Download Structured Questions

Biodiversity
1.
The key below can be used to identify species of trees from the shape of their
leaves.
a
The diagrams below show one leaf from two different species of tree.
Use the key to identify leaf X and leaf Y.
(2 marks)
Leaf X
b
Use the key to describe an oak leaf.
Leaf Y
(1 mark)
2.
The key describes different types of geese.
Use the information in the key to answer the questions.
a
Give one way in which a Snow goose and a Barnacle goose are the same.
(1 mark)
b
List all the information that the key gives about a Canada goose. (2 marks)
3.
The table below shows some features of five British butterflies.
Butterfly species
Wing shading
Wing tip
Wing spots
Large White
Pale
Black
Yes
Orange Tip
Pale
Orange
No
Peacock
Dark
Blue
Yes
Red Admiral
Dark
White
Yes
Wood White
Pale
Black
No
Complete the key using the information given in the table.
1
2
3
4
(3 marks)
Pale wing shading ………………………………………
Go to 2
Dark wing shading ……………………………………..
a ___________
b _______________ ……………………………………
c ___________
Orange wing tip ………………………………………...
Orange Tip
Spots on wings ………………………………………….
Large White
No spots on wings ………………………………………
d ___________
Blue Wing tip …………………………………………..
Peacock
e _______________ …………………………………….
f ____________
4.
The key gives information about some water plants growing in a pond.
Plant is fully submerged in water ………………………
Plant has leaves on or above surface……………………
Grows in deep water ……………………………………
Grows in shallow water ………………………………...
Plant has roots in soil …………………………………...
Plant is free floating on water surface …………………..
Long and thin leaves ……………………………………
Round leaves ……………………………………………
Go to 2
Go to 3
Elodea
Starwort
Go to 4
Water hyacinth
Water hawthorn
Go to 5
5
Resistant to frost ……………………………………......
Cannot survive frost …………………………………….
Water lily
Lotus
a
Use the key to identify the plant from the photograph and its description.
(1 mark)
1
2
3
4
Photograph
b
c
Description
The plant has its roots in the
soil at the bottom of the pond
and does not tolerate frost
very well.
Which plant grows submerged in deep water?
(1 mark)
Give three features that the Water lily and the Lotus have in common.
(2 marks)
5.
Use the key below to identify each of the animals by placing its letter W, X, Y or
Z in the correct box.
(4 marks)
1
2
3
W
X
Y
Z
Wings present
Insect
or
Wings absent
Go to 2
Shell present
Snail
or
Shell absent
Go to 3
Eight legs
Spider
or
More than eight legs
Centipede
6.
The origin of Homo sapiens sapiens is a topic which has fascinated generations
of scientists. How did we evolve? Are we still evolving? Why are there no other
Homo species alive today?
a
The study of the evolutionary ancestors of H. sapiens sapiens involves the
science of taxonomy.
Explain the meaning of the term taxonomy.
(3 marks)
b
The table below shows the main taxonomic groups.
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
Taxonomic
Species Order Family Kingdom Class Phylum Genus
group
Place the letters representing the taxonomic groups in the correct order.
The first one has been done for you.
(3 marks)
S
c
Different species cannot breed together to produce fertile young.
Explain why they cannot produce fertile young.
(1 mark)
7.
a
b
List the four kingdoms that consist of eukaryotes.
(4 marks)
State three features of the organisms in the kingdom Eubacteria. (3 marks)
8.
The table below shows the classification of three animals.
Cat
Tiger
Lion
Class
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Carnivora
Carnivora
Family
Felidae
Felidae
Felidae
Genus
Felis
Panthera
Panthera
Species
domesticus
tigris
leo
a
Which animals, cats or tigers, are more closely related to lions? Explain
briefly.
(2 marks)
b
Carolus Linnaeus developed a system of naming organisms called binomial
nomenclauture. In this system, all organisms are given a two-word scientific
name.
i
State the scientific name of lions in Linnaeus’s naming system.
(1 mark)
ii What is the advantage of using this naming system in scientific studies?
