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Genomics: Understanding the Blueprint of Life
... the different experimental conditions (treatment/control or cancer/normal) with the systematic sources of var. ...
... the different experimental conditions (treatment/control or cancer/normal) with the systematic sources of var. ...
RNA seq Presentation
... – Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): catalytic component of ribosomes (about 80-85%) – Transfer RNA (tRNA): transfers amino acids to polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis (about 15%) – Messenger RNA (mRNA): carries information about a protein sequence to the ribosomes (about 5%) – Other ty ...
... – Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): catalytic component of ribosomes (about 80-85%) – Transfer RNA (tRNA): transfers amino acids to polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis (about 15%) – Messenger RNA (mRNA): carries information about a protein sequence to the ribosomes (about 5%) – Other ty ...
Features of the genetic code
... methyl thransferase adds methyl groups (-CH3) to the G and one or more of the first few bases of the RNA transcript. Capping and methylation is believed to be critical for efficient translation. • Addition of a poly A tail (100-200 As) at the 3’ end of the primary transcript by a poly-A-polymerase. ...
... methyl thransferase adds methyl groups (-CH3) to the G and one or more of the first few bases of the RNA transcript. Capping and methylation is believed to be critical for efficient translation. • Addition of a poly A tail (100-200 As) at the 3’ end of the primary transcript by a poly-A-polymerase. ...
Biochemistry 304 2014 Student Edition TRANSCRIPTION
... •Interact with piwi proteins and Argonaute proteins. •Contain partial and complete (complementary) transposon sequences that serve as memory banks for the pi system analogous to how the immune system defends an organism. (Think of it as a “genome immune system”. •piRNAs track down a transposon and P ...
... •Interact with piwi proteins and Argonaute proteins. •Contain partial and complete (complementary) transposon sequences that serve as memory banks for the pi system analogous to how the immune system defends an organism. (Think of it as a “genome immune system”. •piRNAs track down a transposon and P ...
17-Gene to Protein
... • RNA polymerase II responsible for mRNA synthesis • Transcription subdivided into three stages: Initiation, elongation and termination • RNA must be processed before it can function ...
... • RNA polymerase II responsible for mRNA synthesis • Transcription subdivided into three stages: Initiation, elongation and termination • RNA must be processed before it can function ...
File
... 3’ poly A tail - 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides added to 3’ end by enzymes in nucleus a) same functions as 5’ cap b) also may assist with exit from nucleus ...
... 3’ poly A tail - 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides added to 3’ end by enzymes in nucleus a) same functions as 5’ cap b) also may assist with exit from nucleus ...
Pengaturan Ekspresi gen 1. Struktur gen prokaryot dan eukaryot
... step and on the rates of degradation of the RNA and protein molecules. (A) In eucaryotic cells the RNA molecule produced by transcription alone (sometimes referred to as the primary transcript) would contain both coding (exon) and noncoding (intron) sequences. Before it can be translated into protei ...
... step and on the rates of degradation of the RNA and protein molecules. (A) In eucaryotic cells the RNA molecule produced by transcription alone (sometimes referred to as the primary transcript) would contain both coding (exon) and noncoding (intron) sequences. Before it can be translated into protei ...
Document
... unwinding proteins, and a protein called Argonaute which is central for the RNA cutting endonuclease activity of RISC. First Argonaute degrades one of the strands of the siRNA called “passenger” strand. The strand selection is carried out on the basis of the thermodynamic stability of the siRNA dupl ...
... unwinding proteins, and a protein called Argonaute which is central for the RNA cutting endonuclease activity of RISC. First Argonaute degrades one of the strands of the siRNA called “passenger” strand. The strand selection is carried out on the basis of the thermodynamic stability of the siRNA dupl ...
From DNA To Protein
... • Pre-mRNA – an immature strand of mRNA formed directly after transcription • After modification it will be mRNA • A protective cap is added to 5’ end • Poly-A tail – a repeating section of adenine molecules attached to the 3’ end of the mRNA molecule during processing • RNA splicing – removal of in ...
