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Full Text - Journal of Preventive Cardiology
Full Text - Journal of Preventive Cardiology

... In the field of hypertension, we are going to look at the relationship between the blood pressure (BP) levels and cardiovascular (CV) event rates. The J-curve phenomenon is a paradoxical increase in morbidity and mortality with an excessive decrease in BP. BP treatment guidelines have recommended BP ...
9 - KUET
9 - KUET

... When the heart is not beating in a regular pattern, this is referred to as an arrhythmia. ...
Contribution of bradykinin to the cardioprotective effects of ACE inhibitors Introduction
Contribution of bradykinin to the cardioprotective effects of ACE inhibitors Introduction

... by the balance between tPA and PAI-1 (Fig. 3)[39,40]. Bradykinin stimulates endothelial release of tPA,[8,42] whereas Ang II increases PAI-1 expression[13]. Brown et al.[7] have studied the mechanism of bradykinin-induced tPA release from the human vasculature. They demonstrated that bradykinin stim ...
Ch. 33 Circulation Outline file
Ch. 33 Circulation Outline file

... 1. Two key factors influence the rate of flow through each type of blood vessel. a. The flow rate is directly proportional to the pressure gradient between the start and end of the vessel. b. The flow rate is inversely proportional to the vessel’s resistance to flow. 2. Blood pressure drops along t ...
Rhythms That Go Bump in the Night
Rhythms That Go Bump in the Night

... of prior bypass surgery and hypertension; her medications include aspirin, atenolol, and lisinopril. The following asymptomatic arrhythmia is noted on telemetry: ...
circulatory system
circulatory system

... • What happens when different types of blood mix? • If two different blood types are mixed together, the blood cells may begin to clump together in the blood vessels, causing a potentially fatal situation. • it is important that blood types be matched before blood transfusions take place. • In an e ...
1 Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis. Ischemic heart disease
1 Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis. Ischemic heart disease

... intimae of vessels. Myocytes migrate here from the middle membrane of arteries (media) under act of factors of chemotaxis, and reproduction of them depends on the factors of growth - thrombocytic, fibroblastic, endothelial. Myocytes which migrated at intimate and began there to propagate oneself tr ...
S0735109712043641_mmc1
S0735109712043641_mmc1

... incident events/heart failure associated with central pressure indices and comparing it to that of hypertension (the only currently well-established risk factor defined on the basis of arterial pressure measurements). Cumulative probability curves for the endpoints of interest were constructed by u ...
What is atrioventricular canal defect
What is atrioventricular canal defect

... o Diuretics - the body's water balance can be affected when the heart is not working as well as it could. These medications help the kidneys remove excess fluid from the body. o ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors - dilates the blood vessels, making it easier for the heart to pump blood f ...
Class: XI Subject: Biology Topic: Body fluids and circulation No. of
Class: XI Subject: Biology Topic: Body fluids and circulation No. of

... persons. The Rh factor was discovered by Landsteiner in Rhesus monkeys. About 85% of the people Rh+. They have Rh+ antigens. Rh factor is expressed by the dominant R gene. Rh positive individuals are RR or Rr, while Rh negative are rr. Disorders may arise as a result of incompatibility of gene produ ...
Student Learning Outcomes/Review Sheet for Exam/Unit #4
Student Learning Outcomes/Review Sheet for Exam/Unit #4

... Discuss RBC, WBC, and platelet’s, include purpose or function and the different types of each ...
Nursing Consideration
Nursing Consideration

... which lead to ventricular fibrillation or cardiac arrest. ...
a - rguhs
a - rguhs

... Left ventricular hypertrophy has been repeatedly shown to be associated with marked increase in cardiovascular risk. The relative risk associated with 100 gms increase in left ventricular mass was 2.1% while a 0.1 cm increase in left ventricular posterior wall, thickness was associated with a seven- ...
effects of exercise on the heart
effects of exercise on the heart

... 1. The short-term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system 2. The long-term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system 3. How to measure your pulse ...
cardiovascular mcq
cardiovascular mcq

... Elevated end diastolic pressure Chamber of normal size. Abnormal-sized heart on xray May be part of any type of left ventricular disease Reduced ejection fraction ...
Ventricular Assist Devices
Ventricular Assist Devices

... ◦ Normalization of chamber geometry, reduction of myocardial fibrosis, hypertrophy, and disruption in cytoskeletal proteins ...
Transport (Heart dis..
Transport (Heart dis..