(1 mark)
9.
a
b
State two reasons why bats are not birds.
State two reasons why whales are mammals but not fish.
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
10. The table below shows the classification of tigers, but in an incorrect order.
Level of classification
Classification of tigers
P
Genus
Panthera
Q
Kingdom
Animalia
R
Species
tigris
S
Class
Mammalia
T
Phylum
Chordata
U
Family
Felidae
V
Order
Carnivora
a
Using the letters in the table, arrange the levels of classification in the
correct order. Start with the level with largest number of organisms.
(2 marks)
b
c
Give the scientific name of tigers.
(1 mark)
Give an example of organisms that are in the same phylum as tigers.
(1 mark)
d
Although tigers can mate with lions to produce offspring, they are
considered to be two different species. Explain why.
(2 marks)
11. The diagram below shows the structure of a bacterium.
X
a
b
Name structure X and state its function.
(2 marks)
State one similarity and one difference in the structure of a bacterium
and an archaebacterium.
(4 marks)
12. Biologists once grouped archaebacteria and bacteria into the same kingdom due
to their structural similarities. With the advancement of technology, biologists
found that archaebacteria are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria
in the evolutionary history. Therefore archaebacteria and bacteria have been
classified into two different groups in the modern six-kingdom system.
a
State two structural similarities of archaebacteria and bacteria which
distinguish them from other organisms.
b
(2 marks)
How did biologists know that archaebacteria are more closely related to
eukaryotes than to bacteria in the evolutionary history?
c
(2 marks)
Which aspect of the nature of science does this example illustrate?
(1 mark)
13. The table below shows some features of four organisms belonging to different
kingdoms.
Cells contain cell wall
Cells contain true nucleus
Contains chlorophyll
a
b
W
Yes
Yes
Yes
X
Yes
Yes
No
Y
Yes
No
No
Z
Yes
No
No
What are the possible kingdoms that W, X, Y and Z belong to? (4 marks)
State two features that allow us to distinguish between Y and Z. (2 marks)
14. The photograph below shows some organisms on a slice of bread.
X
a
b
c
Give the name of these organisms.
(1 mark)
Name structure X.
(1 mark)
Although these organisms have cell walls, they are not classified into the
kingdom Plantae.
i
ii
State the kingdom they belong to.
(1 mark)
Describe how the mode of nutrition of the organisms in this kingdom is
different from that of plants.
(2 marks)
iii
Apart from the mode of nutrition, give two other features of the
organisms in this kingdom to explain why they are not classified into
the kingdom Plantae.
(2 marks)
15. The photographs below show three organisms, X, Y and Z.
X
a
b
c
d
Y
Z
How do Y and Z obtain their food?
(2 marks)
Apart from the mode of nutrition, give one other feature that X is
i
like Y and Z.
(1 mark)
ii unlike Y and Z.
(1 mark)
State the role of X in the energy flow of an ecosystem.
(1 mark)
How is the reproduction of Y different from Z?
(2 marks)
16. The photographs below show six animals, P, Q, R, S, T and U.
P
a
b
c
d
Q
R
S
T
U
Give one feature that distinguishes Q and S from P, R, T and U. (1 mark)
Based on the feature in a, name the group to which Q and S belong.
(1 mark)
Give two features that classify Q and S into different groups.
(2 marks)
The dichotomous key below can be used to identify P, R, T and U.
1
a
Have jointed legs…………………….. Go to 2
b
Do not have jointed legs……………... Go to 3
2
3
i
ii
a
b
a
b
Have wings…………………………… Insect
Do not have wings…………………… Arachnid
Have spiny skin………………………. Echinoderm
Do not have spiny skin……………….. Cnidarian
Which animal is a cnidarian?
(1 mark)
With reference to the dichotomous key provided, give two
characteristics of an echinoderm.
(2 marks)
17. Suppose a spacecraft returns from a mission to a planet with several specimens
of a particular kind of organisms. Scientists try to classify them with the
classification system that we use for the organisms on earth.
