The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - APBiology2010-2011
... • Introns: Non-coding regions of DNA • Exons: Coding regions of DNA ...
... • Introns: Non-coding regions of DNA • Exons: Coding regions of DNA ...
a15 GenesFormFunc
... – They exhibit some, but not all, characteristics of living organisms – They are made of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coating. Some also have envelopes outside their protein coat – They are incredibly small (< 1 um) ...
... – They exhibit some, but not all, characteristics of living organisms – They are made of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coating. Some also have envelopes outside their protein coat – They are incredibly small (< 1 um) ...
BIO520 Bioinformatics 2005 EXAM2 You may use any books, notes
... strand. Indicate which gene is least likely to be a correct prediction. Gene 1: 11 exons, plus strand. Gene 2: 5 exons, minus strand, least likely to be correct. Gene 3: 1 exon (partial gene) The polyA site and Promoter are not exons. The gene on the minus strand (12-22kb) has poor Genscan probabili ...
... strand. Indicate which gene is least likely to be a correct prediction. Gene 1: 11 exons, plus strand. Gene 2: 5 exons, minus strand, least likely to be correct. Gene 3: 1 exon (partial gene) The polyA site and Promoter are not exons. The gene on the minus strand (12-22kb) has poor Genscan probabili ...
Powerpoint Presentation: Gene Expression
... Made as subunits in the nucleolus rRNA provides the platform for protein synthesis ...
... Made as subunits in the nucleolus rRNA provides the platform for protein synthesis ...
a specific short sequence on DNA at which RNA transcription ends
... Summary of RNA Transcription Mechanism 1) Transcription begins when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to DNA at a promoter region. 2) The enzyme separates the DNA strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds, and then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand o ...
... Summary of RNA Transcription Mechanism 1) Transcription begins when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to DNA at a promoter region. 2) The enzyme separates the DNA strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds, and then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand o ...
Repressor protein - Edwin C. Foreman High School
... – usually functions in catabolic pathways, • digesting nutrients to simpler molecules ...
... – usually functions in catabolic pathways, • digesting nutrients to simpler molecules ...
Bio 121: Chapter 17 Protein Synthesis Assignment Objective
... Objective: Students explore the process of protein synthesis and demonstrate an understanding of the various steps involved through the completion of one of the following activities. Introduction Protein synthesis is an essential process that occurs constantly within our cells. As you sit reading th ...
... Objective: Students explore the process of protein synthesis and demonstrate an understanding of the various steps involved through the completion of one of the following activities. Introduction Protein synthesis is an essential process that occurs constantly within our cells. As you sit reading th ...
Exam 3 Review -Key - Iowa State University
... 47. What is RNA interference and what happens during this process? - RNA interference is a form of gene regulation that directly prevents mRNA from undergoing translation. - RNA polymerase is going to transcribe genes that code for RNAs that double back on themselves to form a hairpin structure. - T ...
... 47. What is RNA interference and what happens during this process? - RNA interference is a form of gene regulation that directly prevents mRNA from undergoing translation. - RNA polymerase is going to transcribe genes that code for RNAs that double back on themselves to form a hairpin structure. - T ...
S1 Text: Supporting Methods. Stress Treatment by Tm and DTT To
... cDNA was tailed in a TdT-tailing reaction as described in the 5′ RACE System Kit (Invitrogen, USA). A nested PCR of the dC-tailed cDNA was then done with KOD Xtreme Hot Start DNA Polymerase ...
... cDNA was tailed in a TdT-tailing reaction as described in the 5′ RACE System Kit (Invitrogen, USA). A nested PCR of the dC-tailed cDNA was then done with KOD Xtreme Hot Start DNA Polymerase ...
DNA structure
... – Can only bind to 3’ – New strands can only grow 5’ to 3’ • Leading strand - toward fork (continuous) • Lagging strand – away from fork (fragmented) ...
... – Can only bind to 3’ – New strands can only grow 5’ to 3’ • Leading strand - toward fork (continuous) • Lagging strand – away from fork (fragmented) ...
Bio-261-chapter-7
... • There are 64 possible codons and only 20 amino acids. There is redundancy with some of the amino acids! • The initial codon is AUG or methionine and there are three stop codons, UAA, UGA and UAG. ...
... • There are 64 possible codons and only 20 amino acids. There is redundancy with some of the amino acids! • The initial codon is AUG or methionine and there are three stop codons, UAA, UGA and UAG. ...
Dr Gisela Storz Biosketch
... Colorado at Boulder in 1984 and a Ph.D. in Biochemistry in 1988 from the University of California at Berkeley, where she worked with Bruce Ames. After postdoctoral fellowships with Sankar Adhya at th ...
... Colorado at Boulder in 1984 and a Ph.D. in Biochemistry in 1988 from the University of California at Berkeley, where she worked with Bruce Ames. After postdoctoral fellowships with Sankar Adhya at th ...
