. control 29) These trousers won't get smaller. They're un.............................. . shrink 30) They didn't give Gary the job as he was in.............................. . experience 31) Harry asked for a ......receipt..... and the cashier gave him one. receive 32) Nina wants to be a ..............................and join the government. politics 33) No one knows the exact ..............................of the water here. deep 34) You have to have a lot of ..............................to go fishing. patient 35) ..............................is a serious matter, and you have to think about it. marry 36) Tom sent in his ..............................for the job the next day. apply 37) Helen's mind is filled with all kinds of unusual .............................. . know 38) There was no ..............................for the crash of the airliner. explain 39) The ..............................of the diamonds baffled the police. thief 40) Most people have no real ..............................in ghosts. believe 41) Tina had no ..............................that anything was wrong. suspect 42) We measured the ..............................of the room with a ruler. long 43) Our teacher was really .............................. when she found out. anger 16 44) George won a medal for .............................. . brave 45) Looking in the mirror too much is an example of .............................. . vain 46) Do you think you have the ..............................to pass the test? able 47) Eddie put the ..............................food in the freezer. freeze 48) Sheila has got the right ..............................for the job. qualify 49) Nowadays it is very important to get a good .............................. . educate 50) According to the .............................., the French lesson starts at ten. time 51) Helen has become a .............................. businesswoman. succeed 52) Margaret has decided to have a career as a .............................. . politics 53) Every ..............................in this country has the right to vote. city 54) Eric studied hard to become a rock .............................. . guitar 55) After the crash, Carla was the only .............................. . survive 56) David’s mother is a famous .............................. . science 57) At nineteen, Tony became a professional .............................. . crime 58) The ..............................of our plane has been delayed. depart 59) Jack was my ..............................in the tennis match. oppose 60) The clerk asked me if I had made a .............................. . reserve Prepared by Kru Panida 17 …Idioms… Idioms คือกลุม่ คาที่ประกอบกันเป็ นสานวน มีความหมายเฉพาะ ไม่สามารถแปลแยกเป็ นคาๆได้ เช่น To feel under the weather = to feel unwell คาแต่ละคาไม่เกี่ยวกับความไม่สบายใจเลย * ข้ อควรระวังของการใช้ idiom คือ idiom ค่อนข้ าง informal บางครัง้ humorous and ironic Never use them just to sound ‘ fluent’ or ‘good at English’ In a formal situation with a person you do not know, don’t say, ‘How do you do, Mrs. Watson. Do take the weight off your feet.’ ( sit down.) ( from English Vocabulary in use by Michael McCarthy & Felicity O’Dell) Idiom มักสัมพันธ์กบ ั สิง่ ใกล้ ตวั เช่น ร่างกาย give a hand = help someone to do something heart of gold = very kind, generous สัตว์ dog days = very hot days เสื ้อผ้ า fit like a glove = tight to one body สี in the red = in debt อาหาร bread and butter = necessities สิง่ แวดล้ อม quick as a lightning = very fast กีฬา not up to par = not good enough for job / situation Examples I can give you a hand when you move if you like. I sleep in the basement during the dog days of August. I’ll keep an eye on the dinner when you are on the phone. Keiko hasn’t worked a day in her life. She was born with a spoon in her mouth. Wow! Your shower is as quick as a lightning. If you have studied hard, you will find that the tests are a piece of cake. It’s time to hit a hay. ( It’s bed time.) Slowly but surely, I realized the boat was sinking. ( gradually ) I think we should make a move. It’s gone ten o’clock. ( go / leave ) 18 Similes (สิ-มิ-ลี ) เป็ น idioms ด้ วยโดยเปรี บยเทียบ as …..as และ like ......ราวกับ...... as blind as a bat = as heavy as lead / led / = as quiet as a mouse = as light as a feather = as good as gold = as easy as falling of a log = as white as snow = as white as a sheet sleep like a log have an eye like a hawk **** ถ้ าจะอ่านเพิม่ ให้ อา่ นคอลัมน์ Horoscope ในหนังสือพิมพ์ภาษาอังกฤษ **** Capricon ( 21.12 -19.1 ) Don’t get carry away by promises that won’t be kept. Keep a cool head and take everything as it comes. Get carries away = be fooled keep a cool head = stay calm ********************* Idioms Quiz 1. If you take a short nap after dinner, you might …………….. a. be neck and neck c. get a second wind b. hit below the belt d. learn the ropes 2. I’m sorry we couldn’t hire your friend. She just is ……. a. blind sided c. a front runner b. no sweat d. not up to par 3. My face goes __________when I’m embarrassed. a. green with envy c. beet red b. golden d. silver 4. When you have to blues, you feel_______ a. sick c. depressed b. hungry d. silly 5. Did you want to hear a _______? a. cheddar c. cheese b. cheesy d. chaser 6. I always feel better after _____ a. an eager beaver c. a cat nap b. a beeline d. a dog house 19 7. If you want Lisa to date you, you’re going to have to _____ a. hear it from the horse’s mouth c. take the bull by the horns b. kill two birds with one stone d. get the cat cat’s tongue 8. Business has been going ___ ever since the bad weather started. a. underwater c. underground b. downhill d. riverside 9. All weekends I like to drink wine and _____. a. get a head start c. get off my chest b. keep an eye on d. let my hand down 10. I wish I knew his phone number by ____. a. mind c. heart b. nose d. eyes ********************** Prepared by Kru Rabiab 20 ...Phrasal or multi-word verbs… Explanations Phrasal verbs: use The term phrasal verb is used here for verbs followed by one or more prepositions. They are also called multi-word verbs. The meaning cannot usually be guessed from the meaning of the verb on its own. These verbs are common in informal writing and speech, but many are used in formal speech and writing. There are many verbs of this type, and the ones listed here are those which are common, or which occur elsewhere in this book. Verbs are divided here into different types. Verbs can belong to different types with a different meaning for each type. It is advisable to study the context of use, and check the meaning in a dictionary. Verbs with three parts These verbs are followed by an object. The object cannot be put after the first or second word. Verbs marked * can be used without the final part, but with no object. catch up with* (reach someone by going faster) You can rest now and catch up with us later. You're going too fast! I can't catch up!' cut down on* (reduce or reduce the amount spent on) Sheila has decided to cut down on holidays this year. You're eating too many sweets. You should cut down. drop in on* (visit, perhaps unexpectedly) Let's drop in on David while we are in Paris. The next time you are nearby, please do drop in! get along/on with* (have a friendly relationship with) James doesn't get on well with his maths teacher. We work