One of the specimens has structures similar to a backbone. It has no limbs and
looks like a snake and an eel. How can we determine whether it is a fish, an
amphibian or a reptile?
(3 marks)
18. a
Use the dichotomous key below to classify organisms P, Q, R, S, T, U and V
into different groups.
(3 marks)
1
Cells with cell walls………………………………...
Cells without cell walls……………………………..
Go to 2
Go to 3
2
With chlorophyll……………………………………
Without chlorophyll………………………………...
Most are single-celled organisms…………………..
Multicellular organisms…………………………….
With roots…………………………………………..
Without roots………………………………………..
With seeds…………………………………………..
Go to 4
P
Q
R
Go to 5
S
Go to 6
Without seeds……………………………………….
With fruits…………………………………………..
Without fruits……………………………………….
T
U
V
3
4
5
6
b
How may the season affect the usefulness of the above key for classifying a
particular plant?
(2 marks)
19. The diagrams below show six animals, P, Q, R, S, T and U.
a
P
Q
R
S
T
U
Identify the animals using the dichotomous key below.
1
With 4 pairs of legs or fewer legs……………... Go to 2
2
3
4
5
With more than 4 pairs of legs…………………
With wings …………………………………….
Without wings ...……………………………….
With 1 pair of wings ……………………..……
With 2 pairs of wings …………………..……...
With legs ……...……………………………….
Without legs ………………………..………….
With 1 pair of legs per segment ……………...
With more than 1 pair of legs per segment …....
(6 marks)
Go to 5
Go to 3
Go to 4
Glossina
Brachytera
Eremobates
Lumbricus
Scutigerella
Spirobolus
b
Explain what a dichotomous key is.
(2 marks)
c
d
Why the six animals can be classified into the same group?
(1 mark)
Which two of them can be separated from the other four and put into the
same group? Explain briefly.
(3 marks)
20. The table below shows the classification of a sample of animals belonging to the
class Mammalia.
a
b
Name the classification levels i to iv shown in the table.
i
ii
(4 marks)
Human
Zebra
Horse
Class
Mammalia
Mammalia
Mammalia
i
Primates
Perissodactyla
Perissodactyla
ii
Hominidae
Equidae
Equidae
iii
Homo
Equus
Equus
iv
sapiens
zebra
caballus
Each organism is given a scientific name according to the naming
system binomial nomenclature. Explain the meaning of ‘binomial
nomenclature’.
(3 marks)
Give the scientific name of zebra.
(1 mark)
21. Fossils of an unknown animal have been discovered. It is believed that the
animal is an intermediate form between reptiles and birds in the process of the
evolution.
a
State two common features found in birds and reptiles.
(2 marks)
b
State one feature found in birds but not in reptiles.
(1 mark)
c
Name three other groups of vertebrates and give one example for
d
each group.
(6 marks)
What is the common characteristic of vertebrates?
(1 mark)
22. The diagrams below show six organisms, P, Q, R, S, T and U.
nucleus
nucleus
chloroplast
P
Q
green leaves
green leaves
true roots
rhizoids
R
S
T
U
Give reason(s) for each of the following.
a
b
c
i
P and Q are grouped into the same domain.
(1 mark)
ii
P and Q are put into different kingdoms.
(1 mark)
i
R and S are grouped into the same kingdom.
(2 marks)
ii
R and S are put into different phyla.
(2 marks)
i
T and U are grouped into the same kingdom.
(4 marks)
ii
T and U are put into different groups.
(2 marks)
23. In a field study, a student identified three species of trees and recorded them as
follows:
a
The student named these trees using binomial nomenclature. Explain the
meaning of the term ‘binomial nomenclature’ with the names of the three
species given by the student.
b
State two mistakes made by the student in writing the names of the three
species of trees.
c
(2 marks)
Is species Y more similar to species X or species Z in characteristics?
Explain briefly.
d
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
The three species of trees produce fruits in spring. Name the kingdom and
the group they belong to.
