Artificial selection on flowering time: influence on reproductive
... 1. Flowering time is frequently under selection due to a combination of abiotic, biotic and intrinsic factors. Evolution in response to this selection is likely to have broad effects, altering not only flowering time but reproductive phenology and, potentially, traits throughout the life cycle. We kn ...
... 1. Flowering time is frequently under selection due to a combination of abiotic, biotic and intrinsic factors. Evolution in response to this selection is likely to have broad effects, altering not only flowering time but reproductive phenology and, potentially, traits throughout the life cycle. We kn ...
A framework for comparing processes of speciation in the
... physiological architecture. An example might be male and female body size, or perhaps a male acoustic signal and female preference that share a common underlying oscillator (Butlin & Ritchie 1989). For such traits, pleiotropy will be common. Nevertheless, it is perfectly possible for them to be infl ...
... physiological architecture. An example might be male and female body size, or perhaps a male acoustic signal and female preference that share a common underlying oscillator (Butlin & Ritchie 1989). For such traits, pleiotropy will be common. Nevertheless, it is perfectly possible for them to be infl ...
300_Breeding_Bunnies_Lab_RGM_15-16
... generation. Record this number in (column 6) labeled "Total Number of Surviving Alleles". 11. Place the alleles of the rabbits (FF furry & Ff furry) which have survived, grown, & reached reproductive age back in the paper bag. 12. Repeat steps 2 through 11 for each generation (until you have finishe ...
... generation. Record this number in (column 6) labeled "Total Number of Surviving Alleles". 11. Place the alleles of the rabbits (FF furry & Ff furry) which have survived, grown, & reached reproductive age back in the paper bag. 12. Repeat steps 2 through 11 for each generation (until you have finishe ...
Geographical patterns of adaptation within a species` range
... local maladaptation, which may potentially jeopardize the local or global persistence of the species. Local adaptation describes the adequacy between the phenotypes and the local environment. In this context, natural selection, which increases the frequency of locally adapted genes, interacts with g ...
... local maladaptation, which may potentially jeopardize the local or global persistence of the species. Local adaptation describes the adequacy between the phenotypes and the local environment. In this context, natural selection, which increases the frequency of locally adapted genes, interacts with g ...
Adaptive divergence in resistance to herbivores in Datura
... that natural selection might be favoring the same phenotype across populations. Finally, when QST significantly exceeds FST , it means that directional selection is favoring different phenotypes in different populations. When QST and FST are equal, it is expected that both indices, estimated among p ...
... that natural selection might be favoring the same phenotype across populations. Finally, when QST significantly exceeds FST , it means that directional selection is favoring different phenotypes in different populations. When QST and FST are equal, it is expected that both indices, estimated among p ...
Life Science - SC3206 IC Scope and Sequence
... Construct a Punnett square given the genotypes of the parents. Determine the possible genotypes of the offspring using a Punnett square. Relate the genotypes of the offspring to their phenotypes. Advances in Genetics Compare the processes of selective breeding, cloning, and genetic engineering. Desc ...
... Construct a Punnett square given the genotypes of the parents. Determine the possible genotypes of the offspring using a Punnett square. Relate the genotypes of the offspring to their phenotypes. Advances in Genetics Compare the processes of selective breeding, cloning, and genetic engineering. Desc ...
Document
... Barriers to gene exchange might accumulate during periods when gene flow does not occur due to spatial isolation or physical obstacles to dispersal. However, it is common for populations that have developed incomplete reproductive barriers to be in contact at some stage of divergence, often due to r ...
... Barriers to gene exchange might accumulate during periods when gene flow does not occur due to spatial isolation or physical obstacles to dispersal. However, it is common for populations that have developed incomplete reproductive barriers to be in contact at some stage of divergence, often due to r ...
DARWIN
... 1837-1842, when Darwin was residing in London and rvorking on the species problem, the great debate on the philosophy of science erupted between William Whewell (1794*1866) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). In 1833 Whewell contributed his Astronomy and General Physics Considered witlt reference to N ...
... 1837-1842, when Darwin was residing in London and rvorking on the species problem, the great debate on the philosophy of science erupted between William Whewell (1794*1866) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). In 1833 Whewell contributed his Astronomy and General Physics Considered witlt reference to N ...