in the same office, but we don't get on. keep up with* (move at the same speed as) You're going too fast! I can 't keep up with you. Patty finds this class difficult, and can't keep up. live up to (be as good as was expected - usually used with promise or expectation) The film didn't live up to our expectations. look forward to (want to happen, as you think you will enjoy it) I'm looking forward to going on holiday this year. 21 look out onto/over (have a view of) Our hotel room looks out onto the garden. put up with (tolerate) I can't put up with all this noise! run out of* (have none left) I think the car is about to run out of petrol! There isn't any more milk. We've run out. Verbs with two parts: transitive inseparable These verbs are followed by an object. The object cannot be put between the verb and the preposition. call for (come to your house and collect) We'll call for you about 8.00 so please be ready. call on (pay a short visit: usually formal) I called on Professor Jones and wished her a Happy Birthday. deal with (take action over, handle) Could you deal with this customer's problem please? get at (try to say) Helen couldn't understand what her boss was getting at. get over (recover from) Peter was ill with flu, but he's getting over it now. join in (take part in, contribute to) When Alex started singing, everyone joined in. make for (go in the direction of) The escaped prisoner is thought to be making for London. see to (pay attention to, often meaning 'repair') The brakes on your car need seeing to. stand for (tolerate) I will not stand for so much talking! take after (be similar in appearance or character) Karen takes after her mother. They're very similar. 22 Practice a) If you have any kind of, problem, just call me and I'll deal ..3... Complete each b) I've been so busy lately that I've decided to cut ……. sentence a) to h) c) Ann and Sue are really looking ……. with an ending d) Our teacher told us that she would not stand ……. from 1) to 8). e) Nearly everybody says that George takes ……. f) Clara is very friendly and generally gets ……. g) Half-way through the race, Martin found that he couldn't keep ……. h) We were told that the concert was going to be good but it didn't live……. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. for cheating in our end-of-term test. on well with the people she works with. with it as soon as I can. after his father's side of the family. down on the amount of time I spend watching television. up with the others any more. up to our expectations at all. forward to seeing you both again in July. Replace the underlined word or phrase with the suitable phrasal verb. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) The central heating system needs to be looked at. Let's pay a surprise visit to Julia while we are here. We’re going in the direction of Paris. Our hotel room has a view of the main road! Two children started playing, and then the others played too. We paid a visit to my aunt on her birthday. I’m afraid that we have not got any eggs left. Kate will come and collect you at 6.30. Nobody understood what I was trying to say. I can’t bear so much air pollution! Verbs with two parts: transitive separable ….seeing to……….. ….drop……………. ….heading………… ….looks…………… ….joined…………… ….called……..…….. ….run………………. ….call………………. ….getting…………… ….put………………. These verbs are followed by an object, or the object is put between the verb and preposition. Pronouns such as you, it, him, her, us, them are always put between the verb and the preposition. Verb and preposition are not usually separated by long phrases. These are put after the preposition. bring up (educate, look after a child) Tom's aunt brought him up after his parents died. 23 call off (cancel) The school called off the match because of bad weather. clear up (make clean and tidy) Could you help me clear up the room after the party? cut off (be disconnected during a phone-call) I’d just got through to Delhi when I was cut off. fill in (complete a form) Could you fill this form in with all your details, please? give up (choose to stop doing something) Paul had to give up gymnastics because of injury. knock out (hit and make unconscious) Bryson knocked his opponent out in the second round. let down (disappoint, fall to keep a promise) Ann said she would help, but she let me down. look up (search for information in a reference book) I looked this word up in a dictionary and in an encyclopedia. pick up (collect in a car) The taxi will pick you up at 6.30. put off (postpone) The weather was bad, so they put off the match for a week. put up (stay in someone’s house) A friend in Prague put me up for a couple of nights. take up (start doing a hobby or activity) Sam has just taken up parachuting. try on (put on clothes to see if they are suitable) I tried the coat on, but it was too big and the wrong colour. turn on/off (begin or stop operating electrical equipment) Don't forget to turn off the light before you go to bed. wash up (clean plates, knives and forks, etc.) After the party, Martin washed up all the glasses. Verbs with two These verbs do not have an object. parts: intransitive break down (stop working, especially cars) The car broke down when we were on the motorway. 24 drop out (leave without finishing) Two of the runners dropped out half-way through the race. get on (make progress) Nina likes her new college, and it’s getting on well. get away (escape) One of the burglars was caught, but the other got away. grow up (change from a child to an adult) I grew up in a small town in Peru. set off/out (begin a journey) We set off early, to avoid the traffic. take off (when a plane leaves the ground) Our plane took off more than three hours late. turn up (arrive, or arrive unexpectedly) We invited twenty people, but only five turned up. Practice a) Sue asked if she could help me....wash…up the dirty dishes. Put one suitable b) I need a dictionary, so I can…………..up this word. word in each c) If I were you I'd …………off early because Edinburgh is a long way. space. d) Our meeting tomorrow has been………….off, I'm afraid. e) I'm not sure about the size of this coat, so can I …………..it on? f) Jim had to ……….in a form, giving all his personal details. g) You'll never guess who ……………up at our school party last week! h) Six people applied for the job, but one of them ………….out. a) It's very cold and wet at the moment so we have put…3…. Complete each b) Mary's parents were quite strict and brought her ……… sentence a) to h) c) Your room is very untidy! Could you clear ……… with an ending d) I was talking to Helen when suddenly we were cut ……… from 1) to 8). e) Tina tried to persuade her mother to give ……… f)Tim started painting his room this morning and he's getting ……… g) The branch of a tree fell and knocked ……… h) If you like, we .11ould come and pick ……… 1) it up please, and put everything away. 2) Peter out for a few moments. 3) off our garden party until next week. 25 4) up smoking, but she didn't have much success. 5) on very well so far. 6) off and I couldn't get her number after that. 7) you up in our car at about 7.00. 8) up to be very polite and obedient. Replace the underlined word or phrase with the suitable phrasal verb. