Inference of Positive and Negative Selection on the 59 Regulatory
... Inference of Positive and Negative Selection on the 59 Regulatory Regions of Drosophila Genes Michael H. Kohn,* Shu Fang,* and Chung-I Wu* *Department of Ecology & Evolution, The University of Chicago; Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China Both positive ...
... Inference of Positive and Negative Selection on the 59 Regulatory Regions of Drosophila Genes Michael H. Kohn,* Shu Fang,* and Chung-I Wu* *Department of Ecology & Evolution, The University of Chicago; Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China Both positive ...
Pollinatormediated selection and experimental manipulation of the
... open and pollinators had access to their interior. Although the design was completely balanced at the start of the experiment, some flowers had to be eliminated because they withered or were eaten by larvae. Once the experiment was assembled, the presence ⁄ absence of pollinia was periodically evalua ...
... open and pollinators had access to their interior. Although the design was completely balanced at the start of the experiment, some flowers had to be eliminated because they withered or were eaten by larvae. Once the experiment was assembled, the presence ⁄ absence of pollinia was periodically evalua ...
evolution - Teacher Pages: Teacher Pages
... a. Competition for scarce resources b. Creation of new allele combinations during sexual reproduction c. Changes in environmental conditions, including food sources d. Changes in reproductive rates of finch species ...
... a. Competition for scarce resources b. Creation of new allele combinations during sexual reproduction c. Changes in environmental conditions, including food sources d. Changes in reproductive rates of finch species ...
molecular biology and genetics
... It was obvious that there is more genes than chromosomes. How is then possible that the genes do not „travel“ with chromosomes? (Mendel was lucky to pick each factor on different chromosome) ...
... It was obvious that there is more genes than chromosomes. How is then possible that the genes do not „travel“ with chromosomes? (Mendel was lucky to pick each factor on different chromosome) ...
The impact of rapid evolution on population dynamics in the wild
... changes in genotypic frequencies occurring within a growing season, a time period usually deemed too short for evolution to have an impact. Experiments conducted in the wild within natural communities incorporate biotic and abiotic variation as well as gene flow. These confounding factors could impo ...
... changes in genotypic frequencies occurring within a growing season, a time period usually deemed too short for evolution to have an impact. Experiments conducted in the wild within natural communities incorporate biotic and abiotic variation as well as gene flow. These confounding factors could impo ...
Biology 11 final review
... complementary base pairing, nucleotide, be able to label diagram Identify roles of DNA in evolution DNA replication, transcription & translation Understand the role of mutation and sexual reproduction in evolution 2. Evolution (Ch. 15) Fossils Comparative embryology Vestigial Structures ...
... complementary base pairing, nucleotide, be able to label diagram Identify roles of DNA in evolution DNA replication, transcription & translation Understand the role of mutation and sexual reproduction in evolution 2. Evolution (Ch. 15) Fossils Comparative embryology Vestigial Structures ...
The impact of rapid evolution on population dynamics in the
... changes in genotypic frequencies occurring within a growing season, a time period usually deemed too short for evolution to have an impact. Experiments conducted in the wild within natural communities incorporate biotic and abiotic variation as well as gene flow. These confounding factors could impo ...
... changes in genotypic frequencies occurring within a growing season, a time period usually deemed too short for evolution to have an impact. Experiments conducted in the wild within natural communities incorporate biotic and abiotic variation as well as gene flow. These confounding factors could impo ...
The Darwinian Revelation: Tracing the Origin and Evolution of an Idea
... on that continent for a long period” (Herbert 2005). Over this same period, ornithologist John Gould read a series of papers to the Zoological Society treating Darwin’s bird collection from South America and the Galápagos. Gould treated the finches that now bear Darwin’s name on 10 January, raptoria ...
... on that continent for a long period” (Herbert 2005). Over this same period, ornithologist John Gould read a series of papers to the Zoological Society treating Darwin’s bird collection from South America and the Galápagos. Gould treated the finches that now bear Darwin’s name on 10 January, raptoria ...
01_Lecture_Presentation_PC
... • Fossils provide additional evidence of anatomical unity from descent with modification © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • Fossils provide additional evidence of anatomical unity from descent with modification © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Pfennig and Kingsolver
... more offspring than others. Thus, phenotypic selection requires phenotypic variation, where individuals differ in some of their characteristics, and differential reproduction, where some individuals have more surviving offspring than others because of their distinctive characteristics. Those individ ...
