Download File - Ms. Adam`s science site

Midterm Review Guide
1
Scientific Method/STERNGRR
1. In an experiment, the ___control_____ group is used for comparison.
2. An educated guess about the results of the experiment is called a ___hypothesis___.
3. What should you do when you complete an experiment? __retest/ publish work_____
4. Define homeostasis: ___regulate internal conditions to remain stable_________
Give an example: ___body temperature, pH, blood sugar___________
5. All living things are made of __cells______.
6. Name the characteristic that enables cells to produce more of themselves: __cell division_____
7. Name 3 lab safety rules: ___no food at the lab benches________
____wear safety goggles when appropriate____, and _no sitting at lab tables_________
Organic Compounds - 4.1.1
1. Inorganic Compound Examples: ____water (H20)____, _CO2, _oxygen__, and __CO_
2. Organic Compounds contain __carbon__, ___hydrogen_, and __oxygen___
4 Types of Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Functions: __quick energy_______
Functions: __long term energy/ storage___
Elements: _CHO___
Elements: ___CHO____
Subunits: ___glucose (sugar)___________
Subunits: _____glycerol, fatty acid____
Test for Starch: _iodine_____
Test for Lipids: __paper bag__________
Result: __blue black_____
Test for Sugar: _benedicts_____
Result: __orange
Result: ___positive if greasy residue_______
Examples: fats and oils_
Draw it:
Polysaccharide in Plants: __cellulose__
Polysaccharide in Animals: _glycogen____
Draw it:
Proteins
Functions: ___structure, enzymes, hemoglobin__
Elements: __CHON___
Nucleic Acids
Functions: genetic material
Elements: _____CHONP___
Subunits: ___nucleotide______________
Example:
DNA: __genetic code_____
RNA: __message for genetic code____
Draw it:
Subunits: _____amino acid________
Test for Protein: __biurets_____
Result: ____lavender
Examples:
Enzymes: ___catalyze chemical reactions____
Hemoglobin: _carries oxygen in blood___
Antibodies: _protects against bacteria___
Insulin: _regulates blood sugar levels
Draw it:
Enzymes – 4.1.3
1. Label the image below using the terms:
Enzyme, Substrate(s) , Active Site, Product(s), Enzyme-Substrate complex
2
2. Enzymes are what type of organic molecule? Protein _____________
3. What determines the shape of an enzyme? ____substrate____________
4. Are enzymes reusable? Why or why not? __yes, they are not used during the
reaction___________
5. How do pH and temperature alter the activity of an
enzyme? ___extremes pH and temp may denature an
enzyme_____
6. What is the optimum pH for enzyme X? ___3.5__
Is this an acid or base? __acid___
What is the optimum pH for enzyme Y? __10___
Is this an acid or a base? __base__
Cells
1. ribosomes: _____synthesize protein________________________
2. mitochondria: _____power house (makes ATP)_______________________________
3. nucleus: _____DNA is stored______________________
4. cell membrane: ____allows substances in and out of the cell/
transport___________________
Name 3 characteristics of prokaryotic cells:
1. _bacteria cells___ 2. __free floating DNA___ 3. No membrane bound organelles
Name 3 things that prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common:
1. _ribosomes_ 2. __cell membrane_ 3. __DNA______
Name 3 things plant cells have that animal cells do not have:
1. __cell wall___ 2. __chloroplast____ 3. __large vacuole____
Organize the Levels of Cell Organization from SMALLEST to LARGEST:
Tissues
organisms
cells
organ systems
1. _cell_  2. _tissue_  3. _organs__  4. Organ system_  5. __organism_
A group of cells with the same function is a __tissue__
A group of tissues combine to form an _organ____
Why are skin cells different from blood cells? __cell differentiation_____
organs
Magnification:
3
Calculate the highest magnification: _200__x
10x
20x
10x
Cell Labeling:
Cell membrane
mitochondria
1
2
ribosome
3
4
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Nucleus
Chloroplast
nucleus
Scientific Method:
_______/5
4
1. Which experimental procedure would best determine the effectiveness of a medicine for preventing a certain
disease in mice?
