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brain scan
brain scan

... Arteries get become smaller until they become capillaries. What are the blood vessels called that are found between these two stages. What is special about capillary walls & why are they like this? Why do veins have valves in them that open & shut? The heart has 4 chambers. What are the upper chambe ...
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Maureen Kirkbride Marketing Highland Laboratories P.O. Box 199

... In your current letter, it appearsthat you intend this letter to be the notification requiredby 21 U.S.C. 343(r)(6) (section403(r)(6) of the FederalFood, Drug, and CosmeticAct (the Act) and 21 CFR 101.93(a). As we statedin our previousletter, if it is intendedto be the requirednotification, it doesn ...
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... rate is a marker of increased cardiovascular risk in the general population and also among patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD).6 b-Adrenergic blocking agents (BBs) were synthesized for this purpose. In addition, the nondihydropyridine calcium antagonists (CAs) exert some antianginal effect t ...
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Chapter 14

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Chapter 14
Chapter 14

... 2. Afterload(后负荷)(Usually measured as arterial pressure) ...
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Antihypertensive drug



Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of ischaemic heart disease by 21%, and reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means. Among the most important and most widely used drugs are thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers.Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and resulting national guidelines. The fundamental goal of treatment should be the prevention of the important endpoints of hypertension, such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Patient age, associated clinical conditions and end-organ damage also play a part in determining dosage and type of medication administered. The several classes of antihypertensives differ in side effect profiles, ability to prevent endpoints, and cost. The choice of more expensive agents, where cheaper ones would be equally effective, may have negative impacts on national healthcare budgets. As of 2009, the best available evidence favors the thiazide diuretics as the first-line treatment of choice for high blood pressure when drugs are necessary. Although clinical evidence shows calcium channel blockers and thiazide-type diuretics are preferred first-line treatments for most people (from both efficacy and cost points of view), an ACE inhibitor is recommended by NICE in the UK for those under 55 years old.
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