who estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases
... The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitat ...
... The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitat ...
Group 1 Fowl Adenovirus, Serotype 4
... Internet: www.biosecurityaustralia.gov.au The Australian Government acting through Biosecurity Australia has exercised due care and skill in the preparation and compilation of the information in this publication. Notwithstanding, Biosecurity Australia, its employees and advisers disclaim all liabili ...
... Internet: www.biosecurityaustralia.gov.au The Australian Government acting through Biosecurity Australia has exercised due care and skill in the preparation and compilation of the information in this publication. Notwithstanding, Biosecurity Australia, its employees and advisers disclaim all liabili ...
Disease Containment Implementation Branch
... to those whose dispensing capacity can reduce the demand on PODs. Pre-identified organizations include those who serve people in their homes, or people who are isolated, large employers (with over 500 employees), emergency responders, and hospitals. The Push dispensing strategy can only be used for ...
... to those whose dispensing capacity can reduce the demand on PODs. Pre-identified organizations include those who serve people in their homes, or people who are isolated, large employers (with over 500 employees), emergency responders, and hospitals. The Push dispensing strategy can only be used for ...
Bedbugs in the 21st Century
... hide in places where their host is resting, such as a bed or a couch. The two species of bedbugs that most commonly affect humans are C. lectularius and C. hemipterus. Their identification is possible only by specialists; both sexes are hematophagous and can live for 12 months without feeding (as lo ...
... hide in places where their host is resting, such as a bed or a couch. The two species of bedbugs that most commonly affect humans are C. lectularius and C. hemipterus. Their identification is possible only by specialists; both sexes are hematophagous and can live for 12 months without feeding (as lo ...
Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei
... Vietnam from 1925 and Indonesia from 1929.3-5 Thailand has reported the largest number of cases,6-8 with an estimated 2000 to 3000 cases of melioidosis each year.9 Melioidosis is also common in Malaysia10 and Singapore.11,12 Other countries in the region where melioidosis is recognized in humans and ...
... Vietnam from 1925 and Indonesia from 1929.3-5 Thailand has reported the largest number of cases,6-8 with an estimated 2000 to 3000 cases of melioidosis each year.9 Melioidosis is also common in Malaysia10 and Singapore.11,12 Other countries in the region where melioidosis is recognized in humans and ...
- LSHTM Research Online
... bacterium closely related to Treponema pallidum pallidum, the agent of venereal syphilis. Yaws is a chronic, relapsing disease predominantly affecting children living in certain tropical regions. It spreads by skin-to-skin contact and, like syphilis, occurs in distinct clinical stages. It causes les ...
... bacterium closely related to Treponema pallidum pallidum, the agent of venereal syphilis. Yaws is a chronic, relapsing disease predominantly affecting children living in certain tropical regions. It spreads by skin-to-skin contact and, like syphilis, occurs in distinct clinical stages. It causes les ...
Influenza vaccines
... seasons, with both lineages often co-circulating in various proportions from year to year.10 Influenza is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The number of affected people varies considerably from year to year depending on the characteristics of the circulating virus strains and level of ...
... seasons, with both lineages often co-circulating in various proportions from year to year.10 Influenza is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The number of affected people varies considerably from year to year depending on the characteristics of the circulating virus strains and level of ...
Manual for the laboratory diagnosis of measles virus infection
... The non-specific nature of the prodromal signs and the existence of mild cases make clinical signs unreliable as the sole diagnostic criteria of measles disease. As disease prevalence falls many medical practitioners will be inexperienced in recognizing measles and the need will increase for laborat ...
... The non-specific nature of the prodromal signs and the existence of mild cases make clinical signs unreliable as the sole diagnostic criteria of measles disease. As disease prevalence falls many medical practitioners will be inexperienced in recognizing measles and the need will increase for laborat ...
The Emerging Amphibian Fungal Disease, Chytridiomycosis: A Key
... amphibians’ skin and frequently sheds zoospores back out to the skin surface, where swabbing the highly keratinized regions (i.e., pelvic patch and feet) is likely to collect B. dendrobatidis particles that are then identifiable by PCR. It is important to remember that PCR-positive skin swab results ...
... amphibians’ skin and frequently sheds zoospores back out to the skin surface, where swabbing the highly keratinized regions (i.e., pelvic patch and feet) is likely to collect B. dendrobatidis particles that are then identifiable by PCR. It is important to remember that PCR-positive skin swab results ...
Healthcare workers handbook on Influenza in SA
... Influenza viruses can cause disease in persons of any age, but overall rates of illness are highest in children. Usually, rates of severe illness and death are highest in persons aged ≥65 years; children aged ≤2 years, women who are pregnant or postpartum (within 2 weeks after delivery) and persons ...