... Distinguish between the dorsal & ventral sides of the heart. Note that the thin-walled veins arise from the dorsal side while the thick-walled pulmonary artery arises from the ventral side. Place the heart with the ventral side upwards (facing you). Identify the atria, ventricles & the major blood v ...
The Nervous System
The Nervous System

... ventricle to eject blood Any factor that restricts arterial blood flow increases peripheral resistance, and affects the heart as afterload (valve stenosis, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, etc.) ...
(HCM), idiopathic hypertrophic
(HCM), idiopathic hypertrophic

... FriendsThis week’s FMEA deals with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients. This is not the acquired form of hypertrophy or dilated cardiomyopathy. Rather it is a congenital form of HCM seen mostly in children and young adults. In the city where I live it probably accounts for the death of at lea ...
Heart Disease - Hervey Bay Vet Surgery
Heart Disease - Hervey Bay Vet Surgery

... When the heart is not pumping properly, blood backs up into the vessels of the lungs. Increased pressure within the vessels results in small amounts of fluid leaking out of the capillaries and eventually into the air passage ways. This fluid collection in the lungs produces coughing and/or gagging, ...
Antiarrhythmic agents
Antiarrhythmic agents

... others ...
beta blockers in cardioprotection after acute myocardial infarction
beta blockers in cardioprotection after acute myocardial infarction

... It has been recently demonstrated that an excessive neurohumoral stimulation in heart failure has deleterious effect on cardiovascular function. Excessive chronic sympathetic stimulation in heart failure, above compensatory needs, induces myocardial necrosis, deterioration of the myocardial contract ...
11 Heart Rate BP Exercise LQ
11 Heart Rate BP Exercise LQ

... exercise. Which component of the blood pressure is most responsible for this change? 3. A change in pulse pressure can be seen in a variety of medical conditions. What would you expect to happen to the pulse pressure in the following examples? a. In atherosclerosis there is a hardening of the arteri ...
notes2
notes2

... • How many miles of blood vessels does your body contain? • What are the two types of circulation the heart does? • What are the functions of the circulatory ...
17. CV II - EKG-mechanical
17. CV II - EKG-mechanical

... • blood flow is one-way due to operation of valves (AV valves and SL valves) (figs. 18 - 8 to 18 - 10): right atrium --(tricuspid valve)--> right ventricle --(pulmonary valve)--> pulmonary trunk --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium--(mitral valve)--> left ventricle --(aortic valve)--> aorta ...
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Antihypertensive drug



Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of ischaemic heart disease by 21%, and reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means. Among the most important and most widely used drugs are thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers.Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and resulting national guidelines. The fundamental goal of treatment should be the prevention of the important endpoints of hypertension, such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Patient age, associated clinical conditions and end-organ damage also play a part in determining dosage and type of medication administered. The several classes of antihypertensives differ in side effect profiles, ability to prevent endpoints, and cost. The choice of more expensive agents, where cheaper ones would be equally effective, may have negative impacts on national healthcare budgets. As of 2009, the best available evidence favors the thiazide diuretics as the first-line treatment of choice for high blood pressure when drugs are necessary. Although clinical evidence shows calcium channel blockers and thiazide-type diuretics are preferred first-line treatments for most people (from both efficacy and cost points of view), an ACE inhibitor is recommended by NICE in the UK for those under 55 years old.
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