C - TeacherWeb
... • There are 64 possible codons and only 20 amino acids. There is redundancy with some of the amino acids! • The initial codon is AUG or methionine and there are three stop codons, UAA, UGA and UAG. ...
... • There are 64 possible codons and only 20 amino acids. There is redundancy with some of the amino acids! • The initial codon is AUG or methionine and there are three stop codons, UAA, UGA and UAG. ...
Slide 1
... Figure S1 - Correlation with weight loss for identified covarying genes From the list of 83 genes identified as correlating with weight loss 9 were picked for validation by qRT-PCR. Correlation plots for array data and qRT-PCR data with weight loss are shown. The PCR and array data were scaled to ma ...
... Figure S1 - Correlation with weight loss for identified covarying genes From the list of 83 genes identified as correlating with weight loss 9 were picked for validation by qRT-PCR. Correlation plots for array data and qRT-PCR data with weight loss are shown. The PCR and array data were scaled to ma ...
From DNA To Protein
... • Pre-mRNA – an immature strand of mRNA formed directly after transcription • After modification it will be mRNA • A protective cap is added to 5’ end • Poly-A tail – a repeating section of adenine molecules attached to the 3’ end of the mRNA molecule during processing • RNA splicing – removal of in ...
... • Pre-mRNA – an immature strand of mRNA formed directly after transcription • After modification it will be mRNA • A protective cap is added to 5’ end • Poly-A tail – a repeating section of adenine molecules attached to the 3’ end of the mRNA molecule during processing • RNA splicing – removal of in ...
Leukaemia Section t(1;14)(q25;q32) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
... Case 1: the enhancer region of the IgH gene is fused to the 5’ regulatory region of the Lhx4 gene in a head-tohead configuration. LHX4 mRNA is expressed at high levels; case 2: the breakpoint fuses the J4 segment of IgH to sequences located 16kb from LHX4 Exon 1 in a head-to-head configuration. LHX4 ...
... Case 1: the enhancer region of the IgH gene is fused to the 5’ regulatory region of the Lhx4 gene in a head-tohead configuration. LHX4 mRNA is expressed at high levels; case 2: the breakpoint fuses the J4 segment of IgH to sequences located 16kb from LHX4 Exon 1 in a head-to-head configuration. LHX4 ...
Lecture 12 - U of L Class Index
... Spacers surrounding individual rRNAs genes are complementary and can form an extended hairpin; the double stranded region will serve as a target for RNAase III ...
... Spacers surrounding individual rRNAs genes are complementary and can form an extended hairpin; the double stranded region will serve as a target for RNAase III ...
Transcription and Translation
... - A "stop" codon (UAA, UGA, or UAG) signals the end of the process. - An enzyme called the releasing factor binds the P site freeing the PROTEIN - The mRNA molecule is released from the ribosome complex which then falls apart - All mRNA messages are eventually degraded when the protein no longer nee ...
... - A "stop" codon (UAA, UGA, or UAG) signals the end of the process. - An enzyme called the releasing factor binds the P site freeing the PROTEIN - The mRNA molecule is released from the ribosome complex which then falls apart - All mRNA messages are eventually degraded when the protein no longer nee ...
Document
... physiological pH’s and is thus most likely to interact ionically with negatively charged molecules, such as phosphates of the RNA backbone. The backbone does not have any sequence specific information, and thus is unlikely to be used to bind RNAs in a sequence-specific fashion. e) In studying anothe ...
... physiological pH’s and is thus most likely to interact ionically with negatively charged molecules, such as phosphates of the RNA backbone. The backbone does not have any sequence specific information, and thus is unlikely to be used to bind RNAs in a sequence-specific fashion. e) In studying anothe ...
mirna target prediction
... TARGET CONSERVATION • miRNAs tend to have conserved function and targets • Can use cross species conservation to improve prediction – high confidence targets • Lower conservation in 3’ UTRs but functional motifs (e.g. target sites) are strongly conserved • Drawback: not all targets are conserved! T ...
... TARGET CONSERVATION • miRNAs tend to have conserved function and targets • Can use cross species conservation to improve prediction – high confidence targets • Lower conservation in 3’ UTRs but functional motifs (e.g. target sites) are strongly conserved • Drawback: not all targets are conserved! T ...
RNA
... to DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA. • So, RNA is making a single-stranded copy from DNA that takes information out of the nucleus. ...
... to DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA. • So, RNA is making a single-stranded copy from DNA that takes information out of the nucleus. ...
RNA PP
... to DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA. • So, RNA is making a single-stranded copy from DNA that takes information out of the nucleus. ...
... to DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA. • So, RNA is making a single-stranded copy from DNA that takes information out of the nucleus. ...
Information Flow in Eukaryotes (PowerPoint) Madison 2008
... Recognition of start codon Positioning and activation of RNA polymerase Termination of transcription Ribosome encounters stop codon RNA processing Protein folding ...
... Recognition of start codon Positioning and activation of RNA polymerase Termination of transcription Ribosome encounters stop codon RNA processing Protein folding ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.