... Influenza viruses can cause disease in persons of any age, but overall rates of illness are highest in children. Usually, rates of severe illness and death are highest in persons aged ≥65 years; children aged ≤2 years, women who are pregnant or postpartum (within 2 weeks after delivery) and persons ...
Communicable Diseases
... co-infection with HIV, and the rapid spread of fatal outbreaks of influenza, have also brought communicable diseases back onto the agenda of health services in high-income countries. The six leading groups of infectious diseases (acute respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, diarrhoeal diseases, tuberculo ...
... co-infection with HIV, and the rapid spread of fatal outbreaks of influenza, have also brought communicable diseases back onto the agenda of health services in high-income countries. The six leading groups of infectious diseases (acute respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, diarrhoeal diseases, tuberculo ...
Mouse Diseases Common Conditions (phenotypes) and Infectious
... disease conditions, or develop a list of likely conditions and causes. Infectious causes should be considered also (next section). Sexual dimorphisms in body weight, size and morphology of salivary glands, adrenals, kidneys, mammae, should be recognized as such and not as important findings. Possibl ...
... disease conditions, or develop a list of likely conditions and causes. Infectious causes should be considered also (next section). Sexual dimorphisms in body weight, size and morphology of salivary glands, adrenals, kidneys, mammae, should be recognized as such and not as important findings. Possibl ...
Rotavirus vaccines for Australian children
... with such conditions. Providers should consider the potential risks and benefits of administering rotavirus vaccine to such infants.18,27,28 While rotavirus vaccination is not recommended for infants who are severely immunocompromised, the risk for infants with less severe immunocompromising conditi ...
... with such conditions. Providers should consider the potential risks and benefits of administering rotavirus vaccine to such infants.18,27,28 While rotavirus vaccination is not recommended for infants who are severely immunocompromised, the risk for infants with less severe immunocompromising conditi ...
Congenital syphilis: No longer just of historical interest
... is recognized several months later; †Rapid plasma regain (RPR) and TTs should be repeated at recommended intervals until at least six months of age because falsenegative results could occur at zero months from transmission at delivery or at three months from partial treatment. Testing at 12 months o ...
... is recognized several months later; †Rapid plasma regain (RPR) and TTs should be repeated at recommended intervals until at least six months of age because falsenegative results could occur at zero months from transmission at delivery or at three months from partial treatment. Testing at 12 months o ...
Epidemiology and Public Health Significance of Rabies
... being those who live in rural areas of these continents2. Although there is no accurate data on the global burden of rabies, the estimates of direct mortality due to rabies, transmitted most commonly through the bite of a rabid animal, are among the highest. The annual number of human rabies deaths ...
... being those who live in rural areas of these continents2. Although there is no accurate data on the global burden of rabies, the estimates of direct mortality due to rabies, transmitted most commonly through the bite of a rabid animal, are among the highest. The annual number of human rabies deaths ...
Prevention and Management of Pneumonia in Dairy Calves STAKEHOLDERS
... diseased calves often have a reduced appetite and will not recieve a therapeutic dosage of the drug. In this case, there is a likelihood of favouring the development of antibiotic resistance. Injectable antibiotics should be used instead. In rare cases, lungworm infection may cause the pneumonia in ...
... diseased calves often have a reduced appetite and will not recieve a therapeutic dosage of the drug. In this case, there is a likelihood of favouring the development of antibiotic resistance. Injectable antibiotics should be used instead. In rare cases, lungworm infection may cause the pneumonia in ...
Lessons Learned from Historic Plague Epidemics - e
... while the cumulative mortality due to smallpox was likely the highest among selected infectious diseases historically, none of these diseases impacted both ancient and modern world societies over the past 1,500 years as plague has done [28]. Despite its high mortality rate (ca. 30%), smallpox is tho ...
... while the cumulative mortality due to smallpox was likely the highest among selected infectious diseases historically, none of these diseases impacted both ancient and modern world societies over the past 1,500 years as plague has done [28]. Despite its high mortality rate (ca. 30%), smallpox is tho ...
The global distribution of Crimean
... Background: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne infection caused by a virus (CCHFV) from the Bunyaviridae family. Domestic and wild vertebrates are asymptomatic reservoirs for the virus, putting animal handlers, slaughter-house workers and agricultural labourers at highest risk in ...
... Background: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne infection caused by a virus (CCHFV) from the Bunyaviridae family. Domestic and wild vertebrates are asymptomatic reservoirs for the virus, putting animal handlers, slaughter-house workers and agricultural labourers at highest risk in ...
A Current Overview of Two Viroids That Infect
... chrysanthemums [31]. Initial reports showed that chrysanthemum plants could serve as host for both CSVd and CChMVd. Moreover, circular and linear forms of CSVd, purified from infected chrysanthemum plants, were infectious when inoculated into Gynura aurantiaca plants [32]. Also, a linear CSVd RNA, s ...