(2 marks)
24. The diagrams below show two different plants.
X
a
Y
Which one, X or Y, is a monocotyledonous plant and which is a
dicotyledonous plant? Explain briefly.
b
Apart from the answer given in a, state one other difference between
monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.
c
(4 marks)
(2 marks)
X and Y belong to the same group of plants. Give four common features of
the plants in this group.
(4 marks)
25. The diagram below shows the classification of vertebrates into five different
groups.
Group P: Hairy skin
Group Q: Slimy skin without scales
Vertebrates
Group R: Slimy scales
Group S: Feathers
Group T: Dry scales
a
Name the groups P, Q, R, S and T.
(5 marks)
b
Give one feature that is unique to the organisms in groups P and S.
(1 mark)
c
Why is a moist naked skin important to the organisms in group Q?
(2 marks)
d
Are bats and whales belong to the same group? If yes, name the group and
state one unique feature of this group that is not listed in the above diagram.
If no, name the groups and state one unique feature of each group.
(3 marks)
26. The photographs below show the leaves of four different plants.
Pine
a
i
ii
iii
Grass
Maple
Frangipani
Which of the plants has to be put into a different group from the others?
(1 mark)
Name the group it belongs to and give one reason.
State one other plant in this group.
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
b
Using the external features of the leaves of the plants, construct a
dichotomous key for identification of the above plants.
(3 marks)
c
What is the difference between the reproduction of pines and grass?
(1 mark)
27. The diagrams below show six animals.
Snail
Crab
Fish
Bee
Pig
Frog
a
These animals belong to two different major groups. Give the names of
these groups.
(2 marks)
b
Classify the above animals into the two major groups answered in a.
(3 marks)
c
On average, pigs consume more food per unit weight than frogs do. Why?
(3 marks)
d
Both bats and bees can fly. Why do they belong to different major groups?
(2 marks)
28. Discuss on the facts that a cat and a pigeon are classified into two subdivisions of
the same major group of animals.
(10 marks)
29. Fungi belonged to a class under the kingdom Plantae in the old two-kingdom
system, but it is now classified as an individual kingdom in the modern
six-kingdom system.
Discuss whether fungi should be included in the kingdom Plantae.
(10 marks)
Answers
1.
a
Leaf X: Rowan
1m
Leaf Y: Laurel
1m
b
Its leaf is made up of one part and it leaf edge has a wavy outline.
1m
a
Both have a white face.
1m
b
It has black feet, a black face and a white throat.
2m
a
Go to 4
0.5m
b
Black wing tip
0.5m
c
Go to 3
0.5m
d
Wood White
0.5m
e
White wing tip
0.5m
f
Red Admiral
0.5m
a
Water hawthorn
1m
b
Elodea
1m
c
They have round leaves. They have roots in soil. They have leaves on or above
2.
3.
4.
surface.
2m
5.
Insect: X
1m
Snail :Y
1m
Spider: Z
1m
Centipede: W
1m
a
1m
6.
Taxonomy is the classification of organisms,
which indicates how closely the species are related and how they are similar
b
genetically.
1m
It also includes the naming of organisms.
1m
U, T, Q, R, V, P
3m
19
c
Chromosome number differs in two species. The chromosomes cannot pair
up during gamete formation.
1m
a
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
1m x 4
b
Their cell walls contain no cellulose / are made of peptidoglycan.
1m
7.
They have no true nucleus. Their genetic material is in the form of a circular
ring of DNA.
1m
They have no membrane-bound organelles / mitochondria / chloroplasts.
1m
a
Tigers. Tigers and lions are in the same genus.
2m
b
i
Panthera leo
1m
ii
The scientific names are universal. This enables scientists to communicate
8.
accurately.
1m
9.
a
Any two from:
1m x 2
Bats have no feathers / have hair rather than feathers.
Bats have no dry scales on their legs.
Bats do not lay eggs.
b
Any two from:
1m x 2
Whales breathe with lungs instead of gills.
Whales give birth to small mammals instead of laying eggs.
Their young develop inside the mother's body.
Female whales have well-developed mammary glands to feed their young.
