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The endocrine system is a complex collection of hormone-producing glands that control basic body functions such as metabolism, growth and sexual development. The amount of hormones produced by each gland is carefully balanced. Too much or too little of a certain hormone can have effects throughout the body and cause various endocrine disorders. Many of the hormones produced by the endocrine glands interact with each other to maintain balance. The endocrine system consists of: pituitary gland - secretes hormones to stimulate the adrenals, thyroid, pigment-producing skin cells and gonads (ovaries and testes). Also secretes a growth hormone, an antidiuretic hormone, prolactin (a hormone which affects milk production after childbirth) and oxytocin (a hormone which plays a role in childbirth). hypothalamus - secretes hormones that stimulate or suppress the release of hormones in the pituitary gland. pancreas - secretes insulin and glucagon, which affect the body's absorption of glucose, the body's main source of energy. adrenal cortex - secretes hydrocortisone, which affects metabolism. Also secretes androgen hormone and aldosterone, which affect blood pressure and saline balance. thyroid gland - secretes thyroxin, triiodothyronine and calcitonin, which affect metabolism, body heat, and bone growth. parathyroid glands - secretes a parathyroid hormone, which affects calcium levels in the blood. gonads - the male and female reproductive glands (testes and ovaries). The testes secrete testosterone, which stimulate sperm production and other male characteristics. The ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone, which affect many aspects of the female body, including menstrual cycles and pregnancy. The exocrine glands actually secrete their substances through ducts to particular areas. Examples of exocrine glands include the salivary glands and the sweat glands. The endocrine glands, on the other hand, secrete the hormones they produce directly into the bloodstream. Most endocrine glands are controlled by trophic (stimulating) hormones 1 secreted by the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland, in turn, is controlled by hormones secreted by the hypothalamus in the brain. 2 Acromegaly What is acromegaly? Acromegaly is the Greek word for "extremities" and "enlargement." When the pituitary gland produces excess growth hormones, this results in excessive growth -- called acromegaly. The excessive growth occurs first in the hands and feet, as soft tissue begins to swell. Acromegaly affects mostly middleaged adults. Untreated, the disease can lead to severe illness and death. What are the symptoms of acromegaly? Symptoms of acromegaly vary depending on how long the patient has had the disease. The following are the most common symptoms. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently: 3 1- swelling of the hands and feet 2- facial features become coarse as bones grow 3- body hair becomes coarse as the skin thickens and/or darkens 4- voice deepening 5- enlarged lip, nose, and tongue 6- thickened ribs (creating a barrel chest) 7- joint pain 8- degenerative arthritis 9- enlarged heart 10- enlargement of other organs 11- strange sensations and weakness in arms and legs 12- snoring 13- fatigue and weakness 14- headaches 15- loss of vision 4 16- irregular menstrual cycles in women 17- breast milk production in women 18- impotence in men The symptoms of acromegaly may resemble other conditions or medical problems. How is acromegaly diagnosed? blood tests to check the growth hormone level Treatment for acromegaly: Treatment of acromegaly depends on the cause of the disease. Ninety percent of acromegaly cases are caused by benign tumors on the pituitary gland. Because the tumor is compressing the pituitary gland, the hormone production can be altered. Some other acromegaly 5 cases are caused by tumors of the pancreas, lungs, or adrenal glands. The goal of treatment is to restore the pituitary gland to normal function, producing normal levels of growth hormone. your opinion or preference Treatment may include removal of the tumor, radiation therapy, and injection of a growth hormone blocking drug. Left untreated, acromegaly can lead to diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The disease also increases a patient's risk for cardiovascular disease and colon polyps that may lead to cancer. 6 Diabetes Insipidus FACT: Though produced by the hypothalamus, the portion of the brain that stimulates the pituitary gland, the antidiuretic hormone, is actually stored and released into the blo ction of the antidiuretic hormone by the hypothalamus, the portion of the brain that stimulates the pituitary gland. Normally, the antidiuretic hormone controls the kidneys' output of urine. Diabetes insipidus causes excessive thirst and excessive production of very diluted urine. Causes of diabetes insipidus: Diabetes insipidus can be caused by several conditions, including: 7 malfunctioning hypothalamus malfunctioning pituitary gland damage to hypothalamus or pituitary gland during surgery brain injury tumor tuberculosis blockage in the arteries leading to the brain encephalitis meningitis sarcoidosis (a rare inflammation of the lymph nodes and other tissues throughout the body) What are the symptoms of diabetes insipidus? The following are the most common symptoms. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently: excessive thirst excessive urine production dehydration The symptoms of diabetes insipidus may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Consult a physician for diagnosis. How is diabetes insipidus diagnosed? In addition to a complete medical history and medical examination, diagnostic procedures for diabetes insipidus may include: urine tests blood tests water deprivation test (to observe if dehydration occurs) Treatment of diabetes insipidus: Treating diabetes insipidus depends on what is causing the disease. Treating the cause usually treats the diabetes insipidus. Specific treatment for diabetes insipidus will be determined by your physician based on: 8 your overall health and medical history extent of the disease your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies expectations for the course of the disease your opinion or preference Treatment may include modified antidiuretic hormone drugs or drugs to stimulate the production of the antidiuretic hormone. 9