A review of experimental infections with bluetongue virus in the
... to study differences in the same species by different viruses was essential to make meaningful comparisons, due to potential phenotypic differences that exist between virus strains (e.g. virulence). Through experimental infections it became clear that the outcome of infection varied between differen ...
... to study differences in the same species by different viruses was essential to make meaningful comparisons, due to potential phenotypic differences that exist between virus strains (e.g. virulence). Through experimental infections it became clear that the outcome of infection varied between differen ...
D. Carleton Gajdusek - National Academy of Sciences
... of his pivotal research demonstrating that certain degenerative diseases of the human nervous system—now called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or “prion diseases”—that were once thought to be idiopathic are in fact transmissible “slow” infections. Looking back, I see Carleton’s lif ...
... of his pivotal research demonstrating that certain degenerative diseases of the human nervous system—now called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or “prion diseases”—that were once thought to be idiopathic are in fact transmissible “slow” infections. Looking back, I see Carleton’s lif ...
prospectives and necessity of eradication of infectious bovine
... at herd level. According to the prevalence value, either physical removal of infected animals or vaccination is applied. Removal (culling) of infected animals from the herd is justified with prevalence rates below 5%. Removal of latently infected animals is considered the most effective method for e ...
... at herd level. According to the prevalence value, either physical removal of infected animals or vaccination is applied. Removal (culling) of infected animals from the herd is justified with prevalence rates below 5%. Removal of latently infected animals is considered the most effective method for e ...
Avian infectious bronchitis virus
... Infectious bronchitis has a significant economic impact; in broilers, production losses are due to poor w e i g h t gains, condemnation at processing and mortality, w h i l s t in laying birds, losses are due to suboptimal egg production and d o w n g r a d i n g of eggs. Chickens and commercially r ...
... Infectious bronchitis has a significant economic impact; in broilers, production losses are due to poor w e i g h t gains, condemnation at processing and mortality, w h i l s t in laying birds, losses are due to suboptimal egg production and d o w n g r a d i n g of eggs. Chickens and commercially r ...
Temporal Trend and Climatic Factors of Hemorrhagic Fever with
... Background: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is an important infectious disease caused by different species of hantaviruses in China. As a rodent-borne disease with a seasonal distribution, external environmental factors including climate factors may play a significant role in its transm ...
... Background: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is an important infectious disease caused by different species of hantaviruses in China. As a rodent-borne disease with a seasonal distribution, external environmental factors including climate factors may play a significant role in its transm ...
characterization of infectious bursal disease viruses
... The cloacal bursa is the target organ of IBDV infections; however, IBD viral replication also occurs in other lymphoid structures including the spleen, thymus, Harderian gland, and cecal tonsils (28, 29, 30, 31, 32). The virus preferentially affects actively proliferating and differentiating B lymp ...
... The cloacal bursa is the target organ of IBDV infections; however, IBD viral replication also occurs in other lymphoid structures including the spleen, thymus, Harderian gland, and cecal tonsils (28, 29, 30, 31, 32). The virus preferentially affects actively proliferating and differentiating B lymp ...
BMC Infectious Diseases serum selenium in HIV-1 infected women
... associations between low serum selenium and low CD4 count [6,9] and more advanced HIV-1 disease [10] could be related to the frequent occurrence of hypoalbuminemia and the acute phase response in people with advanced HIV-1 infection. Several ingested forms of selenium, including selenomethionine, bi ...
... associations between low serum selenium and low CD4 count [6,9] and more advanced HIV-1 disease [10] could be related to the frequent occurrence of hypoalbuminemia and the acute phase response in people with advanced HIV-1 infection. Several ingested forms of selenium, including selenomethionine, bi ...
- LSHTM Research Online
... a short time but are not necessarily always a direct source of infection ; and (iii) proximal factors which are a direct source of infection. Reporting of intermediate and proximal risk factors was limited to the previous 10 days before symptom onset for norovirus cases, and the 10 days before quest ...
... a short time but are not necessarily always a direct source of infection ; and (iii) proximal factors which are a direct source of infection. Reporting of intermediate and proximal risk factors was limited to the previous 10 days before symptom onset for norovirus cases, and the 10 days before quest ...
SARS Fact Sheet - Cecil County Health Department
... sneezes. Droplet spread can happen when droplets from the cough or sneeze of an infected person are propelled a short distance (generally up to 3 feet) through the air and deposited on the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, or eyes of persons who are nearby. The virus also can spread when a person ...
... sneezes. Droplet spread can happen when droplets from the cough or sneeze of an infected person are propelled a short distance (generally up to 3 feet) through the air and deposited on the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, or eyes of persons who are nearby. The virus also can spread when a person ...
Primates import risk analysis - Ministry for Primary Industries
... from a facility under permanent veterinary supervision. In this analysis such a facility will be called “a controlled environment.” This risk analysis deals solely with primates sourced from a controlled environment. Further, with the exception of Singapore, all the countries from which primates may ...
