Conservation and diversification of gene function during mouthpart
... the mouthparts in particular, has played a significant role in permitting insects to diversify their food sources and radiate into novel food niches. Here, a mandibulate mouthpart type still found, for instance, in extant grasshoppers, beetles, and earwigs is believed to have given rise, among many o ...
... the mouthparts in particular, has played a significant role in permitting insects to diversify their food sources and radiate into novel food niches. Here, a mandibulate mouthpart type still found, for instance, in extant grasshoppers, beetles, and earwigs is believed to have given rise, among many o ...
Chapter 10 Information Transfer in Cells Information Transfer in Cells
... • Several bases usually methylated • Each a.a. has at least one unique tRNA which carries the a.a. to the ribosome • 3'-terminal sequence is always CCA-a.a. • Aminoacyl tRNA molecules are the substrates of protein synthesis ...
... • Several bases usually methylated • Each a.a. has at least one unique tRNA which carries the a.a. to the ribosome • 3'-terminal sequence is always CCA-a.a. • Aminoacyl tRNA molecules are the substrates of protein synthesis ...
Photo Album
... structure of the bZIP dimer (orange and green helical segments) bound across the grooves formed in the DNA double helix. (C) The current model of CREB-mediated transcription. Under basal conditions, unphosphorylated CREB is bound to the CRE element in the promoter of its target genes. Upon neural ac ...
... structure of the bZIP dimer (orange and green helical segments) bound across the grooves formed in the DNA double helix. (C) The current model of CREB-mediated transcription. Under basal conditions, unphosphorylated CREB is bound to the CRE element in the promoter of its target genes. Upon neural ac ...
Chapter 10
... molecules are not only informational – they can also be catalytic • This gave evidence to the postulate by Francis Crick and others that prebiotic evolution (that is, early evolution before cells arose) depended on self-replicating, catalytic RNAs • But what was the origin of the nucleotides? • A li ...
... molecules are not only informational – they can also be catalytic • This gave evidence to the postulate by Francis Crick and others that prebiotic evolution (that is, early evolution before cells arose) depended on self-replicating, catalytic RNAs • But what was the origin of the nucleotides? • A li ...
AP Biology
... transcribed DNA strand = template strand untranscribed DNA strand = coding strand ...
... transcribed DNA strand = template strand untranscribed DNA strand = coding strand ...
RNA Genes: Retroelements and Virally Retroposable microRNAs in
... nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), short interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA), other classes of small RNAs and longer RNA intermediates including complex patterns of interacting and overlapping sense and antisense transcripts from both coding and non-coding regions of genomic DNA [2, 3]. The small RNAs ar ...
... nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), short interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA), other classes of small RNAs and longer RNA intermediates including complex patterns of interacting and overlapping sense and antisense transcripts from both coding and non-coding regions of genomic DNA [2, 3]. The small RNAs ar ...
Protein Synthesis Activity
... 1. On your answer sheet you have a very small segment of a DNA molecule. Use this segment to transcribe a molecule of mRNA. Start transcribing your mRNA molecule when you find “TAC” and stop when you find “ATT”. Remember, each combination of three nitrogenous bases on mRNA is called a codon. 2. Cut ...
... 1. On your answer sheet you have a very small segment of a DNA molecule. Use this segment to transcribe a molecule of mRNA. Start transcribing your mRNA molecule when you find “TAC” and stop when you find “ATT”. Remember, each combination of three nitrogenous bases on mRNA is called a codon. 2. Cut ...
High-throughput functional genomics using
... knockdown. RNAi is a conserved endogenous pathway in which mRNA molecules are targeted for degradation on the basis of sequence complementarity22,23, thus facilitating design and scalability of the tools. Several RNAi reagents have been developed, including long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)24, synthe ...
... knockdown. RNAi is a conserved endogenous pathway in which mRNA molecules are targeted for degradation on the basis of sequence complementarity22,23, thus facilitating design and scalability of the tools. Several RNAi reagents have been developed, including long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)24, synthe ...
divergent transcription
... (nontranscribed) strand. During transcription, transient R loops can be formed behind the transcribing RNA polymerase II, exposing the coding strand as single-stranded DNA, whereas the noncoding strand is base paired with and thus protected by the nascent RNA. The lack of splicing signals in the div ...
... (nontranscribed) strand. During transcription, transient R loops can be formed behind the transcribing RNA polymerase II, exposing the coding strand as single-stranded DNA, whereas the noncoding strand is base paired with and thus protected by the nascent RNA. The lack of splicing signals in the div ...
Mapping of the RNA-binding domain of the alfalfa mosaic virus
... region of TMV 30K (Citovsky et al., 1992). Thus the amino acids 36 to 81 region of P3 should interact directly with the RNA. Indeed, it includes the major portion of a positively charged domain: (69) K+E K+K+SILNR +MLPK+IGQR+MYVH+H+H + (90). Moreover, amino acids 69 to 72 have a higher surface proba ...
... region of TMV 30K (Citovsky et al., 1992). Thus the amino acids 36 to 81 region of P3 should interact directly with the RNA. Indeed, it includes the major portion of a positively charged domain: (69) K+E K+K+SILNR +MLPK+IGQR+MYVH+H+H + (90). Moreover, amino acids 69 to 72 have a higher surface proba ...
Chapter 17
... form of muscular dystrophy in adults. The disease, which is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration, is caused by a dominant mutant gene that contains an expanded CAG repeat region. Wild-type alleles of the MD gene contain 5 to 30 copies of the trinucleotide. Mutant MD alleles contain 50 to ...
