https://goo.gl/BUXfYV HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY
... The major clades are categorized as clades A, B and the detailed subclades are within. Numbers near nodes are the support values for the clade from the different analyses (ML/BI). The scale bar represents the phylogenetic distances expressed as units of expected nucleotide substitutions per site. Th ...
... The major clades are categorized as clades A, B and the detailed subclades are within. Numbers near nodes are the support values for the clade from the different analyses (ML/BI). The scale bar represents the phylogenetic distances expressed as units of expected nucleotide substitutions per site. Th ...
www.esf.org - European Science Foundation
... phases of speciation need to be developed and, for each of the alternative speciation modes, the importance of spatial structure, genetic architecture, reproductive isolation, mating traits, and ecological characteristics need to be elucidated. The traditional view of speciation, proposed as part of ...
... phases of speciation need to be developed and, for each of the alternative speciation modes, the importance of spatial structure, genetic architecture, reproductive isolation, mating traits, and ecological characteristics need to be elucidated. The traditional view of speciation, proposed as part of ...
The struggle for existence. How the notion of carrying capacity, K
... A number of mathematical treatments successfully incorporate per capita population growth, Fisher's Malthusian fitness parameter, into very general models of natural selection and evolution (Fisher, 1922; Haldane, ...
... A number of mathematical treatments successfully incorporate per capita population growth, Fisher's Malthusian fitness parameter, into very general models of natural selection and evolution (Fisher, 1922; Haldane, ...
a PDF of this issue for free
... “base materialism,” Vestiges sold like hot cakes. But Darwin is the one we remember. Why? Because Origin of Species argued that evolution was scientifically credible. It introduced the concept of “natural selection” as the key to understanding how new species could derive from pre-existing forms. Da ...
... “base materialism,” Vestiges sold like hot cakes. But Darwin is the one we remember. Why? Because Origin of Species argued that evolution was scientifically credible. It introduced the concept of “natural selection” as the key to understanding how new species could derive from pre-existing forms. Da ...
natural selection
... What Is Natural Selection? • Darwin – Realized some individuals have traits that make them better suited to their environment than others • Those traits might enhance the individual’s fitness. or the ability to survive and reproduce • Adaptations – a trait that imparts greater fitness to an individ ...
... What Is Natural Selection? • Darwin – Realized some individuals have traits that make them better suited to their environment than others • Those traits might enhance the individual’s fitness. or the ability to survive and reproduce • Adaptations – a trait that imparts greater fitness to an individ ...
Adaptation and The Origin of Species.
... than its ancestor (M). The other 10 original species persist but leave no new descendants, and the original species A and M are “supplanted” by their descendants. Thus, “the genus will have become not only more divergent in character (a10 more aquatic than A; & m10 more droughtenduring than M) but n ...
... than its ancestor (M). The other 10 original species persist but leave no new descendants, and the original species A and M are “supplanted” by their descendants. Thus, “the genus will have become not only more divergent in character (a10 more aquatic than A; & m10 more droughtenduring than M) but n ...
Aalborg Universitet The reason why profitable firms do not necessarily grow
... and the indirect effects on that characteristic of (artificial) selection working on other characteristics. To confront this difficulty the Chicago School has provided two new tools (under the assumption of multivariate normal distribution; otherwise things get complex). The first tool is the vector ...
... and the indirect effects on that characteristic of (artificial) selection working on other characteristics. To confront this difficulty the Chicago School has provided two new tools (under the assumption of multivariate normal distribution; otherwise things get complex). The first tool is the vector ...
The Evolution of Aging Theories: Why Modern
... following the age at which a species can complete an initial reproduction. We can summarize this idea by saying that there is clearly no evolutionary benefit from an organism possessing the internal capability for living and reproducing beyond the species-specific age at which essentially all the me ...
... following the age at which a species can complete an initial reproduction. We can summarize this idea by saying that there is clearly no evolutionary benefit from an organism possessing the internal capability for living and reproducing beyond the species-specific age at which essentially all the me ...