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) The athletics meeting was postponed for a week. The doctor told David to stop playing football. Could you write all the details on this form? Jack arrived half-way through the lesson. Helen is doing well in her English class. Paula spent her childhood in Uruguay. As soon as it was dawn, we started our journey. Martin tidies his room every morning. How do you start the computer? Carol checked the dates in an encyclopedia. Skating is a great sport. When did you start doing it? ……………………. ……………………. ……………………. ……………………. ……………………. ……………………. ……………………. ……………………. ……………………. ……………………. ……………………. (adapted from: Michael Vince. Intermediate Language Practice. p.144-151.) Prepared by Kru Panida 26 ตอนที่ 2 …words sentences… Sentence Verb & Tense (s) Subject + Verb + Object. Subject 1. Noun : A dog, A cat, A doctor, A teacher,… A newspaper made an allusion to a film star suffering from AIDS. 2. Pronoun : I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They,... He is already four pounds overweight. 3. Adjective : The rich, The disabled, The kind,… The poor are very happy to win the lottery. The brave should be praised. 4. Infinitive with to : To take a good care of mom, To have a special English class,… To walk in the morning is good for health. 5.Gerund : Teaching, Eating, Swimming,… Swimming is a good exercise. 6. Phrase: Talking in the class, Walking in the rain,… How to boil water is easy. 7. Clause : What we are doing seems very difficult. How to boil water is easy. 27 Verb : Tense (s) ● Active Voice (Doer) ● Passive Voice (Receiver) Active Voice (Doer) • Present - Simple : V1 (s,es) We study English in the class seriously. He lives in my cousin’s house. Men wear thin clothes in summer. - Continuous : To be + V.ing They are talking about politics. - Perfect : To have + V3 We have studied English for more than 10 years. He has opened the window. - Perfect Continuous : To have+ been + V.ing We have been studying English for more than 10 years. • Past - Simple : V2 My lovely niece phoned me two minutes ago. - Continuous : Was, Were + V.ing While he was reading erotic books, his mother came in. - Perfect : Had + V3 The telephone had rung for four minutes before it was answered. 28 - Perfect Continuous : had +been + V.ing The telephone had been ringing for four minutes before it was answered. • Future - Simple : Will + Infinitive Verb / to be going to + infinitive verb We all will pass the English paper test. My wife is going to have a baby. - Continuous : Will + be + V.ing My friends and I will be meeting at Tesco Lotus at 2 pm tomorrow. - Perfect : Will /must + have + V3 The teacher listening to the lecture eagerly will have passed the English paper test by the end of June. - Perfect Continuous : Will + have + been + V.ing We will have been practicing English . Passive Voice (Receiver) • To be + V3 The enthusiastic teachers are trained to pass the English paper test. • Modal Verb + be + V3 Sexy girls may be raped because of their sexiness. • To be + being + V3 BTS, sky train to Samutprakarn, is being constructed slowly owing to budget. • To have + been + V3 We have been taught to be responsible for our duty. 29 Modal Verbs • Will / Would • Shall / Should • Can / Could • May / Might • Must / Had to • Need, Dare, Used to, Ought to, + infinitive verb Had better, Would rather Object Noun : A dog, A cat, A doctor, A teacher,… The red car hit the dog this morning. Pronoun : Me, You, Him, Her, It, Us, You, Them,... Sad movies always make me cry. Adjective : Good people like to help the poor. Infinitive with to : My daughter wants to study Japanese. Gerund : That old man likes reading alone. Phrase : Some of us do not know how to pass the English paper test. Clause : She does not understand how we can arrive here. Noun Modifier A 1. Adjective + Noun : hot weather, a red shirt… 30 2. Present Participle = V.ing : V.ing + Noun : a singing boy, listening teachers… 3. Past Participle = V.3 : V.3 + Noun : a broken leg, a raped girl… 4. Noun + Noun : a paper box, chocolate milk, …….. 5. Compound Adjective - a five – year – old dog -a short – haired girl - a hand – made shoe - a man – eating animal - a good – looking restaurant - a well – done steak B 1. Noun + Present Participial Phrase (V.ing Phrase) A teacher speaking in front of the class ………… A group of people trying to study hard……….. 2. Noun + Past Participial Phrase (V.3 Phrase) A girl raped at/on the corner of the road……….. A doctor with her friends shot the last month………. 3. Noun + Adjective Clause/Relative clause 31 Adjective Clause/Relative Clause คือ Clause ที่ทาหน้ าที่เป็ น Adjective ขยาย Noun วางไว้ หลัง Noun ขึ ้นต้ น Clause ด้ วยตัว Relative Pronoun อันได้ แก่ who, whom, which, where, whose, that : - The thief who robbed the bank yesterday… - The book which I borrow from the library… - The book of which the cover is black and red ………. - The girl whose hair is long… Verb • Finite Verb : แสดง Tense ในประโยค (Active Voice/Passive Voice) • Non – Finite Verb : ไม่สามารถแสดง Tense ใน ประโยคได้ จะอยูใ่ นรูปของ ☺ V.ing ☺ Infinitive with to ☺ Infinitive without to - We do not enjoy studying English today. - You want to practice English more. - She lets her daughter listen to music during her study. Sentence • Simple Sentence You are extremely enthusiastic . • Compound Sentence You are very nice so everybody admires you. • Complex Sentence She is the first woman who has won this kind of prize. 32 Variety of Sentences 1. Working as a private eyes, you get to know a lot of interesting people in the area where you live. 2. I walked to the fifth floor since the lift did not work. 3. A survey conducted by a team of students showed that 88% of teenagers prefer to plan their future by themselves. 4. Nina was rescued by the police after she had been kidnapped for more than 2 months. 5. People living near main roads are afraid that their houses would be broken down in pieces because of the vibration from trucks and cars. 6. We call a child whose parents are dead an orphan. 7. King Rama I established Bangkok in 1782 as a capital of Thailand. 8. After she had studied hard for 2 years, she succeeded in getting her Ph.D. 9. One of the things she wrote about was life on a big farm at the beginning of the century. 10. Medical research indicates that large amounts of histamines can be responsible for colds, hay fever and other respiratory reactions. 11. Tiger Woods practiced playing golf with his father since he was a child. 12. My house cleaner is quite lazy. She enjoys sleeping when we are out for work. 13. The water supplies of many cities and manufacturing areas are dependent on ground water obtained from wells. 14. She is happy that she has found such a nice place to live in. 15. February 14th is a day for people who have fallen in love. 16. Water in Klong Prapa which is used to produce tap water contain several types of germs, a survey revealed recently. 33 17. Government officials will have a five – day holiday during the Songkran Festival. 18. Bacteria such as E. coil and salmonella have been found, said Thepanom Muanman, chairman of the Bangkok governors advisory team on public health. 19. Enthusiastic teachers, hoping to pass this test, are working very hard. 20. Hoping to pass this test, enthusiastic teachers are working very hard. 21. Mr. Sukho Wuttichoti, supported by the people, made sure that he won the election. 