... more offspring than others. Thus, phenotypic selection requires phenotypic variation, where individuals differ in some of their characteristics, and differential reproduction, where some individuals have more surviving offspring than others because of their distinctive characteristics. Those individ ...
"Endlers Guppies" assignment
... some islands in the Caribbean Sea. The reading will not only provide a wonderful example of how natural selection operates, but it will also describe how a scientist does his work. The questions below will guide you through the reading and help you to focus on ways in which John Endler tried to answ ...
... some islands in the Caribbean Sea. The reading will not only provide a wonderful example of how natural selection operates, but it will also describe how a scientist does his work. The questions below will guide you through the reading and help you to focus on ways in which John Endler tried to answ ...
Promoting resilience of UK tree species to novel pests
... Tree Health and Plant Biosecurity Initiative 1. Population structure and natural selection in the Chalara ash dieback fungus 2. Identifying genomic resources in Fraxinus 3. Biological pest control of insect pests that threaten tree health 4. New approaches for the early detection of tree health pes ...
... Tree Health and Plant Biosecurity Initiative 1. Population structure and natural selection in the Chalara ash dieback fungus 2. Identifying genomic resources in Fraxinus 3. Biological pest control of insect pests that threaten tree health 4. New approaches for the early detection of tree health pes ...
The genetical theory of multilevel selection - synergy
... that class (see Appendix 2 for details). The basic idea here is that, in a class-structured population, an allele’s frequency may undergo systematic change even if that allele is entirely neutral. Accordingly, even if natural selection is playing some role in driving allele frequency change, it may ...
... that class (see Appendix 2 for details). The basic idea here is that, in a class-structured population, an allele’s frequency may undergo systematic change even if that allele is entirely neutral. Accordingly, even if natural selection is playing some role in driving allele frequency change, it may ...
The genetical theory of multilevel selection
... that class (see Appendix 2 for details). The basic idea here is that, in a class-structured population, an allele’s frequency may undergo systematic change even if that allele is entirely neutral. Accordingly, even if natural selection is playing some role in driving allele frequency change, it may ...
... that class (see Appendix 2 for details). The basic idea here is that, in a class-structured population, an allele’s frequency may undergo systematic change even if that allele is entirely neutral. Accordingly, even if natural selection is playing some role in driving allele frequency change, it may ...
Plant sex chromosome evolution
... females) and one or more female-sterility mutations (creating males). First, dioecy in flowering plants seems often to have evolved from either hermaphroditism or monoecy, or, using the combined term, from co-sexuality. It follows directly that, during the evolution of dioecy, either females or male ...
... females) and one or more female-sterility mutations (creating males). First, dioecy in flowering plants seems often to have evolved from either hermaphroditism or monoecy, or, using the combined term, from co-sexuality. It follows directly that, during the evolution of dioecy, either females or male ...
The Origin of Man Author(s): C. Owen Lovejoy Source: Science
... Tanzania show the average period between successful births to be 5.6 years (46). This can be attributed in part to a greatly prolonged period of subadult dependency. Van Lawick-Goodall's (47) description of the chimpanzee life phases is instructive: The infantdoes not startto walkuntilhe is six mont ...
... Tanzania show the average period between successful births to be 5.6 years (46). This can be attributed in part to a greatly prolonged period of subadult dependency. Van Lawick-Goodall's (47) description of the chimpanzee life phases is instructive: The infantdoes not startto walkuntilhe is six mont ...
Asexual but not clonal: evolutionary processes in
... (BELL 1982): haploid gametes are produced through meiosis, and these fuse to form diploid offspring that are a genetic mix of their parents. Conversely, bacteria, many unicellular and some multicellular eukaryotes reproduce clonally, i.e. their offspring are genetically identical to their mother. Th ...
... (BELL 1982): haploid gametes are produced through meiosis, and these fuse to form diploid offspring that are a genetic mix of their parents. Conversely, bacteria, many unicellular and some multicellular eukaryotes reproduce clonally, i.e. their offspring are genetically identical to their mother. Th ...
Speciation genetics: current status and evolving approaches
... throughout), was proposed as a solution to the problem of how hybrid sterility can evolve without selection opposing any intermediate step. In short, allopatric populations that evolve independently each accumulate different mutations that contribute to genetic differences between the populations. S ...
