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American Thoracic Diagnostic Standards and Classification of Tuberculosis in Adults and Children S
American Thoracic Diagnostic Standards and Classification of Tuberculosis in Adults and Children S

... Tuberculosis is spread from person to person through the air by droplet nuclei, particles 1 to 5 pm in diameter that contain M. tuberculosis complex (4). Droplet nuclei are produced when persons with pulmonary or laryngeal tuberculosis cough, sneeze, speak, or sing. They also may be produced by aero ...
bledsoe_pcpp4_ch10_lecture - McLaren
bledsoe_pcpp4_ch10_lecture - McLaren

... infectious agent, host cannot transmit agent to someone else. – Communicable period: host may exhibit signs of clinical disease; can transmit infectious agent to another host. – Incubation period: time between exposure and presentation. ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Paramedic Care: Principles & Prac ...
Transmission Based Precautions Policies (TBP) – Information on
Transmission Based Precautions Policies (TBP) – Information on

... scientific methodology has been applied to literature reviewing and critiquing of the evidence base to inform the policies). 3) What are Transmission Based Precautions? Transmission Based Precautions, in addition to Standard Infection Control Precautions (SICPs), are a set of measures that should be ...
United Kingdom National Guideline on the Management of the viral
United Kingdom National Guideline on the Management of the viral

... . Patients should be given a detailed explanation of their condition with particular emphasis on the long-term implications for the health of themselves and their partner(s). This should be reinforced by giving them clear and accurate written information (1C) section 3.8.1. . Partner notification sho ...
Epidemiology of Outbreaks in Ireland, 2007
Epidemiology of Outbreaks in Ireland, 2007

... Norovirus was responsible for the largest outbreak of 2007. This occurred within a hospital with approximately 407 cases of illness. The second largest outbreak was a waterborne outbreak caused by Cryptosporidium in Galway with 304 people reported ill. This outbreak was the largest Cryptosporidium o ...
MALARIA: A GENERAL MINIREVIEW WITH REFERENCE TO EGYPT
MALARIA: A GENERAL MINIREVIEW WITH REFERENCE TO EGYPT

... areas for P. ovale malaria outside of Africa were the Philippine archipelago and the island of New Guinea. In a report of 15,806 blood film examinations at several sites in Indonesia between 1973 and 1989, 34 infections due to P. ovale were identified; the frequency of P. ovale relative to P. falcip ...
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SMALLPOX CHAPTER 4 Contents
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SMALLPOX CHAPTER 4 Contents

... urban centre . Hughes et al . (1980), using a similar procedure, found that as late as 1972 reporting efficiency in Bangladesh was only about 12%, but rose in the succeeding years, when active searches for unreported cases were intensified, to over 80% (see Chapter 16, Fig. 16.9) . The health servic ...
Carla G. García, Rafia Bhore, Alejandra Soriano-Fallas, Margaret Trost, Rebecca RSV
Carla G. García, Rafia Bhore, Alejandra Soriano-Fallas, Margaret Trost, Rebecca RSV

... BACKGROUND: The trends in hospitalization rates and risk factors for severe bronchiolitis have not been recently described, especially after the routine implementation of prophylaxis for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. OBJECTIVES: To define the burden of hospitalizations related to RSV ...
Infectious Diseases in Finland 1995–2009
Infectious Diseases in Finland 1995–2009

... has caused major epidemics throughout the existence of the National Infectious Diseases Register. The use of laboratory diagnostics has increased, adding the number of reported norovirus disease cases in the 2000s. During this period, strain typing has also commenced. The new norovirus sub-types, wh ...
Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diseases
Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diseases

... about Microbiology but Were Too Dumb to Ask) for branch managers and similar personnel required to assume a role in microbiology but with limited experience and training. This has been gradually expanded and modified to suit the needs also of more experienced laboratory practitioners; researchers; m ...
Small Flock Poultry Health - Province of British Columbia
Small Flock Poultry Health - Province of British Columbia

... would be an intuitively simple task for those who enjoy owning and caring for animals, it is actually much more complex than, for example, caring for a dog. Poultry generally do not become a part of the household family and therefore must be provided with all the tools necessary in order to thrive i ...
ANTIBIOTIC - Australian Veterinary Association
ANTIBIOTIC - Australian Veterinary Association

... pertinent practical tips would be a good step towards improved antimicrobial stewardship, which is the best way to prevent the emergence of a more widespread resistance problem. 1. Choose antimicrobials based on the most likely pathogen(s) that are associated with particular infectious disease sett ...
Plague as a Biological Weapon
Plague as a Biological Weapon

... Consensus Process The first draft of the consensus statement was a synthesis of information obtained in the formal evidence-gathering process. The working group was convened to review drafts of the document in October 1998 and May 1999. The final statement incorporates all relevant evidence obtained ...
Feline calicivirus - American Association of Feline Practitioners
Feline calicivirus - American Association of Feline Practitioners

... from cats with virulent systemic disease possess in vitro phenotypes distinct from those of other FCV isolates. J Gen Virol 2007; 88: 506–527. ...
Advancing Your Practice - Association for the Advancement of
Advancing Your Practice - Association for the Advancement of