22. Supported by the people, Mr. Sukho Wuttichoti made sure that he won the election. 23. To cook breakfast everyday is necessary. 24. To obey is to follow a command or request. 25. Living with those people is rather unpleasant. 26. Here is too dark. 27. Mary likes sitting alone in the dark. 28. Most asylum seekers coming to the United Kingdom, for example, are found to be seeking economic betterment, and though their asylum claims are bogus, little is done to deport them because “host” governments fear being branded racist or fascist. 29. Customer service on the first floor will have ……. your application before I can process it . a) approve b) approving c) to approve d) been approved 30. Jennifer spends a lot of money _______ some beautiful dresses. a) buy b) bought c) buying d) to buy 31. During the earthquake, I felt the building ______ violently. a) shakes b) to shake c) shook d) shaking 32. The doctor made me _______ in bed for a week. a) stayed b) to stay c) stay d) staying 34 33. Jeff got the tailor _______ his trousers last week. a) lengthened b) lengthen c) lengthening d) to lengthen 34. The knife is somewhat blunt. He must get it _______. a) sharpened b) sharpen c) to sharpen d) sharpening Phrase I. 1) Noun Phrase 2) Adjective Phrase 3) Adverb Phrase 4) Absolute Phrase II. 1) Prepositional Phrase : - They could not go anywhere because of the rain. 2) Participial Phrase : ☺ Present Participial Phrase - Meena and Manee, hoping to pass this course, are working very hard. - Hoping to pass this course, Meena and Manee are working very hard. - In those days all passengers going to Udorn had to change trains at Korat. ☺ Past Participial Phrase - John bitten by a mad dog should see a doctor at once. - Obama, supported by the people, makes sure that he will win the presidential election in USA. - Supported by the people, Obama makes sure that he will win the presidential election in USA. 35 ☺ Perfect Participial Phrase - Many tourists having stayed in Thailand like the hospitalities of Thais. - A lot of Thais, having been wounded in the motorbike accidents, died after Songkran Day later. 3) Gerundial Phrase - I enjoy playing Sudoku. - You heard her singing on TV. - He enjoys his playing Sudoku. - We are used to eating Sushi without wasabi. 4) Infinitive Phrase - To cook breakfast everyday is necessary. - My shirt needs to be washed every day. - Her job is to go shopping every morning. - There is one thing to cook breakfast every day. - I have no money to give you now. 5) Absolute Phrase (คล้ ายประโยคแต่ไม่ใช่ประโยค) - The train being late, they had to stay overnight at the station. - The pagoda ruined, the Department of Fine Arts had to repair it. - The sun having set, they didn’t go back home. - The house having been burnt, we had to live with our cousin’s house. - The old mining town was utterly deserted, its streets gray and dead. Clause ชนิดของ Clause 3 ชนิด 1) Noun Clause 2) Adjective Clause 3) Adverb Clause 36 1) Noun Clause - Where he lives is not clean. - I want to know where he lives. - Your close friends laughed at what you said. - This is what you want. - The news that you intended to come gave us much pleasure. 2) Adjective Clause Relative Pronoun : Who, Whom, Which,… Relative Adverb : When, Why,… - I have lost the book which you lend me. - Sunday is the day when I have no work to do. 3) Adverb Clause - The young boy runs as fast as he could. - When he saw us, he ran away. - He acted as though he had been a doctor. - We are unhappy because we fail in English. - It is such a hot day that I can’t go on working. - I study harder so that I may pass the English paper test. - I will get there, even if I have to walk all day. - You worked harder than I did. - She is very good girl except that she rarely talks. - In case I forget, please remind me about that ……………………………………………………………. 37 Tense Revision Underline verb(s) then write down verb form, the name of voices (Active voice or Passive voice) and the name of tenses as the example. Sentences Ex. You are studying English. 1. In fact, recently scientists have found the remains of a culture . 2. Some of these ancient traditions continue into the twenty- first century. 3. They are judged on looks and personality by women from neighboring groups. 4. The traditional Maori facial tattoos had beautiful curving lines. 5. What will your life be like in the year 2025 ? 6. I’ll be working as computer programmer in 2009. 7. How long have people been decorating their bodies ? 8. Perfume has been used for thousands of years. 9. Bicycles were invented one hundred years ago. 10. A cure for AIDS will be found by researchers. 11. Trenton bikes are available in a great variety of models and sizes. 12. These round flat cakes, or patties, made of ground beef actually came from Germany in the middle of the nineteenth century Verb Form Voice Tense To be+V ing Active voice Pre. Cont. 38 Tense Revision Underline verb(s) then write down verb form, the name of voices (Active voice or Passive voice) and the name of tenses as the example. Sentences Ex. You are studying English. 13. She had been sleeping for two hours when we called on her. 14. We will have finished this project by August. 15. The new building costing 55 M. baht is being built. 16. Residents in the area claimed that the smoke and smell from the factory were unpleasant and hazardous to health 17. Over 500 villagers have been evacuated to a safer area following a fierce battle between Burmese rebels and Shan State troops in Burmese territory. 18. The scientific study of the motion of bodies and the action of forces that change or cause motion is called dynamics. 19. The energetic man did not waste a minute of time. 20. If you’d told me you were coming today, I’d have met you at the station 21. The best and easiest way to set the habit of a reading is to go to the library with the need to read books. Verb Form Voice Tense To be+ V ing Active voice Pre. Cont. 39 Tense Revision Underline verb(s) then write down verb form, the name of voices (Active voice or Passive voice) and the name of tenses as the example. Sentences Ex. You are studying English. Verb Form Voice Tense To be+ V ing Active voice Pre. Cont. 22. Your school will be closed until 9 am on 15 may due to essential reorganization. 23. Each area has its own history and traditions, and so each area also has its own way of cooking. 24. Disposing of the garbage we produce every day is a major problem in cities around the world. 25. Nowadays, officials from cities around the world visit Machida to see whether they can use some of these ideas and techniques to solve their own garbage disposal problems. Prepared by Kru Yaowaret 40 SV Agreement Pre & Post test A: Underline the correct form of the verb. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. The men (drive., drives) to work. Jack and Joe (are, is) friends. My favourite meal (are, is) hamburgers. Can you tell me which of, these two books (are, is) more interesting. Lagos (are, is) the capital of Nigeria. Two of the oranges (become, becomes) rotten. Jack, like his sisters, (talk, talks) all the time. My daughter's teacher and advisor (are, is) Mrs. Smith. Mary and her sisters (are, is) going with us. Coffee and donuts (are, is) my breakfast. Neither Jack nor his brothers (are, is) going to win. Either Mary or Jane (are, is) able to swim. Many a girl (are, is) to be blamed for bad behaviours. Someone (are, is) crying. The number of books in this room (are, is) large. Everyone (agree, agrees) this is a good idea. All of my children (are, is) in school. The Japanese (are, is) very polite. Physics (are, is) boring. The news (are, is) concerning all of us. A number of books (are, is) reserved for students. “Roots” (are, is) a great classic. One third of the money (are, is) yours. Three days (are, is) not long. Half of my students (are, is) boys. Some of the convicts (have, has) escaped. Our greatest joy (are, is) our children. Two thirds of black college students (are, is) enrolled in these institutions. A school of dolphins (were, was) seen near the island. Twenty years (are, is) a severe sentence for that crime. Neither the washing machine nor the dryer (are, is) rated satisfactory. A selection of his short poems (have, has) been made for publication. Eight percent of the food (are, is) spoiled. Either the cloth or the dyes (are, is) defective. Most of the apples (are, is) sweet. The President, guarded by secret service men, (take, takes) a walk every morning. 41 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. Which of the two proposals (have, has) been accepted? Here (lie, lies) the soldiers and sailors of the last war. A wife and mother (are, is) what she wants to be. Exceptions (are, is) the test of the rule. For adults, mumps (are, is) a serious disease. To the economist a knowledge of statistics (are, is) important. Neither the president nor his aides (have, has) acted wisely in this crisis. Neither of the jellies (are, is) clear. Every candidate has been tested and several (have, has) already been appointed. The Times (are, is) quite popular in Thailand. There (are, is) a lot of people at the party. Jack is one of the students who (are, is) injured. The groceries that I bought (are, is) in the kitchen. The government (are, is) discussing the Jenkins bill. B: Choose the best answer. 51. A: Which of these two girls …………..Chinese? B: Neither of them…………. . a. are………are b. is………is c. is………are d. am………is 52. More than one person …………..going to lose …………..Job. a. is ………his b. is ………their c. are ………their d. are ………his c. enjoy to eat d. enjoy eating 53. Mary is one of those who ………….. . a. enjoys to eat b. enjoys eating 54. A few best students …………..in my class, and Jack ………one of them. a. is………is b. is ………are c. are………is d. are………are 55. Each boy and each girl …………..introduced before the class……….. . a. is………starts b. are………starts c. are ………start d. is ………start 56. Studying late at night …………..me tired. a. make b. making c. are making d. makes 57. No matter what the police ………….., no one …………..really patient to wait. a. say ………is b. says ………is c. say ………are d. says ………are 58. There …………..three of us at the beginning, but Jane dropped out so now there ………...only two of us. a. were ………is b. were ………am c. was ………is d. was ………are 59. My clothes…………..too tight. I'll have to let ………….out. a. is………it b. are ………it c. are ………them d. is………them 60. Here ………….my letter. Could 'you please look it over to see if there ………any mistakes? 42 a. is ………is b. are ………are c. is ………are d. are ………is 61. Both John and Charlie ……………turned in …………..homework. a. has ………their b. have ………his c. has ………his d. have ………their 62. The United States ……….…a well developed country, although …….……history is relatively short. a. are ………their b. is ………its c. has ………its d. have ………their 63. Behind the house ……………small buildings. a. is b. have c. are d. has 64. The salesman, together with his friends ………….well in ………….job. a. does ………his b. do ………their c. does ………their d. do ………his 65. Mary ……………to go to the university but her sisters and brother …………..not. a. wants ………does b. wants ………do c. want ………does d. want ………do 66. There ……………my mother and sister. a. goes b. gone c. going d. go 67. Neither of the boys …………..finished …………..paper. a. have ………their b. has ………his c. have ………his d. has ………their 68. Most of the students …………….the tests themselves, but some …………..not. a. do ………do b. does ………do c. do ………does d. does ………does 69. Near the gate …………..three tall trees. a. is b. being c. are d. there are 70. The lawyer and executor …………….talking to ………….friends. a. is ………his b. are ………their c. is ………their d. are ………his C: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. 71. A good reader is more than somebody who (know) ……..……….how to read. He also knows about all the forms that reading (take) ……………. . There (be) ……………. many reasons why people read. They read to pass examinations, to (understand) …………….instructions, and so on. Recreational reading (be) ………….reading for relaxation. Fiction is the most popular and there (be) …………….plenty of fiction available in magazines and newspapers. 72. This new and exciting science series (have) …………….been written with very young children in mind. Many teachers (be) …………….unwilling to try teaching science to infants, but Romola Showell. (have) …………….shown that it can be done. She believes that children can start learning science as soon as they notice that fish (have) ……………. to live in water. 73. There (be) …………….some jobs which carry quite high pay for beginners, but in which the pay (do) …………….not increase much with time. Other jobs (start) …………….with low pay but can (lead) …………….on to promotion. In 43 some kinds of work, pay (be) …………….fixed. But in most, you will be paid more if you (be) …………….better. So you can see that there (be) ………….quite a number of different systems of pay for you to think about before you decide on the kind of job you (want) ……………. . 74. Teachers are a mixed lot. There (be) …………….often a great variation in their ways of teaching and in their attitude to the children they teach. A bad teacher can make the most interesting subject sound dull, while a good one can (encourage) ……………. you and make you (realize) …………….what fun it can be to learn. Among teachers, these (be) …………….the ones who seem endlessly strict, who (have) ……………. no sense of humour, or who (try) …………….to cram you with facts without proper explanation. 75. Batik (be) …………….a traditional fabric of the Malays in Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia as it has been for many years. To improve the quality of, batik to international standards, modern dyestuffs from Japan and Germany (be) …………. used. As a result, first-class batik (be) …………….produced. To make batik more popular , different fabrics (be) …………….used. Batik designers (be) ……………. also moving out of traditional patterns into more interesting and modern ones. 76. Advertisements (have) …………….one purpose only: to. persuade you to buy the goods they advertise. Some advertisers may mention qualities which their products (do) …………….not have. Fortunately today, there (be) …………….laws to protect customers. If an advertiser (claim) …………….that a medicine can (cure) ……………. illnesses when it cannot, he can be taken to court and punished. But in many cases, it is difficult to prove or disprove the claims. Cosmetics advertisements (be) …………….good examples 44 …SV Agreement… Rules 1-5 1) Verbs after the Introductory Adverbs Here and There agree with the subjects that follow them. There is a book on the table. There are three books on the table. Here comes the bus. There go the farmers. There have been two accidents so far. Note. If the subject is a pronoun, the verb follows the subject; as, There he goes. / Here he comes. / Here you are. 2) Two singular subjects connected by and take a plural verb. Tom and Mary are friends. She and I go to school together. The manager and the owner of the company are leaving for Rome tomorrow. (Two men are leaving for Rome.) 3) Two singular nouns connected by and with no article before the second noun refer to the same person or thing. And thus the verb is singular. The manager and owner of the company is leaving for Rome. ( One person is both the manager and owner of the company.) A white and black cat is playing under the table. ( There is one cat. Its colours are black and white.) Compare. The dancer and singer is coming into the room. (One person) The dancer and the singer are coming into the room.