A. Treat 50 mice with the medicine and 50 mice with a harmless substance and then expose all 100 mice to the disease.
B. Expose 100 mice to the disease and then treat all 100 mice with the medicine.
C. Expose 100 mice to the disease and then treat 50 of these mice with the medicine.
D. Treat 10 mice with the medicine and 90 mice with a harmless substance and then expose all 100 mice to the disease.
2. What is the characteristic of life which enables cells to produce more individuals like themselves?
A. growth
B. development
C. responsiveness
D. reproduction
3. Which process includes the other three?
A. excretion
B. nutrition
C. digestion
D. metabolism
4.. In humans, glucose is kept in balance in the bloodstream by insulin. Which concept does this best illustrate?
A. adaptation
B. homeostasis
C. metabolism
D. organization
5. If a control group is NOT included in an experiment, it would be difficult to
A. Formulate a hypothesis for the experiment
C. record data in a data table
B. Make comparisons to the experimental data
D. define the procedure
Organic Compounds 4.1.1
1.
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______/5
Water makes up from 50% to 90% of a living organism. The reminder of the mass generally consists of
various carbon-containing compounds. From these statements, which would be the best conclusion about
living things?
Living things are composed of organic matter only.
Living things are composed of inorganic matter only.
Living things are composed of both organic and inorganic matter.
Living things are composed of neither organic nor inorganic matter.
2. Which statement is true?
A. Simple sugars are made of polysaccharides
C. RNA molecules are made of nucleotides
B. Glycerol is made of fatty acids
D. Amino acids are made of proteins
3. What is the function of proteins?
A. Build and repair body tissue.
C. Provide insulation.
B. Store energy for long term use.
D. None of these are functions of proteins.
4. A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base form the building blocks of which organic compound?
A. carbohydrates
B. lipids
C. nucleic acids
D. proteins
5. A nucleotide is composed of which of the following?
A. Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogen bases
B. Sugar, Glycerol, Nitrogen Bases
C. Fatty acids, amino acids, sugar
D. Phosphate, amino acids, sugar
Enzymes 4.1.3
_______/5
5
1. A student is performing an experiment and wants to finish it quickly. Instead of heating the reactants and enzymes to
37ْ C as indicated by the instructions she increases the temperature of the reactions to 55 ْ C. What will happen and
why?
A. She will have less product because the enzyme gets used up more quickly.
B. She will have less product because the enzyme’s active site is destroyed.
C. She will have more product because the enzyme works more efficiently.
D. She will have more product because the enzyme is at its optimum pH.
2. Which is represented by Structure X below?
A. substrate
B. product
C. enzyme
D. complex
3. Which of the following is not true?
A. Enzymes are re-useable.
B. Enzymes are made of amino acids.
C. Enzymes and substrates are often compared to a lock and key.
D. Enzymes’ active sites can never be denatured.
4. Why do most enzymes not function properly after being exposed to
high temperatures?
A. They are not reusable
B. They have combined with another enzyme
C. Their active site has been denatured
D. Their water content has been denatured
5. In which pH range do both enzymes show some activity?
A. Basic
B. Acidic C. Neutral D. Alkaline
Cells 1.1.1
_______/5
1. A scientist treats a cell with a chemical that destroys the ribosomes. As a result, which cell process will be stopped?
A. osmosis
B. protein synthesis
C. photosynthesis
D. respiration
2. Which is the correct hierarchy of the levels of organization in multicellular organisms?
A. organism organ systems organs tissues cells
B. organism organs organ systems tissues cells
C. cells tissues organs organ systems organism
D. cells tissues organ systems organs organism
3.
A.
B.
C.
D.
What characteristic do eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells have in common?
Both use mitochondria for cellular respiration.
Both use ribosomes for protein synthesis.
Both use chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
Both use a nucleus to hold DNA.