... from a facility under permanent veterinary supervision. In this analysis such a facility will be called “a controlled environment.” This risk analysis deals solely with primates sourced from a controlled environment. Further, with the exception of Singapore, all the countries from which primates may ...
Disease in History - Smallpox history and its control in India
... Historical records from Asia describe evidence of smallpox-like disease in medical writings from ancient China (1122 B.C.) and India (as early as 1500 B.C.) The earliest credible clinical evidence of smallpox is found in the Egyptian mummies of persons who died some 3000 years ago. It has been specu ...
... Historical records from Asia describe evidence of smallpox-like disease in medical writings from ancient China (1122 B.C.) and India (as early as 1500 B.C.) The earliest credible clinical evidence of smallpox is found in the Egyptian mummies of persons who died some 3000 years ago. It has been specu ...
Disease prevention in calves
... amounts of milk offered (and drunk) per calf and a consistent milk temperature. Any changes in feeding routine should not be too sudden. It is best to pen newly purchased calves individually for the first 2 weeks, particularly if they are obtained from various sources, to quarantine them against spr ...
... amounts of milk offered (and drunk) per calf and a consistent milk temperature. Any changes in feeding routine should not be too sudden. It is best to pen newly purchased calves individually for the first 2 weeks, particularly if they are obtained from various sources, to quarantine them against spr ...
Guidance for the Prevention and Control of Hepatitis A Infection
... The average incubation period of hepatitis A is around 28 days (range 15–50 days). The course of hepatitis A infection is extremely variable. In children under 5 years of age 80-95% of infections are asymptomatic while in adults 70-95% of infections result in clinical illness5. Severity of symptoms ...
... The average incubation period of hepatitis A is around 28 days (range 15–50 days). The course of hepatitis A infection is extremely variable. In children under 5 years of age 80-95% of infections are asymptomatic while in adults 70-95% of infections result in clinical illness5. Severity of symptoms ...
European orientation towards the Better
... C1. Screening offered in all health and community settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 C2. Engagement of local community leaders to encourage screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
... C1. Screening offered in all health and community settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 C2. Engagement of local community leaders to encourage screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Type I IFN Inhibits Alternative Macrophage Activation during
... inhibit IFN-g–induced antimicrobial responses in murine macrophages (33) and human monocytes (37, 38). The interplay between type I and type II IFN is further supported by a recent report by Desvignes et al. (39) describing an unanticipated protective role for type I IFN during M. tuberculosis infec ...
... inhibit IFN-g–induced antimicrobial responses in murine macrophages (33) and human monocytes (37, 38). The interplay between type I and type II IFN is further supported by a recent report by Desvignes et al. (39) describing an unanticipated protective role for type I IFN during M. tuberculosis infec ...
Quantification of the effect of control strategies on classical swine
... infected herds by a Poisson process with a variable rate proportional to the number of infectious animals within the herd. The infection process stops when infection within the herd is detected, as detection is immediately followed by culling of the herd. Although virus entry into a herd can result ...
... infected herds by a Poisson process with a variable rate proportional to the number of infectious animals within the herd. The infection process stops when infection within the herd is detected, as detection is immediately followed by culling of the herd. Although virus entry into a herd can result ...
A Mathematical Model of Human Papillomavirus
... mavirus (HPV) infection, considered a necessary precursor to cervical cancer. HPV infection can be treated if detected in its earliest stages by annually having a papanicolaou test or pap smear, which is a scrapping of the cervix to detect abnormal cells [1]. Once dysplasia is noticed by genital war ...
... mavirus (HPV) infection, considered a necessary precursor to cervical cancer. HPV infection can be treated if detected in its earliest stages by annually having a papanicolaou test or pap smear, which is a scrapping of the cervix to detect abnormal cells [1]. Once dysplasia is noticed by genital war ...
PLEURAL DISEASE
... Ziehl-Neelsen staining Cultures for specific and nonspecific infections PCR ...
... Ziehl-Neelsen staining Cultures for specific and nonspecific infections PCR ...
What is the risk of chronic wasting disease being introduced into
... Several different animal feed products are imported into GB from North America. These include processed pet foods and consignments of unfinished feed ingredients for use in animal feed. The amount of imported feed, including pet food, that contains cervid protein is unknown and identified as a signi ...
... Several different animal feed products are imported into GB from North America. These include processed pet foods and consignments of unfinished feed ingredients for use in animal feed. The amount of imported feed, including pet food, that contains cervid protein is unknown and identified as a signi ...
attachment 1
... Although a number of different pathogenic agents have been reported in the semen of bulls, most were found in the seminal fluid or leucocytes rather than within or attached to the spermatozoon. Some pathogens suspected of being within the sperm cell include: bovine herpesvirus, bovine pestivirus ...
