The great opportunity: Evolutionary applications to medicine and
... theory of transmission by gemmules was inconsistent with his theory of natural selection (Richards 1987). Natural selection was not re-incorporated into biology until its underpinnings in population genetics were developed in the early to middle years of the 20th century (Fisher 1930). Even then, th ...
... theory of transmission by gemmules was inconsistent with his theory of natural selection (Richards 1987). Natural selection was not re-incorporated into biology until its underpinnings in population genetics were developed in the early to middle years of the 20th century (Fisher 1930). Even then, th ...
Microevolution in an Electronic Microcosm
... sure. We report experiments with an electronic microcosm inhabited by self-replicating computer programs whose phylogeny can be rendered completely transparent. The physiology of these programs is different in many respects from that of organic creatures, but their population biology has many featur ...
... sure. We report experiments with an electronic microcosm inhabited by self-replicating computer programs whose phylogeny can be rendered completely transparent. The physiology of these programs is different in many respects from that of organic creatures, but their population biology has many featur ...
TWO WRONGS (James MacAllister) On April 2011, University of
... ideas about evolution with which they disagree. Evolutionary biologists have taken the life out of biology. They suffer from physics envy: borrowing such things as “cost-benefit analysis” from the hard science of economics to quantify life. The tallies they came up with were called “average effects. ...
... ideas about evolution with which they disagree. Evolutionary biologists have taken the life out of biology. They suffer from physics envy: borrowing such things as “cost-benefit analysis” from the hard science of economics to quantify life. The tallies they came up with were called “average effects. ...
GALÁPAGOS FINCHES: Famous Beaks Directions: Read each
... Darwin first saw the finches on his visit to the Galápagos in 1835. Darwin was 26 years old and employed as a naturalist on a five-year voyage around the globe. One of his jobs was to collect samples of unknown plants and animals. Darwin captured some of the Galápagos finches for his collection. Yea ...
... Darwin first saw the finches on his visit to the Galápagos in 1835. Darwin was 26 years old and employed as a naturalist on a five-year voyage around the globe. One of his jobs was to collect samples of unknown plants and animals. Darwin captured some of the Galápagos finches for his collection. Yea ...
TWO WRONGS (James MacAllister) On April 2011, University of
... livelihoods of researchers, endangered budgets for laboratories and might have effected the soon-to-be-realized bonanza in profits for Big Pharma. Duesberg would be the first scientist to have his conservative caution rebranded as “AIDS denialism,” his grants were cut, and his reputation smeared by ...
... livelihoods of researchers, endangered budgets for laboratories and might have effected the soon-to-be-realized bonanza in profits for Big Pharma. Duesberg would be the first scientist to have his conservative caution rebranded as “AIDS denialism,” his grants were cut, and his reputation smeared by ...
Plasticity in Human Life History Strategy
... generally, nutritional and mortality conditions can vary widely across environments and through time. Although genetic adaptation by natural selection helps explain the durability of species-level characteristics that differentiate us from other great apes, the transience of many of the ecological c ...
... generally, nutritional and mortality conditions can vary widely across environments and through time. Although genetic adaptation by natural selection helps explain the durability of species-level characteristics that differentiate us from other great apes, the transience of many of the ecological c ...
Formalizing Darwinism and inclusive fitness theory
... direction that is taken by the whole population. The biological concept of fitness maximization is quite different. It is about a choice of some phenotypic trait, perhaps size or sex ratio, clarity of cornea or strength of bone, and where the trait is a property of an individual. Further, the choice ...
... direction that is taken by the whole population. The biological concept of fitness maximization is quite different. It is about a choice of some phenotypic trait, perhaps size or sex ratio, clarity of cornea or strength of bone, and where the trait is a property of an individual. Further, the choice ...
The Auk - POST - Queen`s University
... during the hour-long coach ride home. Interestingly, he joined both the elite (and elitist) Philoperisteron Society and at least one much more open society of working-class men—probably the National Columbarian Society—who showed pigeons all over Britain. Darwin was keenly interested in the methods ...