4. Which best explains why muscle cells are different from blood cells?
A. Muscles cells experience different environmental influences than blood cells.
B. Different genes are activated in muscle cells than in blood cells.
C. A mutation occurs during the development of muscle cells but not in blood cells.
D. Muscle cells are produced by the brain, but blood cells are produced by the heart.
5. Which set of cellular organelle functions is incorrectly matched?
A. vacuole - directs cell respiration
B. ribosome – directs protein synthesis
C. nucleus – holds DNA
D. chloroplast - captures radiant energy from sun & turns it into glucose/sugar
Cell Transport
1. The cell membrane is _____semi permeable______ because it only allows certain things in
and out of the cell.
2. Which type of transport uses a protein carrier? _____facilitated diffusion
3. Which type involves the movement of WATER? ____osmosis___________
4. What structure regulates the movement of water? ___cell membrane______
5. Complete the chart:
Type of Transport
Active or Passive?
Does it Use ATP?
High to Low
OR
Low to High
Active Transport
active
atp
Low to high
Diffusion
passive
no
High to low
Facilitated Diffusion
passive
no
Osmosis
passive
no
High to low
High to low
6. Circle what will happen in each of the beakers:
Beaker A – Water moves (into, out of, no movement)
Beaker B – Water moves (into, out of, no movement)
Beaker C – Water moves (into, out of, no movement)
20% glucose
40%
glucose
40% glucose
20%
glucose
50% glucose
50%
glucose
6. Will the iodine move into or out of the bag? _into___
7. What color will the starch solution become if the iodine does move
into the bag? _purple__
8. Which direction will CO2 move?
_____out_______
6
7
Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration
Photosynthesis
Formula
Sunlight+CO2+water
glucose+O2
Respiration
O2+glucose (C6H12O6)
CO2+ATP+H2O
Organisms
Organelle
Plants, animals
mitochondria
plants
chloroplast
1. Name the 2 types of respiration: __aerobic___ and ___anaerobic___
2. Which type uses oxygen? __aerobic_____
3. Which type makes the most ATP? _____aerobic____________
4. Which type is used by yeast? ___anaerobic________________
5. Which type does fermentation? _____anaerobic___________________
6. Which type forms lactic acid? ____anaerobic__________________
7. In the yeast/balloon experiment, what gas is produced by the yeast? ___CO2______
-What is the yeast using to make CO2? __sugar _____
8. Photosynthesis _removes__(adds, removes) carbon from the atmosphere.
9. What 2 factors would increase the rate of photosynthesis?
a. __daylight_____________________________
b. ___increased CO2 in atmosphere____________________________
DNA and Protein Synthesis
1. Who developed the double helix model of DNA? ___watson and crick____
2. Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide: _sugar__, _phosphate__, and __base__
3. DNA comparison Chart:
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
deoxyribose
ATGC
2
Full Name
Sugar
4 Bases
# of Strands
4. DNA Replication  TAG
GTA = ATC
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
ribose
AUGC
1
CAT
5. What affects the order of amino acids in a protein? __sequence of bases____
6. The cell contains _DNA__, which controls the production of _protein_.
7. What is the amino acid sequence for the following DNA sequence: TAG GTA ACG TCA
ISO
HIS
CYS
SER
8
DNA
TAG
GTA
ACG
TCA
mRNA
AUC
CAU
UGC
AGU
Amino
Acid
ISO
HIS
CYS
SER
8. Label the diagram and list the functions:
Structure
Function
A animo acid
Subunit of a protein
B tRNA
Takes the amino acid to the ribosome
C Anti codon
Lines up with matching codon
D codon
Three letter code on the mRNA
E mRNA
Carries the DNA’s message to the ribosome
F ribosome
Synthesize DNA
G protein
Structure, enzymes, hemoglobin
Variation
23 chromosomes
gametes/sex cells
sperm
sexual
46 chromosomes
one parent
Mitosis
zygote
identical
makes 2 cells
two parents
somatic/body cells
egg
asexual
makes 4 cells
9
Meiosis
Variation
23 chromosomes
Gametes/sex cells
Sexual
Sperm
Two parents
Egg
Makes 4 cells
46 chromosomes
One parent
Identical
Makes 2 cells
Somatic/body cells
asexual
zygote
In which phase of mitosis is the cell growing and preparing for cell division? _interphase______
In which stage is the cytoplasm dividing? __cytokinesis______
In which stage is the DNA replicated? ___s phase (part of interphase)_______
Cell Transport 1.2.1
_______/5
1. The diagram below represents a cell in water. Molecules that can move freely across the membrane are
shown. Some molecules are located inside the cell and others are in the water outside the cell.
