Predicting Microevolutionary Responses to Directional Selection on
... the precise prediction of evolutionary change caused by selection. The standard equation for predicting an evolutionary response to selection on quantitative traits was developed for the purpose of improving animal and plant yields under artificial selection (Bulmer 1980; Falconer 1989). The respons ...
... the precise prediction of evolutionary change caused by selection. The standard equation for predicting an evolutionary response to selection on quantitative traits was developed for the purpose of improving animal and plant yields under artificial selection (Bulmer 1980; Falconer 1989). The respons ...
Structured Questions
... 12. Biologists once grouped archaebacteria and bacteria into the same kingdom due to their structural similarities. With the advancement of technology, biologists found that archaebacteria are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria in the evolutionary history. Therefore archaebacteria ...
... 12. Biologists once grouped archaebacteria and bacteria into the same kingdom due to their structural similarities. With the advancement of technology, biologists found that archaebacteria are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria in the evolutionary history. Therefore archaebacteria ...
ch_1-4 - WordPress.com
... All organisms grow: -Increase in mass or number of cells characterise growth. -plants grow throughout life. -Animals grow to certain age . -Non living objects also grow externally by accumulation of material on surface. -Living objects grow from inside. -Growth cannot be considered as defining prope ...
... All organisms grow: -Increase in mass or number of cells characterise growth. -plants grow throughout life. -Animals grow to certain age . -Non living objects also grow externally by accumulation of material on surface. -Living objects grow from inside. -Growth cannot be considered as defining prope ...
Science Review
... Africa’s ostriches, South America’s rheas, Australia's emus, and New Zealand’s moas all share many similar characteristics. Geological evidence shows that the 4 land masses were once connected. What statement would support Darwinian ideas? ...
... Africa’s ostriches, South America’s rheas, Australia's emus, and New Zealand’s moas all share many similar characteristics. Geological evidence shows that the 4 land masses were once connected. What statement would support Darwinian ideas? ...
The genetic architecture of insect courtship behavior and
... suggested that divergence among populations, and consequent speciation, may be more likely when traits are controlled by few loci (Arnegard and Kondrashov, 2004; Gavrilets and Vose, 2007; Gavrilets et al., 2007; Hayashi et al., 2007), and that speciation may also occur more rapidly under such geneti ...
... suggested that divergence among populations, and consequent speciation, may be more likely when traits are controlled by few loci (Arnegard and Kondrashov, 2004; Gavrilets and Vose, 2007; Gavrilets et al., 2007; Hayashi et al., 2007), and that speciation may also occur more rapidly under such geneti ...
Aesthetic evolution by mate choice: Darwin`s really dangerous idea
... In summary, it is a mistake for us to read Darwin as if the aesthetic implications of his language were quirky, colourful, whimsical or unintentional. They are a fundamental feature of his theory. It would be overreaching, however, to conclude that Darwin’s view is exclusively arbitrary and coevolut ...
... In summary, it is a mistake for us to read Darwin as if the aesthetic implications of his language were quirky, colourful, whimsical or unintentional. They are a fundamental feature of his theory. It would be overreaching, however, to conclude that Darwin’s view is exclusively arbitrary and coevolut ...
Aesthetic evolution by mate choice: Darwin`s really dangerous idea
... In summary, it is a mistake for us to read Darwin as if the aesthetic implications of his language were quirky, colourful, whimsical or unintentional. They are a fundamental feature of his theory. It would be overreaching, however, to conclude that Darwin’s view is exclusively arbitrary and coevolut ...
... In summary, it is a mistake for us to read Darwin as if the aesthetic implications of his language were quirky, colourful, whimsical or unintentional. They are a fundamental feature of his theory. It would be overreaching, however, to conclude that Darwin’s view is exclusively arbitrary and coevolut ...
A multispecies approach for comparing sequence evolution of X
... Another approach is to study the same group of genes in an autosomal and an X-linked context. The genus Drosophila is particularly favourable for this purpose, since its species vary both in the number and organization of their chromosomes. Muller (1940) ...
... Another approach is to study the same group of genes in an autosomal and an X-linked context. The genus Drosophila is particularly favourable for this purpose, since its species vary both in the number and organization of their chromosomes. Muller (1940) ...