... • Pre-mRNA – an immature strand of mRNA formed directly after transcription • After modification it will be mRNA • A protective cap is added to 5’ end • Poly-A tail – a repeating section of adenine molecules attached to the 3’ end of the mRNA molecule during processing • RNA splicing – removal of in ...
• Most methods will reveal complex lists of hundreds or thousands of
... GO, pathways databases, protein domain databases, and other – Different datasets Ded together in “clusters” based on overlapping content of genes – The DAVID clustering algorithm gives a correlated cluster a ...
... GO, pathways databases, protein domain databases, and other – Different datasets Ded together in “clusters” based on overlapping content of genes – The DAVID clustering algorithm gives a correlated cluster a ...
Setting up a transformation--how will the competent cells be treated?
... passed to RISC (RNAinduced silencing complex) – The complex becomes activated by unwinding of the duplex. – Activated RISC complexes can regulate gene expression at many levels: • promoting RNA degradation • translational inhibition ...
... passed to RISC (RNAinduced silencing complex) – The complex becomes activated by unwinding of the duplex. – Activated RISC complexes can regulate gene expression at many levels: • promoting RNA degradation • translational inhibition ...
Genetic regulation of eukaryotes
... 1. Alternative splicing: more than one proteins can be produced form the same RNA. 2. It contains regulatory regions 3. Most of them are junks, that is, it does not perform any useful function neither for the gene, cell, or the organism. The genome simply is not able to get rid of them. 4. Introns h ...
... 1. Alternative splicing: more than one proteins can be produced form the same RNA. 2. It contains regulatory regions 3. Most of them are junks, that is, it does not perform any useful function neither for the gene, cell, or the organism. The genome simply is not able to get rid of them. 4. Introns h ...
WJG-23-1787
... Furthermore, we also found that several miRNAs modulate a few common target genes through a combinational manner (Figure 4B). In order to identify the core miRNA-mRNA regulatory network, which is most functionally related to HCC development, the functional enrichment of these predicted target genes ...
... Furthermore, we also found that several miRNAs modulate a few common target genes through a combinational manner (Figure 4B). In order to identify the core miRNA-mRNA regulatory network, which is most functionally related to HCC development, the functional enrichment of these predicted target genes ...
Chapter 11 Transcription and RNA Processing
... Messenger RNAs (mRNAs)—intermediates that carry genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs)—adaptors between amino acids and the codons in mRNA. Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs)—structural and catalytic components of ribosomes. Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs)—structural components ...
... Messenger RNAs (mRNAs)—intermediates that carry genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs)—adaptors between amino acids and the codons in mRNA. Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs)—structural and catalytic components of ribosomes. Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs)—structural components ...
Protein Synthesis
... – Transfer RNA (tRNA): about 80 RNA nucleotides folded into a hairpin shape; binds to specific amino acids – Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): RNA nucleotides in a globular form; rRNA makes up the ribosomes where proteins are made ...
... – Transfer RNA (tRNA): about 80 RNA nucleotides folded into a hairpin shape; binds to specific amino acids – Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): RNA nucleotides in a globular form; rRNA makes up the ribosomes where proteins are made ...
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
... The role of a particular gene is to produce one enzyme that has a role in a metabolic pathway One gene/one enzyme theory was proven by Beadle and Tatum in the 1930’s Has since been altered since proteins may be made of more than one polypeptide ...
... The role of a particular gene is to produce one enzyme that has a role in a metabolic pathway One gene/one enzyme theory was proven by Beadle and Tatum in the 1930’s Has since been altered since proteins may be made of more than one polypeptide ...
RNA
... -formed in nucleus from DNA template -Carries copies of instructions for protein synthesis to the ribosomes in cytoplasm (nuclear membrane pores) 2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) -along with some proteins make up ribosomes (cytoplasm) 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) - transport amino acids to ribosomes (cytoplasm) Al ...