Based on the diagram, what will most likely happen to these molecules after a few hours?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The concentration of O2 will increase outside the cell.
The concentration of CO2 will increase outside the cell.
O2 will diffuse into the water from the cell.
CO2 will diffuse into the cell from the water
2. What regulates the flow of water through a cell membrane?
A. the concentration of solutes
B. the absence of a cell wall
C. the thickness of the membrane
D. the presence of the cell wall
3. What will happen to the cell over time?
10
A. The cell will gain H2O and expand.
B. The cell will lose H2O and shrink.
C. The cell will both gain and lose equal amounts of H2O; thus, it will
remain the same size.
D. The cell will undergo no exchange of H2O with its surroundings.
4. A person with swollen gums rinses his mouth with warm salt water, and the swelling decreases. Which has
occurred?
A. The swollen gums have absorbed the saltwater solution.
B. The saltwater solution lowers the temperature of the water in the gums.
C. The salt in the solution has moved against the concentration gradient.
D. The water in the gums has moved from a high to a low concentration of water.
5. A freshwater plant is placed in a container of saltwater. What will most likely happen to the cells of the plant?
A. They will swell because water will move into them.
B. They will swell because salt will move into them.
C. They will shrink because water will move out of them.
D. They will shrink because salt will move out of them.
Photosynthesis & Respiration 4.2.1
_______/5
1. In which way are photosynthesis and cellular respiration different?
A. Cellular respiration stores ATP, while photosynthesis releases ATP.
B. Cellular respiration produces oxygen, while photosynthesis uses oxygen.
C. Photosynthesis releases energy, while cellular respiration stores energy.
D. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, while cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide.
2. Which of the following processes releases the most ATP per molecule of glucose for immediate cell use?
A. aerobic respiration
B. anaerobic respiration
C. chemosynthesis
D. photosynthesis
3. There are factors that influence the rate of photosynthesis in plants. Which of the following factors would
most likely increase the rate of photosynthesis?
A. Increase in glucose concentration in the soil
B. Increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere
C. Increase in oxygen concentration in the atmosphere
D. Decrease in carbon dioxide concentration
4. . How does the amount of energy resulting from fermentation compare with that of aerobic respiration?
A. Aerobic respiration results in less energy.
B. Aerobic respiration results in more energy.
C. Each process results in equal amounts of energy.
D. Each process results in variable amounts of energy.
5. Which most accurately describes the difference in ATP production between aerobic respiration and anaerobic
respiration?
A. Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.
B. Anaerobic respiration produces more ATP than aerobic respiration.
C. Only anaerobic respiration produces measurable amounts of ATP.
D. Anaerobic and aerobic respiration produce the same amount of ATP.
DNA/RNA/Protein
3.1.1
_______/5
1. What type of RNA is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis?
A. messenger RNA
B. transfer RNA
C. ribosomal RNA
D. mitochondrial RNA
11
2. Transcription of the DNA sequence below would most directly result in which of the following?
AAGCTGGGA
A. a sequence of three amino acids, linked by peptide bonds
B. a DNA strand with the base sequence TTCGACCCT
C. a mRNA strand with the sequence TTCGACCCT
D. a mRNA strand with the sequence UUCGACCCU
3. During DNA replication, which of the following segments would be complementary to the original DNA
segment of CCTAAT?