Law and Evolutionary Biology - CUA Law Scholarship Repository
... of random variation is continually followed by differential survival and proliferation that is nonrandom, the more adaptive forms persist ...while their alternatives perish." DALY & WILSON, supra note 5, at 3 (summarizing Darwin). 7. Such randomly-arising physical traits (like the long necks on a fe ...
... of random variation is continually followed by differential survival and proliferation that is nonrandom, the more adaptive forms persist ...while their alternatives perish." DALY & WILSON, supra note 5, at 3 (summarizing Darwin). 7. Such randomly-arising physical traits (like the long necks on a fe ...
File - ISN Psychology
... chance of passing there genes to the next generations. Organisms with specific genetic traits that enhance survival are said to be naturally selected. They are more likely to survive and pass those traits on. Many of the traits that you have been passed down to you to help you survive. ...
... chance of passing there genes to the next generations. Organisms with specific genetic traits that enhance survival are said to be naturally selected. They are more likely to survive and pass those traits on. Many of the traits that you have been passed down to you to help you survive. ...
The Religion of the Blind Watchmaker
... accumulation of small genetic changes by natural selection. The point is not whether "evolution" in some vague sense is true. "Evolution" has certainly occurred, but the scientific importance of this statement is slight when evolution is defined vaguely as "change" or modestly as "shifts in gene fre ...
... accumulation of small genetic changes by natural selection. The point is not whether "evolution" in some vague sense is true. "Evolution" has certainly occurred, but the scientific importance of this statement is slight when evolution is defined vaguely as "change" or modestly as "shifts in gene fre ...
Publication Appendices
... Evolution can be described as a change in the frequency of alleles (version of the gene) in the gene pool of a population. The frequency of alleles in a population would remain the same as long as the following conditions are met: No natural selection occurs No mutations occur No genetic drift ...
... Evolution can be described as a change in the frequency of alleles (version of the gene) in the gene pool of a population. The frequency of alleles in a population would remain the same as long as the following conditions are met: No natural selection occurs No mutations occur No genetic drift ...
Four Pillars of Statisticalism
... a population’s change in trait distribution, we need to know something else. We need to be able to divide the population into abstract trait classes (or ‘trait types’). We do this, for each heritable trait, by collecting together all those individuals that share that trait. The population of trait c ...
... a population’s change in trait distribution, we need to know something else. We need to be able to divide the population into abstract trait classes (or ‘trait types’). We do this, for each heritable trait, by collecting together all those individuals that share that trait. The population of trait c ...
Darwin and Derrida
... them either perfectly developed or not at all.”8 Monstrosities are not swamped in successive generations through blending inheritance, but rather reveal that traits are inherited in their entirety, and accordingly, may be specifically selected to survive in a population. And monsters can be quite su ...
... them either perfectly developed or not at all.”8 Monstrosities are not swamped in successive generations through blending inheritance, but rather reveal that traits are inherited in their entirety, and accordingly, may be specifically selected to survive in a population. And monsters can be quite su ...
COURSE TITLE - Hazlet Township Public Schools
... HS-LS1-4. Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms. HS-LS3-1. Ask questions to clarify relationships about the role of DNA and chromosomes in coding the instructions for characteristic traits passed from pare ...
... HS-LS1-4. Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms. HS-LS3-1. Ask questions to clarify relationships about the role of DNA and chromosomes in coding the instructions for characteristic traits passed from pare ...
physiological differentiation of vertebrate
... well-known biogeographic rules pertaining to body size, proportions, and coloration (e.g. Allen's, Bergmann's, Gloger's) is highly questionable (39, 117, 139, 157, 173, 174, 252, 312, 327), and thorough "common garden" (60a) studies are rare (but see 77, 196, 252). Island populations also show chara ...
... well-known biogeographic rules pertaining to body size, proportions, and coloration (e.g. Allen's, Bergmann's, Gloger's) is highly questionable (39, 117, 139, 157, 173, 174, 252, 312, 327), and thorough "common garden" (60a) studies are rare (but see 77, 196, 252). Island populations also show chara ...
Young Children Can Be Taught Basic Natural Selection
... (Bishop & Anderson, 1990; Brumby, 1984; Nehm & Reilly, 2007; see Gregory, 2009, for review) who are often targets of instruction on the topic but, disturbingly, also among many of the teachers expected to teach them (Nehm, Kim, & Sheppard, 2009; Nehm & Schonfeld, 2007). The misconceptions held about ...