Niche construction theory - synergy
... “complementary match” between organism and environment: It places emphasis on the capacity of organisms to modify environmental states (Lewontin, 1983; Odling-Smee, 1988; Odling-Smee et al., 2003), often but not exclusively, in a manner that suits their genotypes (Fig. 1b). Such matches should be th ...
... “complementary match” between organism and environment: It places emphasis on the capacity of organisms to modify environmental states (Lewontin, 1983; Odling-Smee, 1988; Odling-Smee et al., 2003), often but not exclusively, in a manner that suits their genotypes (Fig. 1b). Such matches should be th ...
Distilling the Essence of an Evolutionary Process and
... solution (Holland 1975). Meme and Variations (or MAV for short) is to our knowledge the first computer model of the process by which culture evolves in a society of interacting individuals. It is discussed only briefly here since it is presented in detail elsewhere (Gabora 1995). MAV consists of an ...
... solution (Holland 1975). Meme and Variations (or MAV for short) is to our knowledge the first computer model of the process by which culture evolves in a society of interacting individuals. It is discussed only briefly here since it is presented in detail elsewhere (Gabora 1995). MAV consists of an ...
Ch. 4-Organization of Life
... • Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds within fruit. Most land plants are angiosperms. • The flower is the reproductive structure of the plant. – grasses have small flowers that use wind to disperse their pollen. – Those with large flowers depend on animals to disperse their seeds and ...
... • Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds within fruit. Most land plants are angiosperms. • The flower is the reproductive structure of the plant. – grasses have small flowers that use wind to disperse their pollen. – Those with large flowers depend on animals to disperse their seeds and ...
Responses to climate change in avian migration time
... study, preferably many more. The same technical difficulties hamper also the study of quantitative genetics of migratory behaviour in the wild, and most evidence for the heritability of migratory behaviour is derived from laboratory experiments, which have demonstrated a genetic component in the tim ...
... study, preferably many more. The same technical difficulties hamper also the study of quantitative genetics of migratory behaviour in the wild, and most evidence for the heritability of migratory behaviour is derived from laboratory experiments, which have demonstrated a genetic component in the tim ...
Dedham Middle School MCAS Science Review Book
... Taxonomic kingdom of ancient (over 3.5 billion years old) group of prokaryotes; These bacteria tend to live in extreme environments (very hot, highly acidic or basic, etc) A method of reproduction in which genetically identical offspring are produced from a single parent; occurs by many mechanisms, ...
... Taxonomic kingdom of ancient (over 3.5 billion years old) group of prokaryotes; These bacteria tend to live in extreme environments (very hot, highly acidic or basic, etc) A method of reproduction in which genetically identical offspring are produced from a single parent; occurs by many mechanisms, ...
Conspecific versus heterospecific gene exchange between
... Daphne Major is a small island, approximately 34 ha in area, near the centre of the Galápagos archipelago. Four species of ground finches breed on the island. Geospiza fortis (approx. 17 g), the medium ground finch, is a granivorous bird with a short and blunt beak; G. scandens (approx. 21 g), the ...
... Daphne Major is a small island, approximately 34 ha in area, near the centre of the Galápagos archipelago. Four species of ground finches breed on the island. Geospiza fortis (approx. 17 g), the medium ground finch, is a granivorous bird with a short and blunt beak; G. scandens (approx. 21 g), the ...
File - Science Connection
... Body cells are constantly bathed with fluid. A certain system collects this fluid so that it doesn't build up and carries it into tiny tubelike structures. These tiny structures converge to form larger vessels that flow in one direction only. These large vessels empty into small masses of tissue th ...
... Body cells are constantly bathed with fluid. A certain system collects this fluid so that it doesn't build up and carries it into tiny tubelike structures. These tiny structures converge to form larger vessels that flow in one direction only. These large vessels empty into small masses of tissue th ...
11. fossils and creation - Sciences and Scriptures
... The sediments deposited by the Flood were not all mixed up as some might surmise for a world-wide Flood. They were deposited gradually over weeks or months. Sediments are heavier than water and not easily mixed up. Even during present major catastrophic floods the sedimentary layers are laid down us ...
... The sediments deposited by the Flood were not all mixed up as some might surmise for a world-wide Flood. They were deposited gradually over weeks or months. Sediments are heavier than water and not easily mixed up. Even during present major catastrophic floods the sedimentary layers are laid down us ...
