Genomics and the origin of species
... these classes of isolation. Extrinsic postzygotic isolation and sexual isolation can rapidly evolve17, and they often interact with each other 16 and with the evolution of ...
... these classes of isolation. Extrinsic postzygotic isolation and sexual isolation can rapidly evolve17, and they often interact with each other 16 and with the evolution of ...
EEOB 405.01 – Exam 1 Cathy Becker Question 1 Phylogeny of
... body forms that originated during the Cambrian did not last long. Among arthropods, for example, 20 body plans dating to the Cambrian period have been identified, but of those only four survive today. However, this does not mean that there is less diversity today than 540 million years ago. Back the ...
... body forms that originated during the Cambrian did not last long. Among arthropods, for example, 20 body plans dating to the Cambrian period have been identified, but of those only four survive today. However, this does not mean that there is less diversity today than 540 million years ago. Back the ...
video slide - Biology at Mott
... • Ongoing research adds to our understanding of evolution Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... • Ongoing research adds to our understanding of evolution Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Evolution by Jumps: Francis Galton and William Bateson
... increases the more it is stretched, hence equilibrium must at length ensue between reversion and family variability.” Galton would interpret this as meaning that the small, incremental steps by which natural selection was supposed to proceed according to Darwin’s theory simply could not work because ...
... increases the more it is stretched, hence equilibrium must at length ensue between reversion and family variability.” Galton would interpret this as meaning that the small, incremental steps by which natural selection was supposed to proceed according to Darwin’s theory simply could not work because ...
On reciprocal causation in the evolutionary process
... (p. 370). This argument is based on the somewhat disingenuous contention that evolutionary biologists view natural selection as an abiotic entity that is not influenced or changed by living organisms, and that ‘‘adaptation is conventionally seen as a process by which natural selection shapes organis ...
... (p. 370). This argument is based on the somewhat disingenuous contention that evolutionary biologists view natural selection as an abiotic entity that is not influenced or changed by living organisms, and that ‘‘adaptation is conventionally seen as a process by which natural selection shapes organis ...
Genomics and the origin of species - Integrative Biology
... and whole-genome resequencing112 of population samples. Patterns in genome-wide divergence can be visualized and compared using, for example, FST kernel density plots and Manhattan plots98 (FIG. 1). Testing for signatures of introgression Various approaches are available to assess whether the sharin ...
... and whole-genome resequencing112 of population samples. Patterns in genome-wide divergence can be visualized and compared using, for example, FST kernel density plots and Manhattan plots98 (FIG. 1). Testing for signatures of introgression Various approaches are available to assess whether the sharin ...
Evolutionary computing
... • Occasionally some of the genetic material changes very slightly during this process (replication error) • This means that the child might have genetic material information not inherited from either parent • This can be – catastrophic: offspring in not viable (most likely) – neutral: new feature no ...
... • Occasionally some of the genetic material changes very slightly during this process (replication error) • This means that the child might have genetic material information not inherited from either parent • This can be – catastrophic: offspring in not viable (most likely) – neutral: new feature no ...
Probabilistic causation and the explanatory role of natural selection
... natural selection is that it explains the propagation of new mutant traits (and lost of the wild-type) and the maintenance of the wildtype traits (and lost of the new mutants) in nature. Nevertheless, at the same time that they are the most accepted explananda of natural selection, they are rarely a ...
... natural selection is that it explains the propagation of new mutant traits (and lost of the wild-type) and the maintenance of the wildtype traits (and lost of the new mutants) in nature. Nevertheless, at the same time that they are the most accepted explananda of natural selection, they are rarely a ...
Will Marchuk - Red Deer College
... Lecture exams and quizzes will consist of a combination short answer and discussion-based, questions. There will be several very short unannounced “pop” quizzes throughout the term that may earn you valuable “BANK” marks. If you skip class – you lose out. Details about these will be provided in clas ...
... Lecture exams and quizzes will consist of a combination short answer and discussion-based, questions. There will be several very short unannounced “pop” quizzes throughout the term that may earn you valuable “BANK” marks. If you skip class – you lose out. Details about these will be provided in clas ...