On-line, On-board Evolution for Autonomous Robotics
... the evolutionary operators are embodied in the robots. The reason to choose other terms here is twofold. First, the usual terminology associates embodied evolution with embodied trials, which is a completely different thing. Second, introducing new terms here facilitates precise phrasing: embodied e ...
... the evolutionary operators are embodied in the robots. The reason to choose other terms here is twofold. First, the usual terminology associates embodied evolution with embodied trials, which is a completely different thing. Second, introducing new terms here facilitates precise phrasing: embodied e ...
Darwin`s legacy: the forms, function and sexual diversity of flowers
... Thomas (Andrew) Knight, began to make controlled pollinations of flowers and attempted to understand their function (reviewed in Baker 1979). They observed that in many species insects were required for seed set. However, it was not until Charles Darwin fully turned his attention to plants after tak ...
... Thomas (Andrew) Knight, began to make controlled pollinations of flowers and attempted to understand their function (reviewed in Baker 1979). They observed that in many species insects were required for seed set. However, it was not until Charles Darwin fully turned his attention to plants after tak ...
Why Darwin rejected intelligent design
... of evolution during this brief visit. Shorn of the legend, the actual story of Darwin’s conversion, which only occurred a year and a half later, after his return to England, tells us far more about how science is really done, especially how theory guides observation and prepares the mind, and how do ...
... of evolution during this brief visit. Shorn of the legend, the actual story of Darwin’s conversion, which only occurred a year and a half later, after his return to England, tells us far more about how science is really done, especially how theory guides observation and prepares the mind, and how do ...
- Philsci
... relative to other types. By definition, every adaptation was once an adaptive trait, but not all adaptations are still adaptive and not every adaptive trait is yet an adaptation. If we use the language of functions, a trait is adaptive in virtue of some of its CR functions. The SE functions of a tra ...
... relative to other types. By definition, every adaptation was once an adaptive trait, but not all adaptations are still adaptive and not every adaptive trait is yet an adaptation. If we use the language of functions, a trait is adaptive in virtue of some of its CR functions. The SE functions of a tra ...
Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life
... developed a theory of natural selection similar to Darwin’s ...
... developed a theory of natural selection similar to Darwin’s ...
A Darwinian View of Life
... • The use of drugs to combat HIV selects for viruses resistant to these drugs • HIV uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to make a DNA version of its own RNA genome • The drug 3TC is designed to interfere and cause errors in the manufacture of DNA from the virus ...
... • The use of drugs to combat HIV selects for viruses resistant to these drugs • HIV uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to make a DNA version of its own RNA genome • The drug 3TC is designed to interfere and cause errors in the manufacture of DNA from the virus ...
Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life (Ch 22)
... who noted the potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources • If some heritable traits are advantageous, these will accumulate in the population, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with adaptations • This process explains the match between ...
... who noted the potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources • If some heritable traits are advantageous, these will accumulate in the population, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with adaptations • This process explains the match between ...
Descent with Modification
... who noted the potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources • If some heritable traits are advantageous, these will accumulate in the population, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with adaptations • This process explains the match between ...
... who noted the potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources • If some heritable traits are advantageous, these will accumulate in the population, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with adaptations • This process explains the match between ...
22_Lecture_Presentation
... who noted the potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources • If some heritable traits are advantageous, these will accumulate in the population, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with adaptations • This process explains the match between ...
... who noted the potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources • If some heritable traits are advantageous, these will accumulate in the population, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with adaptations • This process explains the match between ...
Unifying Within- and Between-Generation Bet
... occurs within generations, the strength of this selective force is inversely proportional to population size. Second, if this variation primarily occurs between generations, the strength of this selective force is proportional to the variance and independent of population size. These principles lie ...