A. CGATTA
B. GGUTTU
C. GGATTA
D. GGAUUA
4. What is represented by letter E?
A. nucleus
B. ribosome C. mRNA
D. mitochondria
5. Which structure is incorrectly paired with its function?
A. Structure A is the building block that proteins are made of
B. Structure F is where ribosomes are made.
C. Structure E transfers amino acids
D. Structure B transfers amino acids
Mitosis/Meiosis – 1.2.2 and 3.2.2
_______/5
1. Before mitosis begins, which happens before the nucleus starts dividing?
A. The cytoplasm separates.
B. The DNA replicates.
C. The sister chromatids separate.
D. The homologous chromosomes cross over.
2. During which phase of the cell cycle is the cell growing and preparing for cellular division?
A. cytokinesis
B. anaphase
C. prophase
D. interphase
3. What is the result when a single cell reproduces by mitosis?
A. two cells with genetic material identical to the parent cell
B. two cells with half the genetic material of the parent cell
C. four cells with half the genetic material of the parent cell
D. four cells with genetic material identical to the parent cell
4. Why is the process of meiosis important to sexual reproduction?
A. It provides genetic variation in offspring.
B. It doubles the number of chromosomes in offspring.
C. It reduces the number of alleles from parent to offspring.
D. It produces a hybrid of all genetic traits in offspring.
5. A student observes a typical onion root tip where many of the cells have just successfully completed mitosis. Which
statement best explains what must have happened to result in cells that only have half as many chromosomes as all of the
other cells in the same section of the tip?
A. The parent cell completed mitosis after undergoing interphase.
B. The parent cell completed mitosis after undergoing cytokinesis.
C. The parent cell completed mitosis before undergoing cytokinesis.
D. The parent cell completed mitosis before undergoing interphase.
Review Squares
Biology Midterm Review
12
Match the terms with their correct definition. Place the number in the proper space in the box. If the totals of
the numbers are the same both across and down, you have found the correct matching answers.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
T.
U.
V.
W.
X.
Y.
Independent
Control
Enzyme
Photosynthesis
Active Transport
Passive Transport
Cellulose
Monosaccharide
Nucleotide
Amino Acids
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Osmosis
Cell Membrane
Mitochondria
Facilitated Diffusion
Respiration
DNA replication
Protein Synthesis
Mutation
Transcription
Translation
mRNA
Ribosomes
Organic Compounds
1. high concentration to low concentration with a protein carrier
2. the group in an experiment that is used for comparison
3. contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
4. a biological catalyst
5. subunits of proteins; ex: glycine, leucine, proline
6. process of converting DNA protein
7. mRNA  protein
8. subunit of a nucleic acid; made up of a sugar, phosphate, and base
9. DNA  mRNA
10. the transport of water from a high to low concentration
11. ex: glucose; subunit of a carbohydrate
12. cell type without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
13. the structure of the cell that helps maintain homeostasis
14. cell type with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
15. produces a DNA molecule with one original and one daughter strand
16. the powerhouse of the cell
17. H20 + CO2  C6H12O6 + O2
18.low concentration to high concentration; uses ATP
19. High concentration to low concentration
20. C6H12O6 + O2  H2O + CO2
21. the site of protein synthesis
22. a plant starch
23. a change in the DNA sequence
24. the variable that is changed in an experimental group
25. a single copy of the DNA strand
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q
R.
S.
T.
U.
V.
W.
X.
Y.
Midterm Vocabulary Review
13
Biology Midterm Review – Answer Sheet
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
#15
#16
#17
#18
#19
#20
#21
#22
#23
#24
#25
#26
#27
#28
#29
#30
14
Midterm Review Choice Board


You must complete enough assignments to earn 30 points in order to receive a 100/A
This is a chance to raise your grade while preparing for the midterm.