Eco-genetic modeling of contemporary life
... The traditional approach to modeling animal populations in general, and fish populations in particular, is to assume that density dependence acts only during early life stages. When this assumption is made, optimization models can often be used to model life-history evolution. However, it is increasi ...
... The traditional approach to modeling animal populations in general, and fish populations in particular, is to assume that density dependence acts only during early life stages. When this assumption is made, optimization models can often be used to model life-history evolution. However, it is increasi ...
Population divergence and candidate signatures of natural selection
... or ecotypes that show ecological differentiation provides the means for finding any loci associated with divergence or adaptation (Storz 2005; Stinchcombe & Hoekstra 2008; Stapley et al. 2010; Strasburg et al. 2012), and the genomic processes associated with evolution (Kim & Nielsen 2004; Nosil et a ...
... or ecotypes that show ecological differentiation provides the means for finding any loci associated with divergence or adaptation (Storz 2005; Stinchcombe & Hoekstra 2008; Stapley et al. 2010; Strasburg et al. 2012), and the genomic processes associated with evolution (Kim & Nielsen 2004; Nosil et a ...
Document
... A group of scientists is studying the evolution of insecticide resistance in a recently identified insect parasite of garbanzo bean crops, Trichoplusia Garbanzi. Research to date has demonstrated that the strength of selection favoring a novel (dominant) insecticide resistance gene is s ≈ .054 withi ...
... A group of scientists is studying the evolution of insecticide resistance in a recently identified insect parasite of garbanzo bean crops, Trichoplusia Garbanzi. Research to date has demonstrated that the strength of selection favoring a novel (dominant) insecticide resistance gene is s ≈ .054 withi ...
Gene flow and genetic differentiation
... A group of scientists is studying the evolution of insecticide resistance in a recently identified insect parasite of garbanzo bean crops, Trichoplusia Garbanzi. Research to date has demonstrated that the strength of selection favoring a novel (dominant) insecticide resistance gene is s ≈ .054 withi ...
... A group of scientists is studying the evolution of insecticide resistance in a recently identified insect parasite of garbanzo bean crops, Trichoplusia Garbanzi. Research to date has demonstrated that the strength of selection favoring a novel (dominant) insecticide resistance gene is s ≈ .054 withi ...
The Genetic Architecture of Ecological Specialization: Correlated
... on two traits. Genetic correlations may be caused either by pleiotropy (multiple effects of an allele on several traits) or by linkage disequilibrium (nonrandom association of alleles at different loci affecting two traits; Falconer and MacKay 1996). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) is greatly facilitate ...
... on two traits. Genetic correlations may be caused either by pleiotropy (multiple effects of an allele on several traits) or by linkage disequilibrium (nonrandom association of alleles at different loci affecting two traits; Falconer and MacKay 1996). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) is greatly facilitate ...
Mallet (2012) "The struggle..."
... The theoretical core of evolutionary biology – evolutionary genetics – often ignores the original impetus of its creation, population ecology. Both Darwin and Wallace independently happened upon the idea of natural selection after reading Malthus’ treatise on population growth and human suffering (M ...
... The theoretical core of evolutionary biology – evolutionary genetics – often ignores the original impetus of its creation, population ecology. Both Darwin and Wallace independently happened upon the idea of natural selection after reading Malthus’ treatise on population growth and human suffering (M ...
HS-LS1-1
... principles, and theories. Construct an explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from a variety of sources (including students’ own investigations, models, theories, simulations, peer review) and the assumption that theories and laws that describe the natural world operate today as ...
... principles, and theories. Construct an explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from a variety of sources (including students’ own investigations, models, theories, simulations, peer review) and the assumption that theories and laws that describe the natural world operate today as ...
Hsp90 - Csulb.edu
... whether the kind of phenotypic variation, caused by changes in the level of Hsp90 protein, in balance increases or decreases evolvability. The variations in Drosophila wing vein, eye and head morphologies (Rutherford and Lindquist, ’98) resemble unconditionally deleterious variations that are predic ...
