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Maximization algorithm
Maximization algorithm

... significant association among alleles at two loci when only genotype and not haplotype frequencies are available. The principle is to use the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm to resolve double heterozygotes into haplotypes and then apply a likelihood ratio test in order to determine whether t ...
Text S1.
Text S1.

... possible combinations between parent and child, as illustrated in Figure S3. The most straightforward method to find the most parsimony dataset would be to traverse the whole tree and test every possible combination. However, the calculation complexity is 2N, N being the total number of nodes on the ...
Simulated Example: Prop1=95, Power1=7
Simulated Example: Prop1=95, Power1=7

... Further details regarding module construction can be found at the tutorial referenced above. The purpose of this tutorial is to demonstrate the behavior of both unweighted and weighted networks with power of signal increased relative to the power of noise. To accomplish this, we set power1 = 7. In t ...
To how many simultaneous hypothesis tests can normal, student's t or bootstrap calibration be applied?
To how many simultaneous hypothesis tests can normal, student's t or bootstrap calibration be applied?

... Jianqing Fan is Professor (E-mail: [email protected]), Department of Operations Research and Financial Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Peter Hall (E-mail: [email protected]) is professor, Centre for Mathematics and its Applications, Australian National Universi ...
Codon - Ziheng Yang
Codon - Ziheng Yang

... Be aware of inherent limitations of these methods ...
snpGalaxyEx.new
snpGalaxyEx.new

... b. Upload and import the file to our Galaxy history via FTP or URL. c. Convert to pgSnp format. d. Subtract some SNPs found in healthy individuals to narrow down the search. ...
Andreas Mock Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University
Andreas Mock Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University

... As read counts follow a negative binomial distribution, which has a mathematical theory less tractable than that of the normal distribution, RNAseq data was normalised with the voom methodology3. The voom method estimates the mean-variance of the log-counts and generates a precision weight for each ...
Seven
Seven

... coding or non-coding. For every ORF, we calculate 64-dimensional vector of it’s codon frequencies and find the closest centroid in the codon frequencies space (the positions of the centroids are calculated as it was described earlier). If the closest centroid is the one, which corresponds to the cor ...
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Reconstruction of phylogenetic trees

... Likelihood maximization The p maximizing the log-likelihood is found iteratively. ...
Cluster Analysis in DNA Microarray Experiments
Cluster Analysis in DNA Microarray Experiments

... Clustering involves several distinct steps. First, a suitable distance between objects must be defined, based on relevant features. Then, a clustering algorithm must be selected and applied. The results of a clustering procedure can include both the number of clusters K (if not prespecified) and a set ...
Cluster Analysis in DNA Microarray Experiments
Cluster Analysis in DNA Microarray Experiments

... Current methods for classifying human malignancies rely on a variety of morphological, clinical, and molecular variables. In spite of recent progress, there are still uncertainties in diagnosis. Also, it is likely that the existing classes are heterogeneous and comprise diseases which are molecularl ...
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... borderline-­‐significant  GWAS  SNPs   •  “Hypothesis-­‐free”  tes#ng  has  a  limited  future     ...
CS 307 – Midterm 1 – Fall 2001
CS 307 – Midterm 1 – Fall 2001

... parameter is an integer that specifies exactly how long of a match to look for. The method shall return a String containing the indexes of where all matches start. All matches are placed in the String that is returned, separated by a single space. The matches do not need to be in any particular orde ...
Core 2 first round
Core 2 first round

... • Problem: large ontologies of composite terms are difficult to manage • Solution: partial automation (reasoners) • Requires logical definitions – how do we obtain them? ...
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... we tried to measure the effect of our correction when applied to those mtSNPs in our data with intensities affected by the cut-off problem. In an attempt to smoothen the sharp peak in the density function we set intensities in the suspicious region between 4000 and 4095 to missing. Upon visual inspe ...
Microevolutionary processes in the stygobitic genus Typhlocirolana
Microevolutionary processes in the stygobitic genus Typhlocirolana

... A v2 test of homogeneity of base frequencies across taxa was carried out using paup 4.0, b. 10 (Swofford 2001). We performed the likelihood mapping method (Strimmer and von Haeseler 1997) using tree-puzzle (Schmidt et al. 2002) in order to test the a priori phylogenetic signal in the two portions of ...
Using data sets to simulate evolution within complex environments
Using data sets to simulate evolution within complex environments