... -formed in nucleus from DNA template -Carries copies of instructions for protein synthesis to the ribosomes in cytoplasm (nuclear membrane pores) 2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) -along with some proteins make up ribosomes (cytoplasm) 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) - transport amino acids to ribosomes (cytoplasm) Al ...
Lecture 4: DNA transcription
... Highly precise removal of intron sequences Performed by spliceosomes (large RNA-protein complex made of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins) Recognise exon-intron boundaries and splice exons together by transesterification reactions Cell type-specific splicing ...
... Highly precise removal of intron sequences Performed by spliceosomes (large RNA-protein complex made of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins) Recognise exon-intron boundaries and splice exons together by transesterification reactions Cell type-specific splicing ...
Chapter 13- RNA and Protein Synthesis
... Change protein structure or gene activity ● Some cancers ● Diseases ...
... Change protein structure or gene activity ● Some cancers ● Diseases ...
Protein Synthesis – Level 1
... 2. If the underlined portions represent introns, what will the mature mRNA be/read? 3. Prior to leaving the nucleus, what will be added to the mature mRNA? What will the mRNA look like after this occurs? What is the purpose of this processing? ...
... 2. If the underlined portions represent introns, what will the mature mRNA be/read? 3. Prior to leaving the nucleus, what will be added to the mature mRNA? What will the mRNA look like after this occurs? What is the purpose of this processing? ...
MicroRNA
A micro RNA (abbreviated miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals, and some viruses, which functions in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.Encoded by eukaryotic nuclear DNA in plants and animals and by viral DNA in certain viruses whose genome is based on DNA, miRNAs function via base-pairing with complementary sequences within mRNA molecules. As a result, these mRNA molecules are silenced by one or more of the following processes: 1) cleavage of the mRNA strand into two pieces, 2) destabilization of the mRNA through shortening of its poly(A) tail, and 3) less efficient translation of the mRNA into proteins by ribosomes. miRNAs resemble the small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, except miRNAs derive from regions of RNA transcripts that fold back on themselves to form short hairpins, whereas siRNAs derive from longer regions of double-stranded RNA. The human genome may encode over 1000 miRNAs, which are abundant in many mammalian cell types and appear to target about 60% of the genes of humans and other mammals.miRNAs are well conserved in both plants and animals, and are thought to be a vital and evolutionarily ancient component of genetic regulation. While core components of the microRNA pathway are conserved between plants and animals, miRNA repertoires in the two kingdoms appear to have emerged independently with different primary modes of action. Plant miRNAs usually have near-perfect pairing with their mRNA targets, which induces gene repression through cleavage of the target transcripts. In contrast, animal miRNAs are able to recognize their target mRNAs by using as little as 6–8 nucleotides (the seed region) at the 5' end of the miRNA, which is not enough pairing to induce cleavage of the target mRNAs. Combinatorial regulation is a feature of miRNA regulation in animals. A given miRNA may have hundreds of different mRNA targets, and a given target might be regulated by multiple miRNAs.The first miRNA was discovered in the early 1990s. However, miRNAs were not recognized as a distinct class of biological regulators until the early 2000s. Since then, miRNA research has revealed different sets of miRNAs expressed in different cell types and tissuesand has revealed multiple roles for miRNAs in plant and animal development and in many other biological processes. Aberrant expression of miRNAs has been implicated in numerous disease states, and miRNA-based therapies are under investigation.Estimates of the average number of unique messenger RNAs that are targets for repression by a typical microRNA vary, depending on the method used to make the estimate, but several approaches show that mammalian miRNAs can have many unique targets. For example, an analysis of the miRNAs highly conserved in vertebrate animals shows that each of these miRNAs has, on average, roughly 400 conserved targets. Likewise, experiments show that a single miRNA can reduce the stability of hundreds of unique messenger RNAs, and other experiments show that a single miRNA may repress the production of hundreds of proteins, but that this repression often is relatively mild (less than 2-fold).