(Two persons) 4) Two singular nouns connected by and may suggest ONE idea to the mind. Time and tide waits for no man. Rice and curry is my favourite meal. Bread and butter is his only food. Note. The speaker, however, may think of the two nouns as two different items, and thus they are plural; as, 45 The speaker thinks of the two The speaker thinks of the two nouns as ONE item. nouns as TWO items. Time and tide waits for no man. Time and tide wait for no man. Rice and curry is my favourite food. Rice and curry are what 1 need. Whisky and soda is what he ordered. Whisky and soda are expensive here. 5) The phrase and clause does not affect the subject it modifies. The verb agrees with the subject, not the phrase or clause. The boy who is carrying those books is my brother. Mr.Smith, the barber and butcher, comes here every day. The supervisors from the Ministry of Education are interviewing the boy. The boy playing with those dogs is her first child. One of the students is awarded first prize. Exercise 1: Underline the correct verbs in the following sentences. 1. Here (is, are) another piece of his furniture. 2. The father and his son (is, are) planning to go to Rome. 3. Mary and Jane (comes, come) to visit us every weekend. 4. You and I (am, are) responsible for what we have done. 5. There (is, are) five boys playing in the playground now. 6. Here (come, comes) the men from Mr. John's company. 7. There (go, goes) the yellow bus you are waiting for. 8. There (is, are) only one out of ten boys who can do that. 9. Longfellow's choice of words (make, makes) his poems easy to understand. 10. There (is, are) sixty-five cows on Uncle Tim's farm. 11. One of the most interesting places you should go (is, are) the floating market at Wat Sai. 12. The course of social studies (is, are) difficult for some students. 13. One of the boxes of books (is, are) missing. 14. Tom, the farmer and gardener, (work, works) very hard 15. Gold and silver (is, are) precious metals. Rules 6-8 6) The words… with, together with, as well as, including, in addition to, together with… the words following them DO NOT affect the preceding subjects. The house, with its contents, was insured. The boy, together with his friends, is reading in the room. Mr. Smith, as well as his wife, likes the film very much The explanation in addition to the rules is very clear. 46 7) The following words when used as pronouns are always singular: everyone someone anyone no one each a many everybody somebody anybody nobody another everything something neither anything nothing the other either Each of the boys plays very well. Many a man does not know his own good deeds. (Many men do not know their own good deeds.) Either of the topics is a good choice to report. Neither of the two girls is recommended. Everyone is coming. Nobody knows where he is. Note. The words each, every, another when used as adjectives modify singular nouns; as, each student, every student, another student. The other can modify a singular or plural noun, as, the other student, the other students or other students. Another can modify a plural noun, as, another two students 8) Each of the following words when used as a pronoun is always plural. all others both (a) few many several some Both are working in the same office. Few (A few) want to go with you. All were arrested last night. Some want to stay home but others want to go to the movies. Note. When they modify nouns, the nouns are plural; as, both boys, (a) few books, all thieves, some children Exercise 2: Choose the correct form. 1. 2. 3. 4. Neither (is, are) going to attend the meeting. Everyone in this class (tell, tells) stories very well. Every one of the soldiers (was, were) ready to defend the fort'. Each one of the students (hand, hands) in the paper. 47 5. Everybody in the room (know, knows) the reason, for this test. 6. The students in that school including the principal (is, are) joyful people. 7. Many a man (think, thinks) that beauty is the most important thing. 8. Both of us (has, have) been friends for Years.. 9. Some people (eat, eats) bread instead of rice. 10. Few (go, goes) to the play nowadays. 11. Several (was, were) seen lying on the grass yesterday afternoon. 12. Some newspapers (is, are) worth reading but some (is, are) not 13. The mother, as well as the baby, (is, are) healthy. 14. Some pedestrians (look, looks) before crossing a street, but few (don't, doesn't). 15. Henry told me that someone (was, were) on the telephone. Rules 9-14 9) The following nouns are singular. physics economics mumps mathematics measles ashes politics news alms means Economics is a required subject in this field.. Mumps does not kill anybody. Roads are a means of communication. 10) The following nouns remain the same. Each can be singular or plural. fish salmon trout herring cod sheep deer Tom bought a big fish from the market. Many fish in the pool were dead. 11) The following are collective nouns. Each can he used as a singular or plural noun according to the sense meant by the speaker. class jury government family team cabinet fleet committee group crew If the word refers to the whole group, it is singular; if it refers to all the individuals that compose the group, it is plural. The jury consists of five men. 48 The jury were unanimous in their verdict. The government is trying a new measure. The government have discussed the matter seriously. 12) The word ‘people’ is always plural. The people were glad to hear that the King was coming. The plural ‘peoples’ means nations: The peoples of the world want peace. Note. Words like ‘parent, spouse’ are singular. A parent means either the father or the mother, but not both. The plural parents should be used when both are meant. 13) The title of a book or an article or a song, or likewise, is singular. Gulliver's Travels was written by Swift. Your "Farmers and Their Rice Fields" is a well written essay. 