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Extranuclear Inheritance
Extranuclear Inheritance

... Ÿ Translation w mRNA is different from cytoplasmic mRNA, so initiation is probably different w fMet tRNA initiates translation (Prokaryotic) w Some genes are translated in the Mitochondria, others are translated in the cytoplasm. w Some coding dictionary changes ...
Handout
Handout

... The process repeats so that one amino acid is added at a time to the growing polypeptide (which is always anchored to a tRNA bound within the ribosome) The polypeptide continues to grow until the ribosome reaches a stop codon At the stop codon, the polypeptide chain is released from the last tRNA an ...
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI – 600 034
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI – 600 034

... LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI – 600 034 M.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION – FOOD CHEMISTRY SECOND SEMESTER – April 2009 WD 59 ...
Lecture 15 Biol302 Spring 2011
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... The significance of these relationships was puzzling and a constant source of comment. At the end of 1949 Chargaff noted that ‘‘A comparison of the molar proportions [of the bases] reveals certain striking, but perhaps meaningless, regularities’’. Early in 1950, he wrote ‘‘It is noteworthy, althoug ...
Chapter 1 : Genetics 101
Chapter 1 : Genetics 101

... DNA sequence is the particular side-by-side arrangement of bases along the DNA strand (e.g., ATTCCGGA). Each gene has a unique DNA sequence. Genes comprise only about 29 percent of the human genome; the remainder consists of non-coding regions, whose functions may include providing chromosomal struc ...
Exam 1 Practice Answers
Exam 1 Practice Answers

... d. You treat the intact plasmid you originally isolated with E. coli gyrase and ATP. Show in lane 6 where the plasmid would migrate on the gel. Gyrase adds negative supercoils, so the original plasmid would become more supercoiled and run even faster in the gel. e. You treat the intact plasmid you o ...
Bacteria Evolving - American Museum of Natural History
Bacteria Evolving - American Museum of Natural History

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13 Genetics - One Cue Systems

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Presentations:Questions

... 1)`What are 2 benefits from genetically modified crops? Possible answers: increase nutritional value, resistance to disease/pests, grow faster, longer shelf life, taste better, increase in hardiness 2)`How do you create GMO's without the use of technology (inserting or removing genes)? ...
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Functional Protein detection for DNA Mismatch Repair: A Novel Nano

... Cancer currently stands as the second-leading cause of death worldwide. Studies reveal colorectal cancer (CRC) to be the 4th leading cause of mortality due to cancer. It is estimated that about 30% of CRC cases are hereditary, of which 5% are attributed by known syndromes, particularly Lynch Syndrom ...
Dr. Becker`s Review – Exam 4 Notes provided by Kadie Keen
Dr. Becker`s Review – Exam 4 Notes provided by Kadie Keen

... ribosomes attached to the ER (rough ER). Proteins that will be used within the cell are processed by the ribosomes that are free in the cytosol (cytoplasm) Translation  Anticodon pairs with codon on mRNA  There are 3 nucleotides in each  64 codons total  20 amino acids  Amino acids have multipl ...
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AS 90729 version 2 Describe genetic processes Level 3 Credits 4

... DNA needs to be accurately replicated, as it codes for all the polypeptides a cell needs to function. It contains genes, which result in a sequence of amino acids and therefore gives the polypeptides their unique shape / function. The codes must stay the same or the wrong polypeptide will be made. A ...
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Lecture Outline ()

... • Converts language of nucleotides into sequence of amino acids in a protein • Ribosome in cytosol or on rough ER – small subunit attaches to mRNA leader sequence – large subunit joins and pulls mRNA along as it “reads” it • start codon (AUG) begins protein synthesis ...
Foundations in Microbiology
Foundations in Microbiology

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Foundations in Microbiology

... – Pseudomonas syringae – prevents ice crystals – Bacillus thuringienisis – encodes an insecticide • Many enzymes, hormones, and antibodies used in drug therapy are manufactured using mammalian cell culture – Cell cultures can modify the proteins ...
BACTERIA TRANSFORMATION LAB (ACTIVITY)
BACTERIA TRANSFORMATION LAB (ACTIVITY)

... restriction enzymes. The DNA fragments are spliced together with an enzyme called ligase. Finally the engineered plasmid is taken up by a bacterial cell for replication and expression of the inserted gene. Enzymes play an important role in the formation of recombinant DNA. To excise the desired gene ...
BIOLOGY 30 UNIT C: CELL DIVISION, GENETICS AND
BIOLOGY 30 UNIT C: CELL DIVISION, GENETICS AND

...  explain how DNA replicates  explain transcription and translation  explain how restriction enzymes cut DNA molecules into smaller fragments and how ligase enzymes reassemble them  explain how cells may be transformed by inserting new DNA sequences into their genomes  explain how a random chang ...
Key Concepts - O. Henry Science
Key Concepts - O. Henry Science

... I am offended that you think humans are ugly and all look the same. In fact, __________________ show lots of variation (variation is human word that means “differences”). For example, some humans have blue eyes while other humans have green, brown, or grey eyes. And, some humans are tall, while othe ...
Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions – Brooker et al ARIS site
Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions – Brooker et al ARIS site

DNA Technology Notes
DNA Technology Notes

... AKA genetic modification (GM) ...
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The human genome of is found where in the human body?

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DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis Pre-Test
DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis Pre-Test

... 2. ____________ This molecule makes up the sides of the ladder along with phosphate. 3. ____________ These are a 3-base code for amino acids. 4. ____________ You align your chromosomes in a Karyotype according to size and ? 5. ____________ Name the process in which amino acids are assembled to make ...
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Extrachromosomal DNA



Extrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside of the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside of the nucleus also serves important biological functions.In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. Extrachromosomal DNA is often used in research of replication because it is easy to identify and isolate.Extrachromosomal DNA was found to be structurally different from nuclear DNA. Cytoplasmic DNA is less methylated than DNA found within the nucleus. It was also confirmed that the sequences of cytoplasmic DNA was different from nuclear DNA in the same organism, showing that cytoplasmic DNAs are not simply fragments of nuclear DNA.In addition to DNA found outside of the nucleus in cells, infection of viral genomes also provides an example of extrachromosomal DNA.
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