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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Anatomy of the Heart • The human heart is a muscular pump composed of cardiac muscle that allows for continued rhythmic contraction. • Cardiac muscle is a involuntary muscle, meaning it does not need to be told to contract. • It is located in the middle of your chest right behind the sternum and just to the left. • It is the size of your fist. Anatomy of the Heart • There are four chambers in the heart - two atria and two ventricles. Assignment: Color the heart diagram Protective Layers of the Heart • The heart is encased in two protective layers. The outer layer - the pericardial sac - covers the heart. Protective Layers of the Heart • While the epicardium forms the outer layer of the heart, the myocardium forms the middle layer and the endocardium the innermost layer. • The coronary arteries - arteries that provide blood to the heart's own cells - travel across the epicardium. • The muscular myocardium is the thickest layer and the workhorse of the heart. • The endocardium has a smooth inner surface to allow blood to flow easily through the heart's chambers. • The heart's valves are also part of the endocardium. Parts of the Heart • The atria (one is called an atrium) are responsible for receiving blood from the veins leading to the heart. When they contract, they pump blood into the ventricles • The ventricles are the real workhorses, they must force the blood away from the heart with sufficient power to push the blood all the way back to the heart. • Between the atria and the ventricles are valves • These are overlapping layers of tissue that allow blood to flow only in one direction. • Assignment: Define each of the valves in the heart. VALVES • The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle. • The pulmonary or pulmonic valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. • The mitral valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle. • The aortic valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta. Heart valves • 4 valves in the heart – flaps of connective tissue – prevent backflow SL • Atrioventricular (AV) valve – between atrium & ventricle – keeps blood from flowing back into atria when ventricles pump – “lub” • Semilunar valves – between ventricle & arteries – prevent backflow from arteries into ventricles – “dub” AV AV Lub-dub, lub-dub • Heart sounds – closing of valves – “Lub” SL • force blood against closed AV valves – “Dub” AV AV • force of blood against semilunar valves • Heart murmur – leaking valve causes hissing sound – blood squirts backward through valve Cardiac cycle • 1 complete sequence of pumping – heart contracts & pumps – heart relaxes & chambers fill – contraction phase • systole • ventricles pumps blood out – relaxation phase • diastole • atria refill with blood Electrical signals allows atria to empty completely before ventricles contract stimulates ventricles to contract from bottom to top, driving blood into arteries • heart pumping controlled by electrical impulses • signal also transmitted to skin = EKG Cardiac Cycle How is this reflected in blood pressure measurements? systolic ________ diastolic pump (peak pressure) _________________ 110 ________ fill (minimum pressure) 80 What is the Circulatory System ? • The system of the body responsible for internal transport. Composed of the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lymph, and the blood. • The Circulatory Systems is a combination of vessels and muscle that help and control the flow of blood around the body. • This is known as CIRCULATION. Circulatory systems • All animals have: – muscular pump = heart – tubes = blood vessels – circulatory fluid = “blood” open hemolymph closed blood Evolution of circulatory system Not everyone has a 4-chambered heart fish 2 chamber amphibian 3 chamber reptiles 3 chamber birds & mammals 4 chamber Birds AND mammals! Wassssup?! V A A A V A V A V A V A V Evolution of circulatory systems • What advantage was a 4-chambered heart – increase body size – fuel warm-blooded – enable flight • Higher energy needs – greater need for energy, fuel, O2, waste removal • warm-blooded animals & flying need 10x energy • need to deliver 10x fuel & O2 convergent evolution The Main Parts of the Circulatory SystemHumans (Vertebrates) • The main parts of the Circulatory System include: • The Heart • Arteries (within the heart also) • Veins • Capillaries ASSIGNMENT: Define each part of the Circulatory System ARTERIES: Pulmonary Artery, Aorta, Coronary Artery, Carotid Artery, Femoral Artery, Arteries in General VEINS: Superior Vena Cava, Inferio Vena Cava, Jugular Vein, Coronary Vein, Pulmonary Vein, Veins in General CAPILLARIES BLOOD • What is blood made of? • Blood is a mixture of cells and a watery liquid, called plasma, that the cells float in. • Plasma is about 90 percent water. • There are three kinds of cells in the blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs throughout the body, white blood cells help fight infection, and platelets help in clotting. • Red blood cells (also called erythrocytes) are the most numerous, making up 40-45 percent of one's blood, and they give blood its characteristic color. Red blood cells are shaped like tiny doughnuts, with an indentation in the center instead of a hole. • What is HEMOGLOBIN? • Hemoglobin is a special molecule which carries the oxygen that is found in the blood. • Where there is a lot of oxygen, in the lungs, the hemoglobin molecules loosely bind with oxygen. • Each molecule of hemoglobin contains four iron atoms, and each iron atom can bind with one molecule of oxygen, allowing each hemoglobin molecule to carry four molecules of oxygen. • What makes our blood RED? • The iron in hemoglobin is what makes blood red. Types of Blood • If the red blood cell had only "A" molecules on it, that blood was called type A. • If the red blood cell had only "B" molecules on it, that blood was called type B. • If the red blood cell had a mixture of both molecules, that blood