10.
a
Q, T, S, V, U, P, R
2m
b
Panthera tigris
1m
c
Humans / cats / dogs
1m
(or other reasonable answers)
d
Their offspring are infertile / sterile.
1m
Organisms of the same species can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. 1m
11.
a
X: flagellum
1m
It is used for locomotion.
1m
20
b
Similarity:
Both of them are prokaryotes / have no true nucleus / have a circular ring
of DNA.
2m
Difference:
The cell wall of a bacterium contains peptidoglycan, while that of an
archaebacterium contains no peptidoglycan. / The lipids in the cell membrane
of an archaebacterium are different from those of a bacterium.
2m
Both of them are single-celled organisms.
1m
12.
a
Both of them are prokaryotes / have no true nucleus / have a circular ring
of DNA.
1m
Biologists studied the DNA sequence / genetic material of archaebacteria
1m
and found that it is more similar to eukaryotes’ than to bacteria’s.
1m
c
Scientific knowledge is subject to change when new evidence appears.
1m
a
W: Plantae
1m
X: Fungi
1m
Y, Z: Eubacteria / Archaebacteria
1m x 2
The chemical composition of the cell walls.
1m
The chemical composition of the cell membranes.
1m
a
Bread moulds
1m
b
X: hypha
1m
c
i
Fungi
1m
ii
They carry out parasitic or saprophytic nutrition
1m
while plants carry out autotrophic nutrition.
1m
They have no chlorophyll while plants have chlorophyll.
1m
b
13.
b
14.
iii
Their cell wall contains no cellulose but that of plants contains
cellulose.
1m
15.
a
Y and Z carry out photosynthesis to make their own food.
2m
b
i
Its cells have cell walls / it cannot move around.
1m
ii
It does not contain chlorophyll. / It does not have any roots, stems
or leaves.
1m
21
c
Decomposer
1m
d
Y produces spores for reproduction
1m
while Z produces flowers and seeds for reproduction.
1m
a
Q and S have a backbone while P, R, T and U do not.
1m
b
Vertebrates
1m
c
Any two from:
1m x 2
16.
Q breathes with lungs while S breathes with gills.
Q gives birth to young while S lays eggs.
The female of Q has mammary glands while S does not.
Q is a homoiotherm while S is a poikilotherm.
d
i
T
1m
ii
It has spiny skin but have no jointed legs.
2m
17.
If the specimen has gills and its body is covered with slimy scales, it can be
classified as a fish.
1m
If the specimen has lungs and its body is covered with moist naked skin, it can be
classified as an amphibian.
1m
If the specimen has lungs and its skin is covered with dry hard scales, it can be
classified as a reptile.
1m
18.
a
P: Fungi
Q: Protista
R: Animalia
S: non-vascular plants
T: ferns
U: flowering plants
V: conifers
b
The season may affect flower and seed production.
3m
1m
Flowers and seeds would be produced by the plants only in the right season. 1m
22
19.
a
b
P: Spirobolus
1m
Q: Scutigerella
1m
R: Glossina
1m
S: Eremobates
1m
T: Brachytera
1m
U: Lumbricus
1m
It is a tool for identifying organisms.
1m
Organisms can be identified step by step by choosing one of the two alternative
features correctly.
1m
c
They do not have a backbone.
1m
d
R and T
1m
Reasons (any two)
:
1m x 2
They have wings.
They have three pairs of legs.
Their bodies are divided into three parts: head, thorax and abdomen.
20.
a
b
i
Order
1m
ii
Family
1m
iii
Genus
1m
iv
Species
1m
i
The scientific name of an organism consists of two words.
1m
The first word is the genus name.
1m
The second word is the species name.
1m
Equus zebra
1m
ii
21.
a
Any two from:
1m x 2
Both breathe with lungs.
Both carry out internal fertilization.
Both lay eggs with hard shells.
b
Birds have feathers. / Birds are homoiotherms.
1m
c
Fish, amphibians, mammals
1m x 3
(one mark for each correct example)
1m x 3
They all have a backbone.