... (Bishop & Anderson, 1990; Brumby, 1984; Nehm & Reilly, 2007; see Gregory, 2009, for review) who are often targets of instruction on the topic but, disturbingly, also among many of the teachers expected to teach them (Nehm, Kim, & Sheppard, 2009; Nehm & Schonfeld, 2007). The misconceptions held about ...
Explaining stasis: microevolutionary studies in natural populations
... of the ‘breeders equation’ (Eq. (1)) being non-zero, most populations of wild birds, some of which have been studied for more than 50 years (approximately 30 generations), show little sign of evolving towards earlier breeding times. In the discussion that follows we will often return to this example ...
... of the ‘breeders equation’ (Eq. (1)) being non-zero, most populations of wild birds, some of which have been studied for more than 50 years (approximately 30 generations), show little sign of evolving towards earlier breeding times. In the discussion that follows we will often return to this example ...
Heterogeneous Stocks and Selective Breeding in Aging Research
... after the requisite number of consecutive generations of inbreeding, the genotype approaches uniformity, but of an unknown configuration (males differ from females in having a Y chromosome, of course, but, like other chromosomes, it will be genetically the same in all males in the strain). The power ...
... after the requisite number of consecutive generations of inbreeding, the genotype approaches uniformity, but of an unknown configuration (males differ from females in having a Y chromosome, of course, but, like other chromosomes, it will be genetically the same in all males in the strain). The power ...
The Origin of Species
... adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes From studies made years after Darwin’s voyage, biologists have concluded that this is what happened to the Galápagos finches ...
... adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes From studies made years after Darwin’s voyage, biologists have concluded that this is what happened to the Galápagos finches ...
Power Point Slides: last set before midterm
... tendency toward the end of “greater complexity.” (There was an actual “evolutionary ladder” that species were climbing.) • It was this belief in purpose or design, an identifiable direction of history called “progress” which made early evolutionary theories attractive to the broader public. • Thus, ...
... tendency toward the end of “greater complexity.” (There was an actual “evolutionary ladder” that species were climbing.) • It was this belief in purpose or design, an identifiable direction of history called “progress” which made early evolutionary theories attractive to the broader public. • Thus, ...
Is Darwinism a Comprehensive Doctrine?
... movement in the US, is bolder in his assessment: evolutionary theory would be an ideological artefact wielded by militant secularists to attract children into the naturalistic worldview, a fully partisan belief waging an intellectual war for cultural domination. Like Plantinga, Johnson believes that ...
... movement in the US, is bolder in his assessment: evolutionary theory would be an ideological artefact wielded by militant secularists to attract children into the naturalistic worldview, a fully partisan belief waging an intellectual war for cultural domination. Like Plantinga, Johnson believes that ...
Breast Cancer Intra-tumour Heterogeneity
... 6 weeks of Everolimus therapy Assess status of mTOR pathway across different regions of the tumour Evidence of Differential Pathway Activity post-Everolimus exposure? ...
... 6 weeks of Everolimus therapy Assess status of mTOR pathway across different regions of the tumour Evidence of Differential Pathway Activity post-Everolimus exposure? ...
Proceedings of the Pittsburgh Workshop in History - Philsci
... term, a theory is deterministic if from a complete state description of a system at time t one can derive a complete state description of that system at some later time t’. (One could complicate this characterization enormously, but this suffices for present purposes.) A process is deterministic th ...
... term, a theory is deterministic if from a complete state description of a system at time t one can derive a complete state description of that system at some later time t’. (One could complicate this characterization enormously, but this suffices for present purposes.) A process is deterministic th ...
Introduction to evolution
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in an organism's DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.The forces of evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either through geographic distance or by other mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange. Over time, isolated populations can branch off into new species.The majority of genetic mutations neither assist, change the appearance of, nor bring harm to individuals. Through the process of genetic drift, these mutated genes are neutrally sorted among populations and survive across generations by chance alone. In contrast to genetic drift, natural selection is not a random process because it acts on traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Natural selection and random genetic drift are constant and dynamic parts of life and over time this has shaped the branching structure in the tree of life.The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in paleontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.