was called type AB. • If the red blood cell had neither molecule, that blood was called type O. Transfusions/Donations • A person with type A blood can donate blood to a person with type A or type AB. A person with type B blood can donate blood to a person with type B or type AB. A person with type AB blood can donate blood to a person with type AB only. A person with type O blood can donate to anyone. • What happens when different types of blood mix? • If two different blood types are mixed together, the blood cells may begin to clump together in the blood vessels, causing a potentially fatal situation. • it is important that blood types be matched before blood transfusions take place. • In an emergency, type O blood can be given because it is most likely to be accepted by all blood types. However, there is still a risk involved. Cardiovascular diseases • Atherosclerosis & Arteriosclerosis – deposits inside arteries (plaques) • develop in inner wall of the arteries, narrowing their channel – increase blood pressure – increase risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney damage normal artery hardening of arteries Cardiovascular healthbypass surgery • Genetic effects • Diet – diet rich in animal fat increases risk of CV disease • Exercise & lifestyle – smoking & lack of exercise increases risk of CV disease Cardiovascular health Heart Disease 696,947 Cancer 557,271 Stroke 162,672 Chronic lower respiratory diseases 124,816 Accidents (unintentional injuries) 106,742 Diabetes 73,249 Influenza/Pneumonia 65,681 Alzheimer's disease 58,866 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome & nephrosis 40,974 Septicemia 33,865 Heart Disease Heart disease death rates Adults ages 35 and older Women & Heart Disease Death rates for heart disease per 100,000 women Risk factors Smoking Lack of exercise High fat diet Overweight • Heart disease is 3rd leading cause of death among women aged 25–44 years & 2nd leading cause of death among women aged 45–64 years. Assignment • What is the role of the Cardiovascular System in achieving and maintaining wellness? • Explain the effects of aging and lifestyle choices on the Cardiovascular System • What impact does the Cardiovascular System have on the other Systems of the body • Explain/describe the social, emotional, and economic impact of respiratory/cardiovascular conditions on the individual, family, peers and community • Evaluate preventative lifestyle choices required for Cardiovascular Wellness 27-40 Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System Disease Description Anemia The blood does not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry an adequate amount of oxygen to the body’s cells Aneurysm A ballooned, weakened arterial wall Thrombophlebitis Blood clots and inflammation develops in a vein Thalassemia Murmurs Inherited form of anemia; defective hemoglobin chain causes, small, pale, and short-lived RBCs abnormal heart sound due to valves not functioning properly 27-41 Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.) Sickle Cell Anemia Abnormal hemoglobin causes RBCs to change to a sickle shape; abnormal cells stick in capillaries Hypertension High blood pressure; consistent resting blood pressure equal to or greater than 140/90 mm Hg Heart Disease • Endocarditis – inflammation of the endocardium • Myocarditis – inflammation of the heart muscle • Pericarditis – inflammation of the pericardium, the sac which surrounds the heart Bacterial Endocarditis Congenital Heart Disease • Patent Foramen Ovale – hole present between the 2 atria fails to close at birth • Patent Ductus Arteriosis – duct between the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to close at birth • Coarctation of the Aorta – localized narrowing of the arch for the aorta • Tetralogy of Fallot – combination of 4 defects that occur together, “blue baby” Tetralogy of Fallot Rheumatic Heart Disease • Toxins produced by streptococci affect the valves of the heart so they do not open completely (mitral stenosis) or close completely (mitral regurgitation) Coronary Heart Disease • Coronary occlusion Coronary arteries become clogged; therefore, not as much blood goes to the heart muscle. If an artery is completely clogged, it leads to ischemia, a lack of blood supply to an area. Blocked Arteries Coronary Heart Disease Cont’d • Thrombus – blood clot, can clog coronary arteries • Infarct – an area that has been cut off from its blood supply • Myocardial Infarction – heart attack • Angina Pectoris – pain felt due to inadequate blood flow to the heart (pain in heart, left arm, and shoulder) Rhythm Abnormalities • Arrhythmia – abnormality in the rhythm of the heart • Flutter – rapid, coordinated contractions up to 300 per min • Fibrillations – extremely serious, rapid, irregular contractions • Heart Block – interruption of electrical conduction Congestive Heart Failure • Many times caused by hypertension • Causes enlargement of heart • Heart unable to pump effectively because it is weak – Kidneys save fluid – Edema – Short of breath Rhythm Abnormalities • Arrhythmia – abnormality in the rhythm of the heart • Flutter – rapid, coordinated contractions up to 300 per min • Fibrillations – extremely serious, rapid, irregular contractions • Heart Block – interruption of electrical conduction Medications • Digitalis – slows contractions and helps heart beat stronger, from foxglove plant • Nitroglycerin – dilates blood vessels to the heart: improves circulation • Antiarrhythmics – regulate heart rhythm and rate • Anticoagulants – prevent clotting (heparin & coumadin) • Beta Blockers – adrenergic blocking agents decrease rate & strength of heart contractions reducing the heart’s oxygen demand (propanolol) Instruments Used for Heart Study • Stethoscope: used to listen to heart sounds • EKG: records electrical activity as waves • Heart Catheterization: thin tube inserted into heart for blood samples, pressure readings, etc. • Fluoroscope: examines deep tissue with x-rays • Echocardiogram: uses ultrasound to record picture of heart in action