Hao Nguyen
... 7. Please, explain the Wobble theory (hypothesis). Include the following facts: a) tell me what it is; b) what are the non-Watson-Crick basepairs; c) location; and d) why is this necessary (that is, what is the function). (20 points) The Wobble hypothesis (or theory) stated that non-Watson-Crick ba ...
... 7. Please, explain the Wobble theory (hypothesis). Include the following facts: a) tell me what it is; b) what are the non-Watson-Crick basepairs; c) location; and d) why is this necessary (that is, what is the function). (20 points) The Wobble hypothesis (or theory) stated that non-Watson-Crick ba ...
Dark induction and subcellular localization of the pathogenesis
... 15-fold increase of GUS activity was detected (Fig. 5C). Thus, the 863 bp PRB-lb promoter responds to ethylene induction, but not to darkness. The responsiveness to darkness of other regions of the gene was tested in four independent transgenic plants containing the PRB-lb coding region and 3 kb of ...
... 15-fold increase of GUS activity was detected (Fig. 5C). Thus, the 863 bp PRB-lb promoter responds to ethylene induction, but not to darkness. The responsiveness to darkness of other regions of the gene was tested in four independent transgenic plants containing the PRB-lb coding region and 3 kb of ...
Powerpoint document
... messenger RNA (mRNA, carries the information), transfer RNA (tRNA, brings the correct amino acid during synthesis), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA, major consituent of the ribosome, where protein synthesis occurs. • The message carried by the mRNA is read as a collection of “words” of 3 letters, or codons. ...
... messenger RNA (mRNA, carries the information), transfer RNA (tRNA, brings the correct amino acid during synthesis), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA, major consituent of the ribosome, where protein synthesis occurs. • The message carried by the mRNA is read as a collection of “words” of 3 letters, or codons. ...
Document
... - Most eucaryotic mRNAs are more stable; half-life > 10 hr - Some mRNAs, however, have half-life = 30 min or less; encode regulatory proteins whose production rates need to be changed rapidly in order to respond to environmental changes - Why some mRNAs are unstable? - How mRNAs are degraded in euca ...
... - Most eucaryotic mRNAs are more stable; half-life > 10 hr - Some mRNAs, however, have half-life = 30 min or less; encode regulatory proteins whose production rates need to be changed rapidly in order to respond to environmental changes - Why some mRNAs are unstable? - How mRNAs are degraded in euca ...
From Gene to Protein The Connection Between Genes and Proteins
... 23. Describe the structure and functions of ribosomes. ...
... 23. Describe the structure and functions of ribosomes. ...
Identifying Differentially Expressed Gene Categories
... • Each gene may be associated with 0 or more GO terms in a given ontology. • The GO terms in each ontology have varying levels of specificity. • The GO terms in each ontology can be organized in a directed acyclic graph (DAG) where each node represents a term and arrows point from general terms to m ...
... • Each gene may be associated with 0 or more GO terms in a given ontology. • The GO terms in each ontology have varying levels of specificity. • The GO terms in each ontology can be organized in a directed acyclic graph (DAG) where each node represents a term and arrows point from general terms to m ...
TPJ_4378_sm_FigS1-7
... Figure S7. Amino acid sequence of MPL1 and homology to key regions of lipases. (a) Amino acid sequence of MPL1. Residues S190, D360 and H393 (all marked in black bold) are likely active site residues based on sequence of other TAG lipases. Underlined sequence GHSLG corresponds to the GXSXG motif, co ...
... Figure S7. Amino acid sequence of MPL1 and homology to key regions of lipases. (a) Amino acid sequence of MPL1. Residues S190, D360 and H393 (all marked in black bold) are likely active site residues based on sequence of other TAG lipases. Underlined sequence GHSLG corresponds to the GXSXG motif, co ...
Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition
... crucial interaction between repressor and RNA polymerase involves region 4 of the s-subunit of the polymerase • Polypeptide binds near the weak -35 box of PRM placing the s-region 4 close to the repressor bound to OR2 • Repressor can interact with s-factor helping to compensate for weak promoter • O ...