... Although a number of different pathogenic agents have been reported in the semen of bulls, most were found in the seminal fluid or leucocytes rather than within or attached to the spermatozoon. Some pathogens suspected of being within the sperm cell include: bovine herpesvirus, bovine pestivirus ...
FIP_SAVA2016x
... pathogenesis of FIP also involves host factors. Genetic predisposition along familial lines has been observed, and breeds in certain countries or areas appear to have a predisposition for FIP development. However, the incidence of FIP in cat breeds can vary greatly among countries, suggesting that s ...
... pathogenesis of FIP also involves host factors. Genetic predisposition along familial lines has been observed, and breeds in certain countries or areas appear to have a predisposition for FIP development. However, the incidence of FIP in cat breeds can vary greatly among countries, suggesting that s ...
genetics of scrapie resistance in sheep
... the back end may be seen. Signs or effects of scrapie usually do not appear until 2 to 5 years after an animal is infected. Sheep may live 1 to 6 months (sometimes longer) after the onset of clinical signs (USDA, 1999). Infected animals show no immune response to the infective agent as is the case w ...
... the back end may be seen. Signs or effects of scrapie usually do not appear until 2 to 5 years after an animal is infected. Sheep may live 1 to 6 months (sometimes longer) after the onset of clinical signs (USDA, 1999). Infected animals show no immune response to the infective agent as is the case w ...
Slides from JHU
... These slides are intended to support your advocacy efforts. Please incorporate those that may be useful to you in your presentations. For questions, please contact [email protected]. Special thanks to the ROTA Council’s Partners for their technical guidance and expertise in developing these slides: Jo ...
... These slides are intended to support your advocacy efforts. Please incorporate those that may be useful to you in your presentations. For questions, please contact [email protected]. Special thanks to the ROTA Council’s Partners for their technical guidance and expertise in developing these slides: Jo ...
MYCOPLASMA RESPIRATORY DISEASE COMPLEX IN FEEDLOT CATTLE IN SOUTH AFRICA
... tract, but not all are pathogenic. They are able to act as a stress-causing agent, leading to a decreased host defense mechanism by altering the immune responsiveness or by causing tissue damage and thereby allowing bacteria to invade and colonise the lung and so causing a severe pneumonia. M. bovis ...
... tract, but not all are pathogenic. They are able to act as a stress-causing agent, leading to a decreased host defense mechanism by altering the immune responsiveness or by causing tissue damage and thereby allowing bacteria to invade and colonise the lung and so causing a severe pneumonia. M. bovis ...
Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Chronic Disease
... from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), conducted during 1988–1994, have indicated that an estimated 3.9 million (1.8%) Americans have been infected with HCV (3 ). Most of these persons are chronically infected and might not be aware of their infection because t ...
... from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), conducted during 1988–1994, have indicated that an estimated 3.9 million (1.8%) Americans have been infected with HCV (3 ). Most of these persons are chronically infected and might not be aware of their infection because t ...
Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis (also known as field fever, rat catcher's yellows, and pretibial fever among others names) is an infection caused by corkscrew-shaped bacteria called Leptospira. Symptoms can range from none to mild such as headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; to severe with bleeding from the lungs or meningitis. If the infection causes the person to turn yellow, have kidney failure and bleeding, it is then known as Weil's disease. If it causes lots of bleeding from the lungs it is known as severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome.Up to 13 different genetic types of Leptospira may cause disease in humans. It is transmitted by both wild and domestic animals. The most common animals that spread the disease are rodents. It is often transmitted by animal urine or by water or soil containing animal urine coming into contact with breaks in the skin, eyes, mouth, or nose. In the developing world the disease most commonly occurs in farmers and poor people who live in cities. In the developed world it most commonly occurs in those involved in outdoor activities in warm and wet areas of the world. Diagnosis is typically by looking for antibodies against the bacteria or finding its DNA in the blood.Efforts to prevent the disease include protective equipment to prevent contact when working with potentially infected animals, washing after this contact, and reducing rodents in areas people live and work. The antibiotic doxycycline, when used in an effort to prevent infection among travellers, is of unclear benefit. Vaccines for animals exist for certain type of Leptospira which may decrease the risk of spread to humans. Treatment if infected is with antibiotics such as: doxycycline, penicillin, or ceftriaxone. Weil's disease and severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome result in death rates greater than 10% and 50%, respectively, even with treatment.It is estimated that seven to ten million people are infected by leptospirosis a year. The number of deaths this causes is not clear. The disease is most common in tropical areas of the world but may occur anywhere. Outbreaks may occur in slums of the developing world. The disease was first described by Weil in 1886 in Germany. Animals who are infected may have no symptoms, mild symptoms, or severe symptoms. Symptoms may vary by the type of animal. In some animals Leptospira live in the reproductive tract, leading to transmission during mating.