... throughout), was proposed as a solution to the problem of how hybrid sterility can evolve without selection opposing any intermediate step. In short, allopatric populations that evolve independently each accumulate different mutations that contribute to genetic differences between the populations. S ...
Multidimensional convergence stability
... essentially futile to expect a completely general stability criterion based solely on (invasion) fitness, and this state of affairs is particularly acute for multidimensional trait spaces. On the other hand, I will argue that fitness-based stability criteria can be quite useful, in the sense of prov ...
... essentially futile to expect a completely general stability criterion based solely on (invasion) fitness, and this state of affairs is particularly acute for multidimensional trait spaces. On the other hand, I will argue that fitness-based stability criteria can be quite useful, in the sense of prov ...
Losos_Seeing - Harvard University
... method (after Sessions and Larson, 1987) and the first, after the original, to use the Huey and Bennett squaredchange parsimony method. I point this out not only to demonstrate that there was a delay before these methods were widely adopted, but also to establish my bona fides as someone who has bee ...
... method (after Sessions and Larson, 1987) and the first, after the original, to use the Huey and Bennett squaredchange parsimony method. I point this out not only to demonstrate that there was a delay before these methods were widely adopted, but also to establish my bona fides as someone who has bee ...
Taking Evolution Seriously: Historical Institutionalism and
... dangerous. This perception is in part traceable to the revulsion at the warped interpretations of Darwin’s theory advanced in the late nineteenth century by Herbert Spencer, William Graham Sumner, and other “social Darwinists,” to subsequent noxious ideologies and theories of racialism, and, more re ...
... dangerous. This perception is in part traceable to the revulsion at the warped interpretations of Darwin’s theory advanced in the late nineteenth century by Herbert Spencer, William Graham Sumner, and other “social Darwinists,” to subsequent noxious ideologies and theories of racialism, and, more re ...
Associate Program Faculty Notes (Standard)
... In prophase I and metaphase I of meiosis, the pairs of homologous chromosomes come together and a process called crossing over occurs. Homologous chromosomes do not pair up in mitosis. In anaphase and telophase of mitosis, the chromosomes are pulled apart into sister chromatids and are placed into s ...
... In prophase I and metaphase I of meiosis, the pairs of homologous chromosomes come together and a process called crossing over occurs. Homologous chromosomes do not pair up in mitosis. In anaphase and telophase of mitosis, the chromosomes are pulled apart into sister chromatids and are placed into s ...
chapter 4—biodiversity and evolution
... TOP: 4-3 How Do Geological Processes and Climate Change Affect Evolution? 15. Which of the following is not true of the conditions on earth that make life possible? a. gravitational mass keeps atmospheric gasses from flying off b. spin of the earth keeps the sun from overheating any one part of the ...
... TOP: 4-3 How Do Geological Processes and Climate Change Affect Evolution? 15. Which of the following is not true of the conditions on earth that make life possible? a. gravitational mass keeps atmospheric gasses from flying off b. spin of the earth keeps the sun from overheating any one part of the ...
Available Online
... it is never the case that the canonical coevolutionary setup should be favored. The generality of this result, however, is an open question. Utilizing this information, a novel “Dynamic Virulence” algorithm is introduced. This algorithm adapts population virulence over time as populations evolve. It ...
... it is never the case that the canonical coevolutionary setup should be favored. The generality of this result, however, is an open question. Utilizing this information, a novel “Dynamic Virulence” algorithm is introduced. This algorithm adapts population virulence over time as populations evolve. It ...
Presentation
... It would have taken years for life to change like Lyell suggested. This is only possible if the Earth is extremely old. ...
... It would have taken years for life to change like Lyell suggested. This is only possible if the Earth is extremely old. ...
Introduction to evolution
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in an organism's DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.The forces of evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either through geographic distance or by other mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange. Over time, isolated populations can branch off into new species.The majority of genetic mutations neither assist, change the appearance of, nor bring harm to individuals. Through the process of genetic drift, these mutated genes are neutrally sorted among populations and survive across generations by chance alone. In contrast to genetic drift, natural selection is not a random process because it acts on traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Natural selection and random genetic drift are constant and dynamic parts of life and over time this has shaped the branching structure in the tree of life.The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in paleontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.