... chrysanthemums [31]. Initial reports showed that chrysanthemum plants could serve as host for both CSVd and CChMVd. Moreover, circular and linear forms of CSVd, purified from infected chrysanthemum plants, were infectious when inoculated into Gynura aurantiaca plants [32]. Also, a linear CSVd RNA, s ...
Mouse Diseases Common Conditions
... disease conditions, or develop a list of likely conditions and causes. Infectious causes should be considered also (next section). Sexual dimorphisms in body weight, size and morphology of salivary glands, adrenals, kidneys, mammae, should be recognized as such and not as important findings. Possibl ...
... disease conditions, or develop a list of likely conditions and causes. Infectious causes should be considered also (next section). Sexual dimorphisms in body weight, size and morphology of salivary glands, adrenals, kidneys, mammae, should be recognized as such and not as important findings. Possibl ...
Modeling plague transmission in Medieval European - DUO
... occasionally lead to human outbreaks, which can be a very severe and often fatal disease in people unless treated by antibiotics. There are three common forms of plague infections that depend on the transmission route: bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic. The most common form of plague in humans is b ...
... occasionally lead to human outbreaks, which can be a very severe and often fatal disease in people unless treated by antibiotics. There are three common forms of plague infections that depend on the transmission route: bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic. The most common form of plague in humans is b ...
eradicate it by 2010? Measles in the United Kingdom: can we
... genus Morbillivirus from the paramyxovirus family.4 It is among the most contagious of diseases,5 with a basic reproductive number (R0) of 15-20 (box 1).6 The virus remains transmissible in the air or on infected surfaces for up to two hours, obviating the need for direct person to person contact.5 ...
... genus Morbillivirus from the paramyxovirus family.4 It is among the most contagious of diseases,5 with a basic reproductive number (R0) of 15-20 (box 1).6 The virus remains transmissible in the air or on infected surfaces for up to two hours, obviating the need for direct person to person contact.5 ...
Pandemic Influenza - Facilitator`s Manual
... Over the next two months, August and September 2010, the number of human cases increased as more cases appeared in various areas of United States. Patient tracking in hospitals reveals that the virus is starting to be spread via human-to-human contact transmission between previously hospitalized pat ...
... Over the next two months, August and September 2010, the number of human cases increased as more cases appeared in various areas of United States. Patient tracking in hospitals reveals that the virus is starting to be spread via human-to-human contact transmission between previously hospitalized pat ...
QUARTERLY AQUATIC ANIMAL DISEASE REPORT
... Infection with abalone herpesvirus (abalone viral ganglioneuritis) was not reported this period despite targeted surveillance in Tasmania (last reported 2011) and passive surveillance in New South Wales (last reported 2011 and eradicated following detection in contained commercial live-holding facil ...
... Infection with abalone herpesvirus (abalone viral ganglioneuritis) was not reported this period despite targeted surveillance in Tasmania (last reported 2011) and passive surveillance in New South Wales (last reported 2011 and eradicated following detection in contained commercial live-holding facil ...
Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis (also known as field fever, rat catcher's yellows, and pretibial fever among others names) is an infection caused by corkscrew-shaped bacteria called Leptospira. Symptoms can range from none to mild such as headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; to severe with bleeding from the lungs or meningitis. If the infection causes the person to turn yellow, have kidney failure and bleeding, it is then known as Weil's disease. If it causes lots of bleeding from the lungs it is known as severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome.Up to 13 different genetic types of Leptospira may cause disease in humans. It is transmitted by both wild and domestic animals. The most common animals that spread the disease are rodents. It is often transmitted by animal urine or by water or soil containing animal urine coming into contact with breaks in the skin, eyes, mouth, or nose. In the developing world the disease most commonly occurs in farmers and poor people who live in cities. In the developed world it most commonly occurs in those involved in outdoor activities in warm and wet areas of the world. Diagnosis is typically by looking for antibodies against the bacteria or finding its DNA in the blood.Efforts to prevent the disease include protective equipment to prevent contact when working with potentially infected animals, washing after this contact, and reducing rodents in areas people live and work. The antibiotic doxycycline, when used in an effort to prevent infection among travellers, is of unclear benefit. Vaccines for animals exist for certain type of Leptospira which may decrease the risk of spread to humans. Treatment if infected is with antibiotics such as: doxycycline, penicillin, or ceftriaxone. Weil's disease and severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome result in death rates greater than 10% and 50%, respectively, even with treatment.It is estimated that seven to ten million people are infected by leptospirosis a year. The number of deaths this causes is not clear. The disease is most common in tropical areas of the world but may occur anywhere. Outbreaks may occur in slums of the developing world. The disease was first described by Weil in 1886 in Germany. Animals who are infected may have no symptoms, mild symptoms, or severe symptoms. Symptoms may vary by the type of animal. In some animals Leptospira live in the reproductive tract, leading to transmission during mating.