... crucial interaction between repressor and RNA polymerase involves region 4 of the s-subunit of the polymerase • Polypeptide binds near the weak -35 box of PRM placing the s-region 4 close to the repressor bound to OR2 • Repressor can interact with s-factor helping to compensate for weak promoter • O ...
doc BIOL 200 Notes up to Midterm
... DNA and RNA are linear polymers of monomers called nucleotides; there are 5 different nucleotides o Purines: adenine, guanine; aromatic ring that involves 9 atoms o Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine (DNA), uracil (RNA), aromatic ring that involves 6 atoms o Phosphodiester linkage links 3’ hydroxyl grou ...
... DNA and RNA are linear polymers of monomers called nucleotides; there are 5 different nucleotides o Purines: adenine, guanine; aromatic ring that involves 9 atoms o Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine (DNA), uracil (RNA), aromatic ring that involves 6 atoms o Phosphodiester linkage links 3’ hydroxyl grou ...
Control of female gamete formation by a small RNA pathway in
... ovules of Arabidopsis22. To determine whether AGO9 is necessary for the inactivation of these TEs in the ovule, we crossed lines containing enhancer traps that tagged specific TEs to homozygous ago9 individuals. In agreement with previous results, no GUS expression was observed in the ovule of enhan ...
... ovules of Arabidopsis22. To determine whether AGO9 is necessary for the inactivation of these TEs in the ovule, we crossed lines containing enhancer traps that tagged specific TEs to homozygous ago9 individuals. In agreement with previous results, no GUS expression was observed in the ovule of enhan ...
PowerPoint Presentation - Foundations of Biology
... The transfer of information from nucleic acid to nucleic acid, or from nucleic acid to protein, may be possible, but transfer from protein to protein, or from protein to nucleic acid, is impossible. Information means here the precise determination of sequence, either of bases in the nucleic acid or ...
... The transfer of information from nucleic acid to nucleic acid, or from nucleic acid to protein, may be possible, but transfer from protein to protein, or from protein to nucleic acid, is impossible. Information means here the precise determination of sequence, either of bases in the nucleic acid or ...
Chapter 12 Lecture Notes: Metabolism – Enzyme and Gene
... (1) small molecule (corepressor) has to bind repressor for it to be active (able to repress); if the small molecule is not present then the repressor is inactive (and unable to repress) à TRANSCRIPTION OCCURS (2) typically for anabolic pathways where corepressor is end product 2. positive control = ...
... (1) small molecule (corepressor) has to bind repressor for it to be active (able to repress); if the small molecule is not present then the repressor is inactive (and unable to repress) à TRANSCRIPTION OCCURS (2) typically for anabolic pathways where corepressor is end product 2. positive control = ...
DOCX 54 KB - Office of the Gene Technology Regulator
... interest, along with the nptII gene and regulatory sequences, into cells from the commercial banana cultivar ‘Grande Naine’. The gene constructs were carried by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which mediated the transformation of banana cells. These vectors are ‘disarmed’ since they lack the genes that e ...
... interest, along with the nptII gene and regulatory sequences, into cells from the commercial banana cultivar ‘Grande Naine’. The gene constructs were carried by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which mediated the transformation of banana cells. These vectors are ‘disarmed’ since they lack the genes that e ...
No Slide Title
... - Northern Blotting - PCR Assays (measure DNA/RNA) - Antibody Assays (measure protein) - Other molecular assays (CGH, SKY) - Validation Across Centres and Populations - Phenotypic Validation ...
... - Northern Blotting - PCR Assays (measure DNA/RNA) - Antibody Assays (measure protein) - Other molecular assays (CGH, SKY) - Validation Across Centres and Populations - Phenotypic Validation ...
In Vitro and In Vivo Delivery of Drugs and siRNA Mediated by Water
... material and biological sciences. Especially in the field of biomedical applications, development of drug delivery systems is a challenging work since improving drug efficacy and reducing side effects of drugs. Research efforts are focused on designing drug carriers, which effectively deliver into c ...
... material and biological sciences. Especially in the field of biomedical applications, development of drug delivery systems is a challenging work since improving drug efficacy and reducing side effects of drugs. Research efforts are focused on designing drug carriers, which effectively deliver into c ...
DNA / RNA
... taken to the ribosome where it serves as the directions to form a sequence of amino acids which form proteins. - Ribosome is made out of protein and rRNA ...
... taken to the ribosome where it serves as the directions to form a sequence of amino acids which form proteins. - Ribosome is made out of protein and rRNA ...