... The Data Set Environment • Find a rich data set (preferably one derived from a naturally complex system) with many independent variables • The gene of an individual is an arbitrary arithmetic expression stored as a tree (or similar technique) • Resource in the model is modelled by distributing to i ...
Aggregating Multiple Instances in Relational Database Using Semi-Supervised Genetic Algorithm-based Clustering Technique
Aggregating Multiple Instances in Relational Database Using Semi-Supervised Genetic Algorithm-based Clustering Technique

... evaluate a particular segmentation of data. The Gini index (GI) has been used extensively in the literature to determine the impurity of a certain split in decision trees [1]. Clustering using K cluster centers partitions the input space into K regions. Therefore clustering can be considered as a K- ...
AN INTERNET DATABASE ON GENETIC NON
AN INTERNET DATABASE ON GENETIC NON

... standardised collection of data using common terminology, definitions and testing as well as being a reference source for information and for comparison of clinical descriptions: with data from other groups. Finally, it could represent, in time, a repository of European epidemiological data. Since t ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

...  Clustering is an exploratory tool: “who's running with who”.  A very different problem from classification:  Clustering is about finding coherent groups  Classification is about relating such groups or individual objects to specific labels, mostly to support future prediction ...
Chapter 4 Evolutionary Model of Immune Selection
Chapter 4 Evolutionary Model of Immune Selection

... that there are too many parameters. Nielsen and Yang (1998) overcame this problem by using a random effects model for the variation in ...
슬라이드 1 - California Institute for
슬라이드 1 - California Institute for

... HAP is a haplotype analysis system which is aimed in helping geneticists perform disease association studies. The main feature of HAP is a phasing method which is based on the assumption of imperfect phylogeny. The phasing method is very efficient, which allows HAP to work with very large data sets, ...
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Data analysis approaches in high throughput screening (PDF, 3337

... − In a focused library, in which many possible “hits” are clustered in certain plates, Z-factor would not be an appropriate QC parameter. ...
Gene tree reconstruction and orthology analysis based on
Gene tree reconstruction and orthology analysis based on

... how a gene tree has evolved w.r.t. a species tree and any reconciliation implies constraints on the times of the edges in the gene tree and hence also on the sequence evolution. These constraints may directly contradict the times used in the reconstruction of the gene tree. There is also a tradeoff ...
Planning Microarray Experiments
Planning Microarray Experiments

... Microarray technology is a powerful tool that allows the study of tens of thousands of genes at once. In the complex microarray experiments, many sources of potential slight disturbances are possible. Statistical design of microarray studies aims at reducing effect of the unwanted variations to incr ...
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Quantitative comparative linguistics

Statistical methods have been used in comparative linguistics since at least the 1950s (see Swadesh list). Since about the year 2000, there has been a renewed interest in the topic, based on the application of methods of computational phylogenetics and cladistics to define an optimal tree (or network) to represent a hypothesis about the evolutionary ancestry and perhaps its language contacts. The probability of relatedness of languages can be quantified and sometimes the proto-languages can be approximately dated.The topic came the attention of the popular press in 2003 after the publication of a short study on Indo-European in Nature (Gray and Atkinson 2003). A volume of articles on Phylogenetic Methods and the Prehistory of Languages was published in 2006 as the result of a conference held in Cambridge in 2004.A goal of comparative historical linguistics is to identify instances of genetic relatedness amongst languages. The steps in quantitative analysis are (i) to devise a procedure based on theoretical grounds, on a particular model or on past experience, etc. (ii) to verify the procedure by applying it to some data where there exists a large body of linguistic opinion for comparison (this may lead to a revision of the procedure of stage (i) or at the extreme of its total abandonment) (iii) to apply the procedure to data where linguistic opinions have not yet been produced, have not yet been firmly established or perhaps are even in conflict.Applying phylogenetic methods to languages is a multi-stage process (a) the encoding stage - getting from real languages to some expression of the relationships between them in the form of numerical or state data, so that those data can then be used as input to phylogenetic methods (b) the representation stage - applying phylogenetic methods to extract from those numerical and/or state data a signal that is converted into some useful form of representation, usually two dimensional graphical ones such as trees or networks, which synthesise and ""collapse"" what are often highly complex multi dimensional relationships in the signal (c) the interpretation stage - assessing those tree and network representations to extract from them what they actually mean for real languages and their relationships through time.
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