Download Immunity From Disease Name: Disease Disease

Immunity From Disease
Name:
Disease
•
Disease-any condition that _________________________________________________ of the body
•
Violation of _________________________________________________
•
•
Can be ___________________________________________
•
Infectious diseases are typically caused by ______________________ (disease causing agents)
•
•
Bacteria, protists, fungi, viruses, prions, worms, etc.
Non-infectious diseases are usually the result of __________________________________________
•
•
Homeostasis-ability of the body to keep ________________________________ no matter
what is happening outside of it
Cancer, heart disease, etc.
The line between the two is blurry
•
__________________________________________________________________________________
•
Viruses can alter the cell cycle and lead to cancer
Noninfectious Disease
•
Disease that ____________________________________________________________
•
Can be _________________________________________________________________________________
•
Examples:
•
Sickle Cell Anemia-__________________________
•
Osteoporosis-________________________________________ (poor diet)
•
Diabetes-____________________________________________
•
Cancer-______________________________________ and can be infections (HPV (aka genital warts)
can increase chance of cervical cancer)
Edward Jenner
•
Father of _________________________________
•
Developed the ____________________________________ in 1796
•
______________________ was killing millions of people
•
Injected ___________________, a less harmful yet related disease, into a child
•
•
Saved many lives
Then injected that child with smallpox
•
The child did not get infected
•
Others began using this method
John Snow
•
One of the first to study ______________________________________
•
•
Study of patterns, causes, and effects of diseases in populations
Studied __________________________ spread in London, England during 1854
•
Cholera is an intestinal disease that causes diarrhea, and can kill with dehydration
•
•
Killed nearly 500 people in a certain area of London in a 2-week period
Snow Was able to trace the cause to ______________________________________
•
Initially, people thought that only air carried disease, and that not much could be done
•
He convinced the city to have the pump closed stopped infections in the area
The germ theory of disease
•
People once thought that ___________________ caused disease
•
•
Holes were drilled in infected people’s heads in an attempt to release the evil spirits
In 1857, French scientist _______________________________ made the connection between
__________________________________________
•
He hypothesized that the ________________________________________________________
•
Discovered that __________________________________________________________
•
Called ______________________________________
•
A food is heated to a temperature that kills most harmful bacteria
Joseph Lister
•
1865
•
British surgeon
•
Noticed that about ½ of his patients died from infections, even after successful surgery
•
Heard about Pasteur’s theory and began doing something drastic
•
_________________________________________________
•
•
He also discovered that ________________________________________________
•
•
The number of infections dropped dramatically (nearly 0)
Developed the first disinfecting spray
___________________________________________ is named after him
Robert Koch
•
1883
•
German physician
•
Found that he could make organisms sick by ______________________________________________
•
Came up with _________________________ that must be met before one can conclude that that a certain
pathogen causes a disease
•
Called Koch’s postulates
1. The ______________________________________________________________________
2. The pathogen must be _______________________________________________________
3. Healthy organisms infected with the culture must _________________________________
4. The pathogen must be isolated from the second organism and found to be
________________________________________________________
Infectious diseases
•
Any disease caused by the ________________________________________
•
Can be ________________________________________________________
•
____________________-Disease that spreads from one organism to another through close proximity
•
•
Does not even require contact
__________________________-disease that can spread from person to person, but not usually
spread through everyday contact
•
Example: ______________________________
Spread of infectious diseases
•
The main source of human pathogens is the ___________________________________
•
•
Some diseases can be transmitted by other species
•
•
____________________-someone who passes the illness on without being infected themselves
__________________________ diseases
Other diseases can be _____________________________________________
•
Dirt, water, etc.