... during the hour-long coach ride home. Interestingly, he joined both the elite (and elitist) Philoperisteron Society and at least one much more open society of working-class men—probably the National Columbarian Society—who showed pigeons all over Britain. Darwin was keenly interested in the methods ...
Psychological Science
... 1984; Nehm & Reilly, 2007; for a review, see Gregory, 2009), who are often targets of instruction on the topic, but also, disturbingly, among many of the teachers expected to teach natural selection (Nehm, Kim, & Sheppard, 2009; Nehm & Schonfeld, 2007). The misconceptions about adaptation are varied ...
... 1984; Nehm & Reilly, 2007; for a review, see Gregory, 2009), who are often targets of instruction on the topic, but also, disturbingly, among many of the teachers expected to teach natural selection (Nehm, Kim, & Sheppard, 2009; Nehm & Schonfeld, 2007). The misconceptions about adaptation are varied ...
Sexspecific selection on energy metabolism selection coefficients for
... metabolic rate. Until recently, there has been little information about the correlation between energy metabolism and fitness, while most of the recent studies on the subject have focused on the indirect measures of an individual’s performance, like aggressiveness or disappearance from an open popul ...
... metabolic rate. Until recently, there has been little information about the correlation between energy metabolism and fitness, while most of the recent studies on the subject have focused on the indirect measures of an individual’s performance, like aggressiveness or disappearance from an open popul ...
Author`s personal copy
... we argue that this is because studies of sexual traits fail to encompass three important features of evolution. First, sexual traits evolve via natural selection of which sexual selection is just one part. Second, selection on sexual traits fluctuates in strength, direction and form due to spatial a ...
... we argue that this is because studies of sexual traits fail to encompass three important features of evolution. First, sexual traits evolve via natural selection of which sexual selection is just one part. Second, selection on sexual traits fluctuates in strength, direction and form due to spatial a ...
Secondary Model Course Mapping
... to!describe!why!asexual! reproduction!results!in! offspring!with!identical! genetic!information!and! sexual!reproduction! results!in!offspring!with! genetic!variation.!! ...
... to!describe!why!asexual! reproduction!results!in! offspring!with!identical! genetic!information!and! sexual!reproduction! results!in!offspring!with! genetic!variation.!! ...
X Jornadas sobre Filosofía y Metodología actual de la Ciencia
... from our need to simplify complex natural reality. He understood that species were separate units, but also on this point his research led him to qualify his positions, to the point of accepting that several species of one gender could have a common origin, although different genera could not. So, a ...
... from our need to simplify complex natural reality. He understood that species were separate units, but also on this point his research led him to qualify his positions, to the point of accepting that several species of one gender could have a common origin, although different genera could not. So, a ...
Alternative Splicing: Functionality, Evolution and Selection
... mostly as a curiosity: an interesting way to generate several proteins from one gene (Ast, 2004). With the advent of large scale genome sequencing and EST determination, it has become clear that a very large percentage of genes are alternatively spliced. A key goal of bioinformatics is to predict as ...
... mostly as a curiosity: an interesting way to generate several proteins from one gene (Ast, 2004). With the advent of large scale genome sequencing and EST determination, it has become clear that a very large percentage of genes are alternatively spliced. A key goal of bioinformatics is to predict as ...
Ever Since Darwin - A Website About Stephen Jay Gould`s Essays
... that nature operates in the same way, but over vastly longer periods of time. It is the legitimacy of this analogy, and in general the approach of arguing from analogy, that Bethell takes issue with. Mindless nature weeding out the unfit is not the same, he argues, as conscious humans allowing indi ...
... that nature operates in the same way, but over vastly longer periods of time. It is the legitimacy of this analogy, and in general the approach of arguing from analogy, that Bethell takes issue with. Mindless nature weeding out the unfit is not the same, he argues, as conscious humans allowing indi ...
Sutton 2014 - British Society of Criminology
... and Wallace admitted the Vestiges was an important influence upon their pre-1860 work in the field of natural selection and in preparing the minds of the general public to accept their ideas on natural selection within the wider field of evolution theory. Many suspected, but only after his death in ...
