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To the Eisenmenger Complex Patient: How do we optimize care
To the Eisenmenger Complex Patient: How do we optimize care

... Phlebotomy with isovolumic replacement should be considered in the presence of moderate to severe symptoms of hyperviscosity Prophylactic phlebotomy plays no role in patient management • Causes iron deficiency anemia, reduces exercise tolerance ...
2. Disease and injuries of the chest
2. Disease and injuries of the chest

... 4. Immunotherapy (controlled immunogram). 5. Desensitizing, anti-inflammatory therapy, regulation of protease activity: antihistamines, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, protease inhibitors, antioxidants. 6. Correction of disorders of the vital organs and systems, solve problems, symptomatic ther ...
Respiratory System Physiology Dr. Amjed Hassan Al
Respiratory System Physiology Dr. Amjed Hassan Al

Ventilation and Perfusion Ratios for Optimum Gas Exchange
Ventilation and Perfusion Ratios for Optimum Gas Exchange

... Ventilation and Perfusion Ratios for Optimum Gas Exchange Ventilation/perfusion ratio is the ratio of alveolar ventilation V to perfusion (pulmonary blood flow)Q. – In healthy lungs, the V/Q ratio is close to 1:1, resulting in optimum gas pressures and oxygenation in systemic arterial blood. Distrib ...
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)

... watermelon morning pulse rate in both female and male subjects from 78.0 ± 1.63 to 85.8 ± 1.39 and 69.5 ± 0.56 to 78.9 ± 1.47 respectively. Blood flow is also increased after meals. This is as a result of increased metabolic activity leading to increased heart activity, heart rate and heart beat.Pre ...
Figure 1
Figure 1

... cardiac remodeling, accelerated atherosclerosis, and symptomatic events (13). There is a growing body of evidence that erythropoietin deficiency and anemia are related to adverse ventricular remodeling and cardiac failure (14). Hyperhomocystinemia is an obvious therapeutic target for future trials i ...
Long term survival study of patients with raised pulmonary arterial
Long term survival study of patients with raised pulmonary arterial

... From 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2002 , consecutive patients referred by their general practitioners for open access echocardiography at Sunderland Royal Hospital, United Kingdom, a large general hospital, as an investigation for suspected heart failure were considered for the study. Subjects who ...
blood vessels
blood vessels

... – Coronary Artery(ies) become completely blocked  No Oxygen can reach the heart muscle  Heart muscle begins to die and eventually stops beating  Symptoms – Nausea, Shortness of breath, Severe chest pain, sweating, dizziness, fatigue IMMEDIATE MEDICAL ATTENTION NECESSARY ...
The Efficacy of Duloxetine in the Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa
The Efficacy of Duloxetine in the Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa

... treatment of a patient with BN. Duloxetine is an antidepressant with a specific mechanism of dual action that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine (SNRIs). Recent publications have also highlighted the effectiveness of duloxetine compared to placebo in reducing binge crisis and the ...
23. HIV and Cardiac Diseases
23. HIV and Cardiac Diseases

... exercise in combination with a healthy diet, including a reduced fluid and salt intake. Non-steroidal anti-rheumatics (NSAR), class I antiarrhythmics and calcium antagonists (verapamil, diltiazem and short-acting dihydropyridine derivates) should be used carefully. Treatment of congestive heart fail ...
Prevalence of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Patients with Essential
Prevalence of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Patients with Essential

... Results showed an overall of 135 hypertensive patients with altered ventricular geometric pattern, of the three variants and in particular that of the concentric hypertrophy, in the age group 60 - 73 years-old, in males, in patients with severe HBP and a duration of more than one year, in obese pati ...
“VITAL AND NON VITAL CENTERS OF PONS AND MEDULLA”
“VITAL AND NON VITAL CENTERS OF PONS AND MEDULLA”

“VITAL AND NON VITAL CENTERS OF PONS AND MEDULLA”
“VITAL AND NON VITAL CENTERS OF PONS AND MEDULLA”

... The accelerator and vagus nerves both connect to the sinoatrial node (SA node). ...
Augmentation Index Does Not Reflect Risk of Coronary Artery
Augmentation Index Does Not Reflect Risk of Coronary Artery