... whether the kind of phenotypic variation, caused by changes in the level of Hsp90 protein, in balance increases or decreases evolvability. The variations in Drosophila wing vein, eye and head morphologies (Rutherford and Lindquist, ’98) resemble unconditionally deleterious variations that are predic ...
Document
... Once speciation is complete, populations accumulate differences due to mutation and genetic drift as well as ongoing selection. Reproductively isolated species, therefore, often differ in traits that evolved under ecological selection and others that evolved under sexual selection, and may also have ...
... Once speciation is complete, populations accumulate differences due to mutation and genetic drift as well as ongoing selection. Reproductively isolated species, therefore, often differ in traits that evolved under ecological selection and others that evolved under sexual selection, and may also have ...
Repeated evolution of reproductive isolation in a marine snail
... 1993; Hull et al. 1996). In Sweden, the ecotypes are confined to different shores of contrasting microhabitats (boulder or cliffs) and in microhabitat shifts, ecotypes overlap and hybrids are produced. The distribution of different microhabitats, and in particular, the contrast of crab selection (se ...
... 1993; Hull et al. 1996). In Sweden, the ecotypes are confined to different shores of contrasting microhabitats (boulder or cliffs) and in microhabitat shifts, ecotypes overlap and hybrids are produced. The distribution of different microhabitats, and in particular, the contrast of crab selection (se ...
Philosophy of Science, 69 (September 2002) pp
... pure (or purer if selection is not absolute). It secures genetic isolation of distinct species and can select for behavioral isolation in incipient species. It works also for cultural evolution if those who partially assimilate are discriminated against by parent populations or otherwise disadvantag ...
... pure (or purer if selection is not absolute). It secures genetic isolation of distinct species and can select for behavioral isolation in incipient species. It works also for cultural evolution if those who partially assimilate are discriminated against by parent populations or otherwise disadvantag ...
Changing views on melanic moths
... In order to examine the relation of morph frequency to epiphyte status of tree trunks, a survey was carried out along the transect from polluted Manchester to unpolluted N Wales (Bishop et al., 1975). The fraction of the trunk at 1.5 m which was bare bark or covered in algae, lichens or bryophytes w ...
... In order to examine the relation of morph frequency to epiphyte status of tree trunks, a survey was carried out along the transect from polluted Manchester to unpolluted N Wales (Bishop et al., 1975). The fraction of the trunk at 1.5 m which was bare bark or covered in algae, lichens or bryophytes w ...
Rajon, E. and Masel, J. (2013)
... that occupies many nodes on the network of possible genotypes – i.e. that has high genetic diversity – may be able to access different phenotypes from each of the genotypes to which it has already spread (Fig. 1 – right part of the network). This may increase the speed of adaptation when “mutational ...
... that occupies many nodes on the network of possible genotypes – i.e. that has high genetic diversity – may be able to access different phenotypes from each of the genotypes to which it has already spread (Fig. 1 – right part of the network). This may increase the speed of adaptation when “mutational ...
Life`s unity and flexibility: the ecological link
... • Studies carried out in the 1940s showed that mutations in bacteria are spontaneous, that bacteria can exchange genetic material, and that this material is DNA. These studies provided evidence for the unity of genetics in all living organisms. • A variation in properties may also result from sudden ...
... • Studies carried out in the 1940s showed that mutations in bacteria are spontaneous, that bacteria can exchange genetic material, and that this material is DNA. These studies provided evidence for the unity of genetics in all living organisms. • A variation in properties may also result from sudden ...
Introduction to evolution
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in an organism's DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.The forces of evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either through geographic distance or by other mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange. Over time, isolated populations can branch off into new species.The majority of genetic mutations neither assist, change the appearance of, nor bring harm to individuals. Through the process of genetic drift, these mutated genes are neutrally sorted among populations and survive across generations by chance alone. In contrast to genetic drift, natural selection is not a random process because it acts on traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Natural selection and random genetic drift are constant and dynamic parts of life and over time this has shaped the branching structure in the tree of life.The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in paleontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.