The Trials of Life: Natural Selection and Random Drift*
... our ignorance of the causes of evolutionary change does not follow. Rosenberg’s interpretation of drift matches our account of “dynamical error” above. As in the case of the feather, “dynamical error” really is a reflection of ignorance concerning the causes of a particular outcome. But as we saw wi ...
... our ignorance of the causes of evolutionary change does not follow. Rosenberg’s interpretation of drift matches our account of “dynamical error” above. As in the case of the feather, “dynamical error” really is a reflection of ignorance concerning the causes of a particular outcome. But as we saw wi ...
Student Exploration Sheet: Growing Plants
... Natural selection assumes the following: (1) More organisms are born than can survive and reproduce. (2) Organisms compete for limited resources and survival. (3) There are variations between organisms, and these variations can be inherited. (4) Some variations make an organism more likely to surviv ...
... Natural selection assumes the following: (1) More organisms are born than can survive and reproduce. (2) Organisms compete for limited resources and survival. (3) There are variations between organisms, and these variations can be inherited. (4) Some variations make an organism more likely to surviv ...
The Origin of Species - Elmwood Park Memorial Middle School
... who noted the potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources • If some heritable traits are advantageous, these will accumulate in the population, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with adaptations • This process explains the match between ...
... who noted the potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources • If some heritable traits are advantageous, these will accumulate in the population, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with adaptations • This process explains the match between ...
Darwinians at war Bateson`s place in histories of Darwinism
... by those who have come after", i.e., by latter-day Darwinians (W. Bateson, 1928, vol. 1, p. 307). This is as close as he ever comes to publicly and explicitly labeling himself a 'non-Darwinian', i.e., a 'non-Darwinian' as against certain (mis-)representations of Darwinism. As early as 1894, but even ...
... by those who have come after", i.e., by latter-day Darwinians (W. Bateson, 1928, vol. 1, p. 307). This is as close as he ever comes to publicly and explicitly labeling himself a 'non-Darwinian', i.e., a 'non-Darwinian' as against certain (mis-)representations of Darwinism. As early as 1894, but even ...
Natural Selection: A Simple Model of Selection in a Variable
... The horizontal axis (x-axis) is set up similarly, but to record the independent (manipulated) variable. In this experiment, the independent variable is time, measured in how many rounds of predation have been run since the start of the experiment. There is a legend under the graph. Notice that a) gr ...
... The horizontal axis (x-axis) is set up similarly, but to record the independent (manipulated) variable. In this experiment, the independent variable is time, measured in how many rounds of predation have been run since the start of the experiment. There is a legend under the graph. Notice that a) gr ...
Are Random Drift and Natural Selection Conceptually Distinct?
... in a population (as occurs frequently in some populations that tend to fluctuate in size, perhaps in response to fluctuating environment). When biologists speak of a bottleneck, they are generally referring to an indiscriminate sampling process; physical differences between organisms in the original ...
... in a population (as occurs frequently in some populations that tend to fluctuate in size, perhaps in response to fluctuating environment). When biologists speak of a bottleneck, they are generally referring to an indiscriminate sampling process; physical differences between organisms in the original ...
Please address all correspondence to senior author
... predicted outcome than if the population is not subdivided. (ii) Hagedoorn Effect: Mendel’s law of segregation predicts equal numbers of each of a parent’s alleles in the gamete pool. But, given that each individual produces only a small number of offspring from a huge number of gametes, there is al ...
... predicted outcome than if the population is not subdivided. (ii) Hagedoorn Effect: Mendel’s law of segregation predicts equal numbers of each of a parent’s alleles in the gamete pool. But, given that each individual produces only a small number of offspring from a huge number of gametes, there is al ...
Introduction to evolution
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in an organism's DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.The forces of evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either through geographic distance or by other mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange. Over time, isolated populations can branch off into new species.The majority of genetic mutations neither assist, change the appearance of, nor bring harm to individuals. Through the process of genetic drift, these mutated genes are neutrally sorted among populations and survive across generations by chance alone. In contrast to genetic drift, natural selection is not a random process because it acts on traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Natural selection and random genetic drift are constant and dynamic parts of life and over time this has shaped the branching structure in the tree of life.The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in paleontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.