Transmission of disease
•
Can be transmitted 4 ways
•
By ________________________________
•
By an _____________________________
•
Through the _______________________
•
By an _____________________________
•
Called a ______________________
•
Common Disease-Causing Organisms
•
_____________________________
•
•
_____________________________
•
•
Cause ringworm/athlete’s foot, and yeast infections including thrush
_____________________________
•
•
Cause ear infections, strep throat, pertussis, pneumonia, and many more
_____________________________
•
•
Cause AIDS, flu, colds, herpes (cold sores and genital)
Cause malaria (vector: mosquito), African sleeping sickness (vector: fly), toxoplasmosis (vector: cat)
_____________________________ (Infections Proteins)
•
Cause Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease) and its human infection, CreutzfeldtJakob Disease
First-Line Defenses of the immune System
•
_____________________________ prevent the pathogen from entering
•
Respiratory system is lined with _________________________ that can “sweep” pathogen out
•
Digestive system is ________________ and can kill many pathogens
•
Circulatory system _________________________________ to destroy them, and sends in specialized
cells to fight infection (second-line defenders)
•
Nervous system can raise your body temperature to kill bacteria (_________________)
Second Line Defenses of the Immune System
•
Necessary when pathogens get past the first line of defense
•
_______________________________ “eat” (phagocytize) pathogens, or release chemicals to kill them
•
_________________________________ occurs
•
Cells release a signal that they are being damaged, which causes ____________________________
•
•
Causes the redness and swelling
The bigger vessels allow more WBC to come in and fight the pathogen
Third Line Defenses Of the Immune System
•
Called ___________________________________________
•
•
Targets only ____________________________________________________
___________________________________ (a substance that neutralizes and kills pathogens) attach to
________________________ (substances that cause an immune response)
•
White blood cells, called _________________________, come in an destroy the pathogen
•
Once antibodies are produced, they are ___________________, and rapidly destroy the pathogen if it
tries to enter again
•
This is why you cannot catch the same cold or flu twice, and why you get vaccines
Allergic reactions
•
If your immune system ______________________________________ (such as dust or pollen), it can release
massive amounts of ______________________________
•
These cause the symptoms of allergic reactions
•
•
Your body can also mistake your own cells as foreign and attack your own tissues
•
Called an _______________________________________
•
•
Sneezing, increased mucus production, redness, swelling
arthritis
Can also attack transplanted tissues
Passive and active immunity
•
Acquired immunity can be active or passive
•
Passive immunity-Introduction of antibodies _______________________________________________
•
Antibodies can be transferred from _________________________________________________
•
Injecting antibodies from other organism immune to the disease
•
Occurs with antivenoms
•
Active immunity-Your body’s production of antibodies ___________________________________
•
Caused by ___________________________________
•
Recovering from an infection
•
________________________________________
•
•
Injecting dead, weakened, or incomplete portions of pathogens to cause an immune
response
Staying Healthy
•
___________________________________________________________________________________
•
Do not _____________. If outside in sun, use
•
Cook meat to proper temperature
•
___________________________________________________________________________________
A bit about cancer
•
Cancer is uncontrolled ______________________
•
Cells ________________________________________
•
Can be hereditary (breast cancer) or due to environmental factors (lung cancer and skin cancer)
•
Can strike anybody, regardless of age
•
Treated with _____________________________________________
•
Getting better at treating, but not able to cure yet. Hopefully soon…
Preventing Infectious Diseases
•
There are precautions you can take.
•
____________________________________ after using the bathroom!
•
•
•
______________________________________ before eating
•
Same rules apply
•
Hand sanitizer is not as good, but will do if necessary
________________________________________ foods and beverages
•
•
With ___________________________, for ______ seconds (sing your ABC’s)
Even with your closest friends
Eat a ________________________________________
•
Vitamins in fruits and vegetables can help fight illness
____
Top Causes of Death in the US
•
•
____________________________________ (600,000 deaths per year)
•
____________________________________ (580,000 deaths per year)
•
____________________________________ (150,000 deaths per year)
•
____________________________________ (130,000 deaths per year)
•
____________________________________ (130,000 deaths per year)
For teens:
•
_____________________________________ (50% of teen deaths)
•
_____________________________________ (15% of all deaths)
•
All other causes (35% of all teen Deaths)
What can be done?
•
Avoid the dangers early (Now rather than later)
•
•
•
•
Heart Disease:
•
______________________________________
•
Eat a _________________________________ (avoid obesity)
•
__________________________ (30+ minutes per day)
•
Get regular checkups
Cancer
•
______________________________________
•
Eat a_______________________________________________ (eat your fruits and vegetables)
•
_______________________
•
__________________________! Take precautions when in the sun
Respiratory disease
•
______________________________________
•
____________________________________________________________________________
Accidents
•
•
•
______________________________________when riding in a car
Be cautions in everyday activities
Stroke
•
______________________________________
•
______________________________________
For young people
•
______________________________________Don’t ever start. Convince others to quit. Try to limit your
exposure to secondhand smoke
•
Start developing ______________________________________________
•
_________________________________________________
•
If you feel depressed, talk to someone! A teacher, a parent, a counselor, anyone. Get help as soon as possible
•
•
These problems do not always go away on their own. Sometimes you need help.
_____________________________________ Treat everyone with respect. Be kind. Offer help to anyone who
needs it, even if they are not your friend.
If you know someone who needs help and will not seek it, report it to an adult immediately. It is better for them to be mad
at you for a bit than to lose them forever…