14) An amount of money and other forms of measurement are singular. Twenty-five dollars is too expensive for this camera. Two hundred miles is a long way. Compare: Four bahts are on the table. Four baht is not enough. Exercise 3: Put the correct form of the verb given in parentheses in each blank space of the following. The crew ………… discussing what arrangement should be made for the party. (to be) "Captain Courageous" ………… written by Rudyard Kipling. (to be) The fish in this pool ………… not for sale. (to be) The people ………… excited about the news yesterday. (to be) Our government ………… spent a lot of money to develop the country. (to hare) In a tropical country, mumps usually ………… to the children under the age of twenty. (to come) 7. Physics ………… not her favourite subject. (to be) 8. The jury ………… not decided to free him yet. (to have) 9. Politics ………… not interest me as much as economics. (to do) 10. When the committee ………… to his proposal', they raise their hands up. (to agree) 11. The people of the. United States ………… called Americans. (to be) 12. When the meeting is over, the cabinet ………… home immediately. (to go) 13. The news ………… announced on the radio last night. (to be) 14. Alms………… collected by the priests every morning. (to be) 15. There………… no ash in the ash-tray. (to be) 16. No people ………… to have any trouble. (to want) 17. The football team ………… for victory. (to fight) 18. Measles ………… sometimes serious. (to be). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 49 19. Ten baht a day ………… enough for you. (to be) 20. The class ………… discussing the plain of the trip to Pataya now. (to be) 21. Two thousand baht………… a large sum of money. (to be) 22. His family ………… talking about him when he entered the room. (to be) 23. His family ………… of six members. (to consist) 24. Five weeks ………… not enough for him to prepare himself for the examination. (to be) 25. "The Highwayman" ………… the poem 1 like best. (to be) Rules 15-20 15) The verb agrees with the near subject when two subjects are connected by the following conjunctions: or, either.. . or… neither ... nor… not only ... but (also)…. Neither you nor I am to go. Either she or you are going to finish the work. Not only the manager but also his daughters go to Paris every year. 16) The verb of who or which or what agrees with its antecedent (= the word it refers to). It is I who am wrong. The boys who are playing there are my students. This is the boy who comes here every day. It is our children who make our family perfect. 17) Fractions of plural nouns are plural, and those of singular nouns are singular. Two thirds of the boys are here. Two thirds of the wall is painted. Two thirds of the money has been spent 18) A number of + (plural nouns) is plural. The number of + (plural nouns) is singular. None is singular; but none of + (plural nouns) is plural. A number of students are playing football. The number of students in this school is quite small. None is here. None of them are here. 19) An infinitive or a gerund together with its modifiers is singular. 50 To read is a good habit. To mend cars is the work of a mechanic. Climbing mountains is a good sport. Drinking a lot of water when you are hot is said to be unwise. 20) The construction the + adjective refers to a group of people having such a quality. The poor (= poor people) are many, but the rich (= rich people) are few. The foolish need advice, but only the wise profit by it. Exercise 4: Underline the correct verbs. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Three fourths of the frame work of the barn (is, are) in place. Neither France nor England (have, has) as many telephones as the United States. The number of volunteers (is, are) quite large. They are strangers who (want, wants) to know something about your business. Either Gilbert's jacket or Jane's sweater (is, are) being used as a bed by the cat Neither Tom nor Alexander (was, were) born in Thailand. Two thirds of the marmalade (is, are) on Peter's hands and face; the rest (is, are) on his bib. 8. A number of Thai students (is, are) touring the United States. 9. Either he or they (tells, tell) lies. 10. Neither the janitor nor his wife (is, are) going to scrub' the floor. 11. Anyone who (wants, want) to go must let me know before noon. 12. Neither he nor you (have, has) any right to use the pen. 13. None of the inhabitants of the planet Earth (was, were) prepared for the Martians invasion. 14. The news which (was, were) sent from him (make makes) us happy. 15. He is one of the students who (is, are) going to compete for the prize. 16. None of the fourteen students (is, are) selected captain of the team. 17. The houses that (is, are) on the other bark of the river belong to the workers. 18. All of the sugar (has, have) been used up'. 19. A number of workers (was, were) called to help the victims of the earthquake'. 20. The father, not the children, (was, were) sent to the hospital. 21. Some students in his class (is, are) badly in need of money. 22. Two fifths of the sum (was, were) paid by the government. 23. Neither Ronald Ross nor Battista (was, were) willing to admit that the other had helped to discover the cause of malaria. 24. To spill the salt at table (bring, brings) bad luck. 25. To smoke a lot of cigarettes (is, are) bad for health. 26. Living in crowded cities (is, are) not good for health. 27. Meeting you and your friends here (has, have) been a great pleasure. 28. Two thirds of her salary (is, are) given to her son. 29. Those are the boys who (is, are) willing to help us. 30. Your sisters, not your brother, (was, were) invited to the party. Prepared by Kru Panida 51 …Finite & Non-finite Verbs… Infinitive with or without ‘to’. Exercise 1: Put ‘to’ where necessary. Mother wouldn't let her baby …………play with her gold watch. Would you like …………go now or shall we …………wait till the end? The teacher made me …………do it all over again. I’d like her …………go to a college but I can't …………make her …………go. I’m sorry ………disappoint you but I can't let you ………have any money till the end of this month. 6. It’s easy …………be wise after the event. 7. She persuades them …………wait a little longer. 8. It is better …………travel hopefully than …………travel for fun. 9. Do you wish …………make a complaint? 10. If the baby is a boy there is …………be a salute of 21 guns. 11. They told me …………try …………come early. 12. I advised her …………ask the bus conductor …………tell her where …………get off. 13. There is nothing …………do but …………wait till somebody comes …………let us out. 14. Would you rather ………be more stupid than you look or ………look more stupid than you are ? 15. Before she let us …………go, she made us …………promise not …………tell anyone what we had seen. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Gerund & Participle Exercise 2: Say whether each of the underlined word is 'participle' or ‘gerund’. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. He likes sleeping. = .................... Try to avoid riding a motorcycle. It's dangerous. = .................... Hearing the noise, the baby woke up. = .................... Hunting tigers is dangerous. = .................... I am used to travelling by bus. = .................... I saw the woman sleeping in the hall. = .................... The child fell, striking his head against the sharp edge of the table. = .................... 8. Speaking English is easier than writing it. = .................... 9. The girl standing there is my cousin. = .................... 10. Not knowing the language very well, the old lady was loath to travel by bus. = .................... 11. Eating too many sweets is bad for the figure. = .................... 52 12. Being a student of English, he was anxious to see as much of England as he could. = ............... 13. Clutching hands tightly, they walked down the dark passage. = .................... 14. This working tool is heavy to carry. = .................... 