X-Chromosome Inactivation: The Case of the Calico Cat1
... The Xist/XIST gene does not code for a protein; it is transcribed into RNA, but not an RNA like any other. This mammoth transcript (17 kb in humans) contains a large number of STOP codons, such that the longest open reading frame, which could potentially code for a protein, is only 400 base pairs lo ...
... The Xist/XIST gene does not code for a protein; it is transcribed into RNA, but not an RNA like any other. This mammoth transcript (17 kb in humans) contains a large number of STOP codons, such that the longest open reading frame, which could potentially code for a protein, is only 400 base pairs lo ...
How an Organism`s Genotype Determines Its Phenotype How an
... 1. An mRNA molecule binds to a small ribosomal subunit, then a special initiator tRNA binds to the start codon, where translation is to begin on the mRNA. 2. A large ribosomal subunit binds to the small one, creating a functional ribosome. ...
... 1. An mRNA molecule binds to a small ribosomal subunit, then a special initiator tRNA binds to the start codon, where translation is to begin on the mRNA. 2. A large ribosomal subunit binds to the small one, creating a functional ribosome. ...
RNA Isolation and Technology Applications
... Apply lysate (containing nucleic acids and cellular contaminants) to column with glass membrane Wash with alcohol to remove contaminants; nucleic acids stick to glass membrane while contaminants wash through. Treat with DNase enzyme to remove contaminating DNA. Apply water to the column; purified RN ...
... Apply lysate (containing nucleic acids and cellular contaminants) to column with glass membrane Wash with alcohol to remove contaminants; nucleic acids stick to glass membrane while contaminants wash through. Treat with DNase enzyme to remove contaminating DNA. Apply water to the column; purified RN ...
Changes in Prokaryotic Transcription: Phage Lambda and Others
... it's more that a single turn of the helix (10 bp) then strain is introduced. This would require the action of strain-relieving enzymes (topoisomerases) so that transcription can proceed. Experimental evidence in support of this model does exist, using topoisomerase mutants. We have discussed topoiso ...
... it's more that a single turn of the helix (10 bp) then strain is introduced. This would require the action of strain-relieving enzymes (topoisomerases) so that transcription can proceed. Experimental evidence in support of this model does exist, using topoisomerase mutants. We have discussed topoiso ...
Highly Efficient Micro RNA Enrichment
... Over the past few years, the scientific community has placed great importance on characterizing small RNA molecules, in particular the microRNAs (miRNA). miRNAs are ribonucleic acids that range from 18 nucleotides to 40 nucleotides, and the majority of the miRNA is composed of approximately 22 nucle ...
... Over the past few years, the scientific community has placed great importance on characterizing small RNA molecules, in particular the microRNAs (miRNA). miRNAs are ribonucleic acids that range from 18 nucleotides to 40 nucleotides, and the majority of the miRNA is composed of approximately 22 nucle ...
From DNA to Protein
... with an adenine. When the altered mRNA is translated, valine replaces glutamate as the sixth amino acid of the new polypeptide chain. Hemoglobin with this chain is HbS—sickle ...
... with an adenine. When the altered mRNA is translated, valine replaces glutamate as the sixth amino acid of the new polypeptide chain. Hemoglobin with this chain is HbS—sickle ...
Are all genes regulatory genes?
... the pseudogene indirectly cause an increase in PTEN expression due to a less effective microRNA-mediated downregulation (“derepression”). Similar observations were made for the oncogene KRAS and its pseudogene KRAS1P. Therefore, an upregulation of a microRNA target transcript, even if it does not en ...
... the pseudogene indirectly cause an increase in PTEN expression due to a less effective microRNA-mediated downregulation (“derepression”). Similar observations were made for the oncogene KRAS and its pseudogene KRAS1P. Therefore, an upregulation of a microRNA target transcript, even if it does not en ...
The hSEP1 gene is a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene in
... only a few genes such as the p53 and Rb (which are associated with cancers of diverse types) have been shown to be also associated with OGS (2,3). However, the value of these markers for diagnosis and/or prognosis of OGS remains poor. Evidently, more OGS-specific genetic markers need to be identifie ...
... only a few genes such as the p53 and Rb (which are associated with cancers of diverse types) have been shown to be also associated with OGS (2,3). However, the value of these markers for diagnosis and/or prognosis of OGS remains poor. Evidently, more OGS-specific genetic markers need to be identifie ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.