... area of bacterial synergy, which is known to be important in bacterial pathogenicity and in biofilm formation. Wound infection The list of microbes associated with skin and soft tissue infections is growing. This list (Table 2) while not exhaustive, illustrates the complexity of the microbiology inv ...
Molecular Characterization of Syphilis in Patients in Canada
Molecular Characterization of Syphilis in Patients in Canada

... from ulcers or skin lesions were obtained from patients attending STD clinics in the province of Alberta, with the exception of one penile swab which was taken from a patient in the Northwest Territories, but the specimen was sent to the Alberta Provincial Public Health Laboratory for analysis. All ...
(2)3-10 病毒15-1期3547.indd - Bacteriophage Ecology Group
(2)3-10 病毒15-1期3547.indd - Bacteriophage Ecology Group

... Phages are credited with having been first described in what we now, officially, are commemorating as the 100th anniversary of their discovery. Those one-hundred years of phage history have not been lacking in excitement, controversy, and occasional convolution. One such complication is the concept ...
The Red, The Cloudy, The Painful
The Red, The Cloudy, The Painful

... Most ulcers are simple and heal in 24-72 hours, often DESPITE what the Veterinarian does When they fail to do so: !  Did I miss the etiology? !  Is it infected? !  Have I done a culture/cytology? !  What drugs are being used? !  Is it time to discuss surgery? ...
Campylobacter pylori in health and disease: An ecological
Campylobacter pylori in health and disease: An ecological

... bation. It was the publication of the successful for microorganisms in gastric pathology and duoisolation of this organisms2 in conjunction with denal u1cers14~20~38~47~80~83 had been ignored and Warren’s description of the association of the bac- that an extensive literature had accumulated on the ...
Optimal Disease Eradication
Optimal Disease Eradication

... would be reduced but not stopped even after eradication), or to stockpile vaccine, and prepare for emergency distribution in the event of an attack (the approach being by a number of countries, including the United States, with respect to smallpox). These kinds of measures shrink the eradication div ...
Suppl files INDICATIONS FOR THE USE OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINES
Suppl files INDICATIONS FOR THE USE OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINES

edward jenner - Cambridge University Press
edward jenner - Cambridge University Press

... Although we now know this view to be erroneous, we must still explain the results of his experiments. A clue to the answer to our problem is to be found in Dixon's recent text on smallpox. In discussing the infectivity of scab virus he writes: '. . . in practise scab virus seems to lack epidemic pot ...
edward jenner - Cambridge University Press
edward jenner - Cambridge University Press

... Although we now know this view to be erroneous, we must still explain the results of his experiments. A clue to the answer to our problem is to be found in Dixon's recent text on smallpox. In discussing the infectivity of scab virus he writes: '. . . in practise scab virus seems to lack epidemic pot ...
KURUKULASURIYA-DISSERTATION-2017
KURUKULASURIYA-DISSERTATION-2017

... demonstrated homologous and heterologous protection by SK09 as a vaccine candidate. In conclusion, the overall findings in this thesis demonstrate that vIBDV-SK09 is pathogenic, not amenable to current commercial IBD vaccines, and can cause immunosuppression which in turn may increase the susceptibi ...
MOAA DBQ Worksheet
MOAA DBQ Worksheet

... ask your physician if they are willing to fill out the DBQ form before you schedule your appoinment. You will also need to submit an Authorization and Consent to Release form (VA 21-4142) to the VA for your DBQ. The form must be completed, printed and signed or the VA will not accept it. Information ...
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Leptospirosis



Leptospirosis (also known as field fever, rat catcher's yellows, and pretibial fever among others names) is an infection caused by corkscrew-shaped bacteria called Leptospira. Symptoms can range from none to mild such as headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; to severe with bleeding from the lungs or meningitis. If the infection causes the person to turn yellow, have kidney failure and bleeding, it is then known as Weil's disease. If it causes lots of bleeding from the lungs it is known as severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome.Up to 13 different genetic types of Leptospira may cause disease in humans. It is transmitted by both wild and domestic animals. The most common animals that spread the disease are rodents. It is often transmitted by animal urine or by water or soil containing animal urine coming into contact with breaks in the skin, eyes, mouth, or nose. In the developing world the disease most commonly occurs in farmers and poor people who live in cities. In the developed world it most commonly occurs in those involved in outdoor activities in warm and wet areas of the world. Diagnosis is typically by looking for antibodies against the bacteria or finding its DNA in the blood.Efforts to prevent the disease include protective equipment to prevent contact when working with potentially infected animals, washing after this contact, and reducing rodents in areas people live and work. The antibiotic doxycycline, when used in an effort to prevent infection among travellers, is of unclear benefit. Vaccines for animals exist for certain type of Leptospira which may decrease the risk of spread to humans. Treatment if infected is with antibiotics such as: doxycycline, penicillin, or ceftriaxone. Weil's disease and severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome result in death rates greater than 10% and 50%, respectively, even with treatment.It is estimated that seven to ten million people are infected by leptospirosis a year. The number of deaths this causes is not clear. The disease is most common in tropical areas of the world but may occur anywhere. Outbreaks may occur in slums of the developing world. The disease was first described by Weil in 1886 in Germany. Animals who are infected may have no symptoms, mild symptoms, or severe symptoms. Symptoms may vary by the type of animal. In some animals Leptospira live in the reproductive tract, leading to transmission during mating.
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