15. He drove carefully, keeping close to the kerb. = .................... Infinitive, Gerund, and Participle Exercise 3: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of gerund, infinitive or present participle. 1. Don't forget (lock)…………….all the doors before (go)…………….to bed. 2. I can't understand her (behave)…………….like that. 3. It’s no use (wait)……………. . 4. She is looking forward to (see)…………….him. 5. The students like (play)…………….games but hate (do)…………….lessons. 6. I regret (inform)…………….you that your application has been refused 7. (Lie)…………….on this beach is much more pleasant than (sit)…………….in the office. 8. I advise you (start)……………. (book)…………….for a flat at once. 9. My watch keeps (stop)…………. . That's because you keep (forget)…………. (wind)………….it. 10. Please go on (write)……………. . I don't mind (wait)……………. . 11. Your windows need (clean)……………., would you like me (do)…………….them for you. 12. I suggest (telephone)…………….the hospital before (ask)…………….the police (look)…………….for him. 13. She postponed (make)…………….decision till it was too late (do)…………….anything. 14. It is usually easier (learn)…………….a subject by (read)…………….books than by (listen)…………….to lectures. 15. Try (forget)…………….it; it isn't worth (worry)…………….about. 16. It's much better (go)…………….to a hairdresser than (try)……………. (save)…………….time by (cut)…………….your own hair. 17. It’s no use (try)….………. (interrupt)….……….him. You'll have (wait)….……….till he stops (talk)…..…… . 18. Ask them (come)…………….in; don't keep them (stand)…………….at the door. 19. It is easy (see)…………….animals on the road in daylight but at night it is difficult (avoid)……………. (hit)…………….them. 20. It is no good (write)…………….to them. The best thing (do)…………….is (go)…………….and (see)……………. them. Prepared by Kru Yaowaret 53 …Error Detection… Find the error in each sentence. 1. Do you think its going to rain tomorrow? a b c d 2. He asked me what I was doing when he calls. a b c d 3. Was it another men who had been lost in the middle of the ocean. a b c d 4. Would you like to have something for drink? a b c d 5. The Thai economy faced severe difficulties in 1997, mainly as resulting of a b c the bubble economy. d 6. Thomas Hunter arrives New York in 1850 as a penniless and friendless political fugitive a b c d from Ireland. 7. At that time the old lady is 96, but she still remembered that when she was 25. a b c d 8. Thus both the South and west are developing into industrial regions. a b c d 9. Mary didn’t eat any food but she was hungry. a b c d 10. Under the conditional agreement with the IMF, the Government would reduce expenditures in many areas, but the budget alocation to education and health or a b society welfare must be maintained. c d 11. Modern tests contains words which are more difficult to guess at. a b c d 12. The Americans are not merely confident but are ambitious and love freedom and a b c independent. d 13. If I would have been there, I could have helped you. a b c d 14. Few of ours realize what a vast amount of information has been gathered about our a b c feathered friends, the birds. d 54 15. A hynotherapist uses communicative methods of persuation and influence; so do a b people who adversitse and market good and services. c d 16. I wondered if I looked as funny to him as he does to me. a b c d 17. However these girls had always lived in ideal camping country, they had never camped a b c before. d 18. Our homework was as difficult as their. a b c d 19. They agreed because he was a died man and they respected him. a b c d 20. The smaller the difference among your speed and the speed of the vertical you are a overtaking, the longer the stretch of clear road you will need. b c d 21. It seemed that, at the moment the great whale came to the surface to take a breathe, a b c the air rushed into it as if into a great machine. d 22. He wishes he learned French when he was twelve. a b c d 23. Quickly John took off his shoes, jumped into the water, and started swimming a b toward the drown man. c d 24. The students should do their homework at school yesterday. a b c d 25. In some, education in Thailand has developed from traditional education offering in a b c the temple, the palace and the family to modernized education for national development. d 26. Max and I will go to the concert and so does Sue. a b c d 27. When a person accepts a dinner invitation, they are expected to arrive on time. a b c d 28. The manager, as well as a number of employees, were asked to attend the party on Saturday a b c d 55 29. Although I have lived in this country for 1st January, I still have trouble getting used a b c to light breakfast. d 30. If you are enough fortunate to have an extra room at home, you can use this room a b to retreat to when you need some time to yourself. c d 31. The interest in sports grew rapid after the war. a b c d 32. I used to living in Chiengmai, but that was ten years ago. a b c d 33. You had better started working hard now, or you will fail again. a b c d 34. One day he came to New York and told me about what he has done. a b c d 35. If you need any explaining, don’t hesitate to raise up your hand. a b c d 36. Neither of the clerks who have been helping us knows when this contract will be signed. a b c d 37. You’d better ask the cashier and the accountant who knows this matter better than I. a b c d 38. The manager had the clerk prepared lots of invoices yesterday. a b c d 39. Everyone has to fill out an application form before interviewed. a b c d 40. The truth is that both chemistry or biology are difficult subjects to learn. a b c d 41. The number of boys from the one group was going to attend the class. a b c d 42. Two miles are too far for Diana and me to walk. a b c d 43. The man you saw fleeing from the scene must have been the murder. a b c d 44. He ought have read that book before taking the examination last year. a b c d 45. I have heard a lot of people say that they prefer Paris than London. a b c d 46. I had two eggs for breakfast but both of them was fresh. a b c d 47. Don’t hurry because there’re plenty of time. a b c d 48. There was enough food at the party for everyone have some. 56 a b c d 49. Last week it was so cold that most anybody went swimming. a b c d 50. The meeting took a long time because there were much matters to be decided. a b c d 51. She is wearing a very pretty coat, something likes the one you are wearing now. a b c d 52. We searched for the two missing boys everywhere, but none was to be found. a b c d 53. He has been taught English for ten years when he came to this country. a b c d 54. I am going to have my letters type tomorrow afternoon if I’ve got them ready. a b c d 55. There are less books in my studying room than in the library. a b c d 56. I saw a young man stolen some mangoes from Ms.Bown’s shop. a b c d 57. Tom will tell you that he has not seen Sam since the last two weeks. a b c d 58. As I have now studied English for over five years, I can be able to make myself a b c understand when I go to England. d 59. He immediately stood up and announce that he would give ten dollars to anybody a b c who could answer his question. d 60. The circus is universal loved and has much legend and magic about it. a b c d 61. Astronomers are scientists who watch and study the sun, moons, and other planets a b c in the universe. d Prepared by Kru Panida