1m
d
23
22.
a
b
i
They have a true nucleus.
1m
ii
Q has chloroplasts but P does not.
1m
i
Both of them have stems and leaves.
1m
Both contain chlorophyll / chloroplasts.
1m
R has true roots while S does not.
1m
R has vascular tissues while S does not.
1m
Their cells do not have a cell wall.
1m
They have no chloroplasts / chlorophyll.
1m
They can move freely from one place to another.
1m
Their irritability is highly developed.
1m
T breathes with gills while U breathes with lungs.
1m
T moves with fins and tail while U moves with legs.
1m
ii
c
i
ii
23.
a
Binomial nomenclature is a way of naming organisms using universal scientific
names.
1m
The scientific name of each species consists of two words in Latin.
1m
The first word is the genus name and the second word is the species name. 1m
b
c
d
The two words of each species should be underlined separately.
1m
The second word should begin with a small letter.
1m
Y and X belong to two different genera.
1m
Y and Z are of the same genus.
1m
Therefore Y is more similar to Z than to X.
1m
Kingdom: Plantae
1m
Group: flowering plants
1m
X is a monocotyledonous plant.
1m
Its leaves have parallel veins.
1m
Y is a dicotyledonous plant.
1m
Its leaves have net-like veins.
1m
24.
a
b
A monocotyledonous plant has only one seed leaf / cotyledon in its seeds. 1m
A dicotyledonous plant has two seed leaves / cotyledons in its seeds.
1m
24
c
They have flowers.
1m
They produce seeds.
1m
They have roots, stems and leaves.
1m
They have vascular tissues.
1m
P: Mammals
1m
Q: Amphibians
1m
R: Fish
1m
S: Birds
1m
T: Reptiles
1m
b
They are homoiotherms.
1m
c
The moist naked skin allows gas exchange through the skin
1m
and allows water to be absorbed or lost through the skin.
1m
Yes
1m
They are mammals.
1m
The females have mammary glands.
1m
i
Pine
1m
ii
Conifers. The leaves of pine are needle-shaped.
1m x 2
iii
Firs / cypresses
1m
1
Leaves are needle-shaped
Pine
Leaves are not needle-shaped
Go to 2
Leaves with parallel veins
Grass
Leaves with net-like veins
Go to 3
Leaves with lobes
Maple
Leaves without lobes
Frangipani
25.
a
d
26.
a
b
2
3
c
3m
Grass produces flowers for reproduction but pines do not. / The seeds of grass are
protected inside fruits while the seeds of pines are naked / found in cones. 1m
27.
a
Vertebrates, invertebrates
b
Vertebrates: fish, pig and frog
0.5m x 3
Invertebrates: snail, crab and bee
0.5m x 3
c
1m x 2
Pigs are homoiotherms.
1m
They need a higher respiration rate to release more energy
1m
for keeping their bodies warm.
1m
25
d
Bats have a backbone.
1m
Bees do not have a backbone.
1m
28.
Same major group:
Both are vertebrates.
1m
They have a backbone.
1m
Different subdivisions:
Cat is a mammal while pigeon is a bird.
1m
The body of cat is covered with hair while the body of pigeon is covered with
feathers.
1m
Cat has no beak while pigeon has a beak.
1m
Cat has well-developed teeth while pigeon have no teeth.
1m
Cat gives birth to kittens while pigeon lays eggs for reproduction.
1m
Effective communication
3m
29.
Fungi should be included in the kingdom Plantae:
Both of them consist of cells with a cell wall.
1m
Both of them cannot move to other places freely.
1m
Fungi produce spores for reproduction, which is similar to some plants like ferns. 1m
Fungi should not be included in the kingdom Plantae:
Fungi carry out parasitic or saprophytic nutrition while plants carry out autotrophic
nutrition.
1m
Fungi do not have roots, stems or leaves while most plants do.
1m
Fungi do not have chlorophyll while plants do.
1m
The cell wall of fungi is not made up of cellulose while the cell wall of plants is made up
of cellulose.
1m
Effective communication
3m
26