... whereas the invasive diastolic central BP in the CAD group was significantly lower than that in the non-CAD group (62±10 vs. 68±9 mmHg, P=0.020). Invasive central pulse pressure in the CAD group was 5 mmHg higher than in the non-CAD group (67±22 vs. 63±21 mmHg), but there were no significant differe ...
Challenges of Postoperative Management, ICU Care
Challenges of Postoperative Management, ICU Care

... been utilized to prevent contrast induced nephropathy (CIN). Several small trials have examined the use of diuretics for CIN prophylaxis, but the results are conflicting.(6,7) Hydration should be judicious since fluid overload may be pooly tolerated in this patient population may be challenging part ...
Carotid Artery Tonometry: Pros and Cons
Carotid Artery Tonometry: Pros and Cons

... the recent AHA9 consensus statements do not recommend tonometry for waveform analysis at either the brachial or carotid sites. Waveforms derived therefrom have not been shown to predict risk of cardiovascular events. The favored site for applanation tonometry remains the same (radial) site which has ...
Cephalic
Cephalic

Automated versus manual blood pressure measurement
Automated versus manual blood pressure measurement

... which reported lower systolic and diastolic reading with the Dinamap in pre-eclamptic women. These differences were attributed to haemodynamic changes associated with pre-eclampsia, such as a decrease in arterial compliance and intravascular volume, which could result in an incorrect reading at a gi ...
SCREENING FOR AF - Atrial fibrillation information
SCREENING FOR AF - Atrial fibrillation information

... Lone atrial fibrillation (LAF) – is a clinical diagnosis of AF in the absence of clinical or echocardiographic findings of other cardiovascular disease (including hypertension) or related pulmonary and endocrine diseases, in patients under 60 years of age. Screening for AF within primary care should ...
Regulation of blood flow
Regulation of blood flow

... because of such mechanism. In capillaries blood cells move one after another, dividing only by plasma, which decreases friction between blood cells and capillary wall. On other side, capillaries are shorter, than arterioles, which caused lower blood flow resistance too. Viscosity of blood is also im ...
Indirect Measurement of Arterial Blood Pressure
Indirect Measurement of Arterial Blood Pressure

... Systolic Blood Pressure Ratio (optional if time permits) ...
Non-Cardiac Surgery for Adults with CHD
Non-Cardiac Surgery for Adults with CHD

... release of NO which accompanies long-term loss of pulsatile pulmonary blood flow 19. In addition, in the absence of pulsatility the total hydraulic power (mean + pulsatile flow) is converted into a pure pressure gradient, increasing the energy necessary for transmission of blood through the pulmonar ...
No significant difference in risk of heart failure hospitalization with
No significant difference in risk of heart failure hospitalization with

... reported an increase in hospitalization for heart failure (HF) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and high cardiovascular risk. This increase was particularly noted in SAVOR-TIMI in patients with elevated plasma brain natriuretic peptide, suggesting high risk for HF. In order to determ ...
Chapter 16 Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Chapter 16 Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Structure of the circulatory sytem
Structure of the circulatory sytem

... It is the medium in which all the cells are carried to transport nutrients and Oxygen (O2) to the cells of the body. It carries: - Oxygen, ...
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Antihypertensive drug



Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of ischaemic heart disease by 21%, and reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means. Among the most important and most widely used drugs are thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers.Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and resulting national guidelines. The fundamental goal of treatment should be the prevention of the important endpoints of hypertension, such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Patient age, associated clinical conditions and end-organ damage also play a part in determining dosage and type of medication administered. The several classes of antihypertensives differ in side effect profiles, ability to prevent endpoints, and cost. The choice of more expensive agents, where cheaper ones would be equally effective, may have negative impacts on national healthcare budgets. As of 2009, the best available evidence favors the thiazide diuretics as the first-line treatment of choice for high blood pressure when drugs are necessary. Although clinical evidence shows calcium channel blockers and thiazide-type diuretics are preferred first-line treatments for most people (from both efficacy and cost points of view), an ACE inhibitor is recommended by NICE in the UK for those under 55 years old.
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