Assignment Name
# of
Points
Organic Compounds – Create a table/foldable to describe
the 4 organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
and nucleic acids  Be sure to include the following:
elements, function, examples, subunits, how to test it, and a
picture
5
Organic Compounds – Design a Facebook page or an
advertisement for each of the organic compounds (carbs,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids). Include all their important
characteristics in the description (elements, function,
examples, subunits, how to test it, and a picture)
10
Assignment Name
15
# of
Points
DNA/RNA/Proteins – Create 10 flashcards from the
following list of terms: DNA replication, transcription,
translation, protein synthesis, tRNA, rRNA, mRNA,
amino acid, nucleus, mutation, semi-conservative
method, codon, anti-codon, gene regulation,
nucleotides, ribosome, peptide bond, hydrogen bond
(include a definition and picture example)
5
DNA/RNA/Proteins – Create a Venn diagram or a
table to distinguish between the structures and
functions of DNA and RNA
2
2
DNA/RNA/Proteins – Create an analogy for the
process of protein synthesis. The following items need
to be included in your analogy: DNA, mRNA, tRNA,
ribosome, codon, amino acid, protein, nucleus,
cytoplasm (If you include a detailed and colorful poster
with labeled diagrams, this will be worth 10 points)
5
DNA/RNA/Proteins – Draw the processes of DNA
replication, transcription, and translation (protein
synthesis) Label all key parts.
3
5 - 10
DNA/RNA/Proteins – Ah! You have been shrunk
down to the molecular level. Walk into a cell and
explain the process of DNA replication, transcription,
and translation (protein synthesis) – step by step.
Must be at least ½ page and include a labeled diagram
5
Cells Transport – Design a colorful comic strip to explain
the difference between diffusion, osmosis, facilitated
diffusion, and active transport
5
Mitosis/Meiosis – Create 10 flashcards from the
following list of terms: mitosis, meiosis, regeneration,
cloning, diploid, haploid, somatic cell, gamete,
recombination of alleles, non-disjunction, trisomy,
karyotype, fertilization, crossing over, sexual
reproduction, asexual reproduction, cancer (include a
definition and picture example)
5
Cell Transport –Create a Venn diagram or a table to
distinguish between active and passive transport (be sure to
include the types of passive transport)
5
Mitosis/Meiosis – Create a Venn diagram or a table
to distinguish between mitosis and meiosis
2
5
Mitosis/Meiosis – Create a table to describe and
illustrate the sources of variation during meiosis:
crossing over, random assortment of chromosomes,
gene mutation, nondisjunction, and fertilization
5
Enzymes – Draw, label, and describe the lock and key
model AND used graphs to explain the effects of
temperature and ph on enzyme activity
Cells – Create 10 flashcards from the following list of terms:
prokaryote, eukaryote, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria,
chloroplast, ribosome, cell membrane, cell wall, vacuole,
rough ER, and the Golgi apparatus (include a
definition/function and picture example)
Cells – Create an analogy for the cell. The following items
should be included in your analogy (nucleus, cell membrane,
cell wall, ribosome, cytoplasm, mitochondria, vacuole, rough
ER, and the Golgi apparatus (If you include a detailed and
colorful poster with labeled diagrams, this will be worth 10
points)
Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration – Create a mini
poster, with pictures and color, for the photosynthesis and
cell respiration formulas
Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration – Create a Venn
Mitosis/Meiosis – Draw and label the stages of
diagram or a table to distinguish between photosynthesis
3
mitosis and meiosis
and cell respiration
All Topics – Create a 10 question multiple choice test for any of the following topics: Organic Compounds, Enzymes, Cells,
Photosynthesis/Cell Respiration, DNA/ protein synthesis, mitosis/meiosis. You must explain the answer to each question and explain
why every other answer choice is wrong. You can choose what Chapters and Units these questions come from. You are NOT allowed
to COPY questions out of your book.
All Topics - Write a children’s book about one of the following topics: Organic Compounds, Enzymes, Cells, Photosynthesis/Cell
Respiration, DNA/ protein synthesis, mitosis/meiosis. Your book needs to be 10 pages, have detailed descriptions of your topic, be
written so that a middle school student can understand your explanation, and include pictures with color.
5 - 10
3
10
15