... and Wallace admitted the Vestiges was an important influence upon their pre-1860 work in the field of natural selection and in preparing the minds of the general public to accept their ideas on natural selection within the wider field of evolution theory. Many suspected, but only after his death in ...
Lecture
... • Darwin was influenced by Thomas Malthus who noted the potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources • If some heritable traits are advantageous, these will accumulate in the population, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with adaptations ...
... • Darwin was influenced by Thomas Malthus who noted the potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources • If some heritable traits are advantageous, these will accumulate in the population, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with adaptations ...
individual variation in mammals
... Effects of measurement error, environment, and ontogeny on repeatability.-AImost all continuous traits are less than perfectly repeatable. Understanding why traits are less than perfectly repeatable has major implications for how traits are defined and for how their relationships with other variable ...
... Effects of measurement error, environment, and ontogeny on repeatability.-AImost all continuous traits are less than perfectly repeatable. Understanding why traits are less than perfectly repeatable has major implications for how traits are defined and for how their relationships with other variable ...
1 to appear in R. Singh, D. Paul, C. Krimbas, and J. Beatty (eds
... The concept of fitness began its career in biology long before evolutionary theory was mathematized. Fitness was used to describe an organism’s vigor, or the degree to which organisms “fit” into their environments. An organism’s success in avoiding predators and in building a nest obviously contribu ...
... The concept of fitness began its career in biology long before evolutionary theory was mathematized. Fitness was used to describe an organism’s vigor, or the degree to which organisms “fit” into their environments. An organism’s success in avoiding predators and in building a nest obviously contribu ...
assessment of parasite-mediated selection in a
... of bi describes how much standardized fitness changes for a unit change in character i, holding all other characters constant. The sign of bi indicates the direction of change expected from selection acting directly on character i. For g, the sign of the coefficient indicates the curvature of the re ...
... of bi describes how much standardized fitness changes for a unit change in character i, holding all other characters constant. The sign of bi indicates the direction of change expected from selection acting directly on character i. For g, the sign of the coefficient indicates the curvature of the re ...
Why does Evolution Matter? The Importance of Understanding
... Modern biology feeds evolutionary theory, while the latter is nourished by explanations supplied by modern biology, in a fruitful two-way interaction. For instance, we need evolutionary theory to understand the nature of disease, but modern biology also provides evidence of the complex interactions ...
... Modern biology feeds evolutionary theory, while the latter is nourished by explanations supplied by modern biology, in a fruitful two-way interaction. For instance, we need evolutionary theory to understand the nature of disease, but modern biology also provides evidence of the complex interactions ...
SCIENCE - Troup County School System
... robins fly. The next step would be to find some common characteristic that at least two of those flying animals share. This step is repeated until the dichotomous key leads to clearly identifying a species by separating it from the others based on traits. Dichotomous keys are often revised as they a ...
... robins fly. The next step would be to find some common characteristic that at least two of those flying animals share. This step is repeated until the dichotomous key leads to clearly identifying a species by separating it from the others based on traits. Dichotomous keys are often revised as they a ...
Specious Speciation: Response to Talk Origins Speciation FAQ
... typically unisexual, where part of the genome is not heritable. For example, in female fish hybrid clones, the parent species is always required to provide the male portion of the genome, meaning a truly new independent species is not formed. Darwinian evolution requires heredity, but this does not ...
... typically unisexual, where part of the genome is not heritable. For example, in female fish hybrid clones, the parent species is always required to provide the male portion of the genome, meaning a truly new independent species is not formed. Darwinian evolution requires heredity, but this does not ...
Introduction to evolution
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in an organism's DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.The forces of evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either through geographic distance or by other mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange. Over time, isolated populations can branch off into new species.The majority of genetic mutations neither assist, change the appearance of, nor bring harm to individuals. Through the process of genetic drift, these mutated genes are neutrally sorted among populations and survive across generations by chance alone. In contrast to genetic drift, natural selection is not a random process because it acts on traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Natural selection and random genetic drift are constant and dynamic parts of life and over time this has shaped the branching structure in the tree of life.The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in paleontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.