... occurs within generations, the strength of this selective force is inversely proportional to population size. Second, if this variation primarily occurs between generations, the strength of this selective force is proportional to the variance and independent of population size. These principles lie ...
Introduction: Fear and Loathing of Evolutionary Psychology in the Social Sciences
... but the ones that we find of interest in evolutionary psychology can yield to the same basic approach (Pinker, 1997). McClintock's chapter describes women's endocrine responses to a molecule found in perspiration that can advance or delay the recipient's next menstrual cycle. Gangestad's chapter cla ...
... but the ones that we find of interest in evolutionary psychology can yield to the same basic approach (Pinker, 1997). McClintock's chapter describes women's endocrine responses to a molecule found in perspiration that can advance or delay the recipient's next menstrual cycle. Gangestad's chapter cla ...
1. In Darwin`s finches— a. occurrence of wet and dry years
... c. the wings in birds, bats, and insects d. all of these The correct answer is d— A. Answer a is incorrect. Although the evolution of similar characteristics in Australian marsupials and placental mammals provides many examples of convergent evolution, this is not the only example provided. The corr ...
... c. the wings in birds, bats, and insects d. all of these The correct answer is d— A. Answer a is incorrect. Although the evolution of similar characteristics in Australian marsupials and placental mammals provides many examples of convergent evolution, this is not the only example provided. The corr ...
The Oscillation Hypothesis of Host
... colonization, the “preadaptation,” was probably more ancestral than the actual colonization events themselves. This ancestral event could have been an actual colonization of the plant that was followed by a secondary loss from the repertoire, but where much of the essential “machinery” needed to uti ...
... colonization, the “preadaptation,” was probably more ancestral than the actual colonization events themselves. This ancestral event could have been an actual colonization of the plant that was followed by a secondary loss from the repertoire, but where much of the essential “machinery” needed to uti ...
Ch. 2 OLC questions
... c. the wings in birds, bats, and insects d. all of these The correct answer is d— A. Answer a is incorrect. Although the evolution of similar characteristics in Australian marsupials and placental mammals provides many examples of convergent evolution, this is not the only example provided. The corr ...
... c. the wings in birds, bats, and insects d. all of these The correct answer is d— A. Answer a is incorrect. Although the evolution of similar characteristics in Australian marsupials and placental mammals provides many examples of convergent evolution, this is not the only example provided. The corr ...
Does Biology Have Laws? The Experimental Evidence
... decreasedin evolutionarybiology. It is the basis for the applicationof the theory of natural selection to populations. But the importanceof testingit has certainlydeclinedwith each new demonstrationof natural selection. On the other hand, some "hypotheses" are not important enough to be so called. O ...
... decreasedin evolutionarybiology. It is the basis for the applicationof the theory of natural selection to populations. But the importanceof testingit has certainlydeclinedwith each new demonstrationof natural selection. On the other hand, some "hypotheses" are not important enough to be so called. O ...
Paper - Ran Blekhman
... and heart, we find more differentially expressed genes between human and rhesus macaque than between chimpanzee and rhesus macaque (whereas in kidney the numbers are comparable). Also, while the number of differentially expressed genes between species is smaller in liver compared with the other two ...
... and heart, we find more differentially expressed genes between human and rhesus macaque than between chimpanzee and rhesus macaque (whereas in kidney the numbers are comparable). Also, while the number of differentially expressed genes between species is smaller in liver compared with the other two ...
Introduction to evolution
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in an organism's DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.The forces of evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either through geographic distance or by other mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange. Over time, isolated populations can branch off into new species.The majority of genetic mutations neither assist, change the appearance of, nor bring harm to individuals. Through the process of genetic drift, these mutated genes are neutrally sorted among populations and survive across generations by chance alone. In contrast to genetic drift, natural selection is not a random process because it acts on traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Natural selection and random genetic drift are constant and dynamic parts of life and over time this has shaped the branching structure in the tree of life.The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in paleontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.