... form of muscular dystrophy in adults. The disease, which is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration, is caused by a dominant mutant gene that contains an expanded CAG repeat region. Wild-type alleles of the MD gene contain 5 to 30 copies of the trinucleotide. Mutant MD alleles contain 50 to ...
9. Axis Specification in Drosophila
... early in development cell fate depends on interactions among protein gradients specification is flexible; it can alter in response to signals from other cells eventually cells undergo transition from loose commitment to irreversible determination The transition from specification to dete ...
... early in development cell fate depends on interactions among protein gradients specification is flexible; it can alter in response to signals from other cells eventually cells undergo transition from loose commitment to irreversible determination The transition from specification to dete ...
Translation - Crestwood Local Schools
... the process of matching amino acids to corresponding sets of three bases (codons) and linking them into a protein. ...
... the process of matching amino acids to corresponding sets of three bases (codons) and linking them into a protein. ...
Long Noncoding RNAs Add Another Layer to Pre
... Loci encoding long ncRNAs often overlap with or are interspersed between multiple protein-coding or noncoding genes in the genome, where they may regulate the expression of their neighbors. Moreover, long ncRNAs have been shown to act as chromatin modifiers, as transcriptional regulators that affect ...
... Loci encoding long ncRNAs often overlap with or are interspersed between multiple protein-coding or noncoding genes in the genome, where they may regulate the expression of their neighbors. Moreover, long ncRNAs have been shown to act as chromatin modifiers, as transcriptional regulators that affect ...
Identification of three MADS‐box genes expressed in sunflower
... homeotic genes, encoding the A, B and C functions, act alone or in combination to give rise to sepals, petals, stamens and carpels. Genes in the AG group include the C function homeotic genes, involved in stamen, and carpel development. Genes in both the DEF and the GLO groups comprise the B functio ...
... homeotic genes, encoding the A, B and C functions, act alone or in combination to give rise to sepals, petals, stamens and carpels. Genes in the AG group include the C function homeotic genes, involved in stamen, and carpel development. Genes in both the DEF and the GLO groups comprise the B functio ...
Chapter 4
... 4. Amino acids in P and A site are joined by a peptide bond. tRNA in P site is released. tRNA (with 2 amino acids joined) in A site moves to P site A new amino-acylated tRNA moves into A site by anticodon-codon pairing 5. Step (4) is repeated until codon in A site is a stop codon; peptide is release ...
... 4. Amino acids in P and A site are joined by a peptide bond. tRNA in P site is released. tRNA (with 2 amino acids joined) in A site moves to P site A new amino-acylated tRNA moves into A site by anticodon-codon pairing 5. Step (4) is repeated until codon in A site is a stop codon; peptide is release ...
Strategies for Performing Dynamic Gene Perturbation Experiments in Flowers
... options available to perform dynamic gene perturbations to identify downstream response genes at specific stages of development in the flowers of Arabidopsis thaliana. [Introduction] Gene activity perturbation followed by expression analysis of downstream targets represents a powerful method to unde ...
... options available to perform dynamic gene perturbations to identify downstream response genes at specific stages of development in the flowers of Arabidopsis thaliana. [Introduction] Gene activity perturbation followed by expression analysis of downstream targets represents a powerful method to unde ...
Cryptosporidiosis, caused by the ubiquitous protozoan
... fecal-oral contact. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that 2.1-4.3 million cases of cryptosporidiosis occur annually in the United States alone 2. Cryptosporidium is one of the most commonly reported enteric pathogens in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals 1. Cryptospo ...
... fecal-oral contact. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that 2.1-4.3 million cases of cryptosporidiosis occur annually in the United States alone 2. Cryptosporidium is one of the most commonly reported enteric pathogens in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals 1. Cryptospo ...
Analysis of a piwi-related Gene Implicates Small RNAs in
... heterogeneous and were derived from both strands of the IESs. 2. These observations suggest that transcripts capable of forming double stranded (ds) RNAs are synthesized by micronuclei in early conjugation. ...
... heterogeneous and were derived from both strands of the IESs. 2. These observations suggest that transcripts capable of forming double stranded (ds) RNAs are synthesized by micronuclei in early conjugation. ...
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The
... RNA silencing is one of the natural plant defense mechanisms against virus infection [1,2]. A current model for antiviral silencing in higher plants, taking Arabidopsis thaliana as an example, suggests that double-stranded (ds) RNA replication intermediates of viral genomic RNAs or highly structured ...
... RNA silencing is one of the natural plant defense mechanisms against virus infection [1,2]. A current model for antiviral silencing in higher plants, taking Arabidopsis thaliana as an example, suggests that double-stranded (ds) RNA replication intermediates of viral genomic RNAs or highly structured ...
Hao Nguyen
... 7. Please, explain the Wobble theory (hypothesis). Include the following facts: a) tell me what it is; b) what are the non-Watson-Crick basepairs; c) location; and d) why is this necessary (that is, what is the function). (20 points) The Wobble hypothesis (or theory) stated that non-Watson-Crick ba ...
... 7. Please, explain the Wobble theory (hypothesis). Include the following facts: a) tell me what it is; b) what are the non-Watson-Crick basepairs; c) location; and d) why is this necessary (that is, what is the function). (20 points) The Wobble hypothesis (or theory) stated that non-Watson-Crick ba ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.