Chapter 3
... Introns can be detected by the presence of additional regions when genes are compared with their RNA products by restriction mapping or electron microscopy. o The ultimate definition, though, is based on comparison of sequences. The positions of introns are usually conserved when homologous genes ar ...
... Introns can be detected by the presence of additional regions when genes are compared with their RNA products by restriction mapping or electron microscopy. o The ultimate definition, though, is based on comparison of sequences. The positions of introns are usually conserved when homologous genes ar ...
Slide 1
... Transcription – the genetic information from a strand of DNA is copied into a strand of mRNA 2. Translation – the mRNA, with the help of the ribosome, forms a chain of amino acids (eventually forming a protein) based on the information contained on the mRNA. ...
... Transcription – the genetic information from a strand of DNA is copied into a strand of mRNA 2. Translation – the mRNA, with the help of the ribosome, forms a chain of amino acids (eventually forming a protein) based on the information contained on the mRNA. ...
Lecture 5
... double-stranded (dsRNA) • Transfer of genetic information • mRNA = "coding RNA" - encodes proteins ...
... double-stranded (dsRNA) • Transfer of genetic information • mRNA = "coding RNA" - encodes proteins ...
RNA and Protein Synthesis
... message into a polypeptide chain (protein). Translation takes place on ribosomes. During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. ...
... message into a polypeptide chain (protein). Translation takes place on ribosomes. During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. ...
Gene Regulation Notes
... A. occurs in response to the environment II. In eukaryotes A. occurs in response to the environment and for cell specialization B. when does regulation occur? 1. transcription-which genes get transcribed and when? 2. mRNA processing-addition of a 5’ cap, 3’ poly-A tail and removal of introns a. RNA ...
... A. occurs in response to the environment II. In eukaryotes A. occurs in response to the environment and for cell specialization B. when does regulation occur? 1. transcription-which genes get transcribed and when? 2. mRNA processing-addition of a 5’ cap, 3’ poly-A tail and removal of introns a. RNA ...
bio12_sm_07_2
... Both DNA transcription - produces 2 semi-create new -produces a conserved double complementary nucleic single strand of stranded DNA molecules acid strands mRNA -uses DNA polymerase -read DNA code -use RNA polymerase 7. Answers may vary. Sample answer: The organism could produce more proteins than i ...
... Both DNA transcription - produces 2 semi-create new -produces a conserved double complementary nucleic single strand of stranded DNA molecules acid strands mRNA -uses DNA polymerase -read DNA code -use RNA polymerase 7. Answers may vary. Sample answer: The organism could produce more proteins than i ...
DNA Replication - Texas Tech University
... 7. Explain the selective exportation of mRNAs from the nucleus 8. Discuss ribosomal RNA and its function ...
... 7. Explain the selective exportation of mRNAs from the nucleus 8. Discuss ribosomal RNA and its function ...
experimental design
... The RNA isolation procedure is described in Jiang and Zhang (2003), no kit was used to isolate RNA. To remove any remaining DNA traces, 50µg RNA was treated with 10U of Dnase I (RNase free, TaKaRa, Code No. D2215) and 40U Ribonuclease Inhibitor (TaKaRa, Code No. D2313) in a 100µl volume. All followi ...
... The RNA isolation procedure is described in Jiang and Zhang (2003), no kit was used to isolate RNA. To remove any remaining DNA traces, 50µg RNA was treated with 10U of Dnase I (RNase free, TaKaRa, Code No. D2215) and 40U Ribonuclease Inhibitor (TaKaRa, Code No. D2313) in a 100µl volume. All followi ...
RNA (Transcription)
... ready to leave, vesicles form to transport proteins throughout the cell and to other cells. ...
... ready to leave, vesicles form to transport proteins throughout the cell and to other cells. ...
Transcription & Translation
... RNA – the chemical messenger 2. RNA’s Role... a. get DNA code to ribosome for protein synthesis 3. Types of RNA a. Messenger RNA (mRNA) 1. RNA copy of DNA code 2. takes copy to ribosome ...
... RNA – the chemical messenger 2. RNA’s Role... a. get DNA code to ribosome for protein synthesis 3. Types of RNA a. Messenger RNA (mRNA) 1. RNA copy of DNA code 2. takes copy to ribosome ...
PowerPoint Presentation - Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein.
... A type of RNA called small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) aids in processing pre-rRNA transcripts in the nucleolus, a process necessary for ribosome formation. Recent research has also revealed the presence of small, single-stranded and double-stranded RNA molecules that play important roles in regulati ...
... A type of RNA called small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) aids in processing pre-rRNA transcripts in the nucleolus, a process necessary for ribosome formation. Recent research has also revealed the presence of small, single-stranded and double-stranded RNA molecules that play important roles in regulati ...
Introduction and Review
... The anticodon is a 3-base sequence on the anticodon loop of the tRNA. It is complementary to the sequence of the codon on the mRNA. The 5’ position is referred to as the “wobble base,” meaning that it may pair up with more that one partner. The reaction is catalyzed by an aminoacyl tRNA synthase. Ea ...
... The anticodon is a 3-base sequence on the anticodon loop of the tRNA. It is complementary to the sequence of the codon on the mRNA. The 5’ position is referred to as the “wobble base,” meaning that it may pair up with more that one partner. The reaction is catalyzed by an aminoacyl tRNA synthase. Ea ...
VirusEvoution2005
... • The term “quasi species” is used predominately for RNA viruses • Because of absence of proofreading, many variants are found in an RNA virus population; the “quasispecies cloud” is the mutant spectrum derived from the dominant master copy • A genetic bottleneck occurs when a virus population is co ...
... • The term “quasi species” is used predominately for RNA viruses • Because of absence of proofreading, many variants are found in an RNA virus population; the “quasispecies cloud” is the mutant spectrum derived from the dominant master copy • A genetic bottleneck occurs when a virus population is co ...
Transcription - smithlhhsb121
... However, DNA is also used during G1 to assemble proteins This process is broken down into two distinct segments: transcription and translation The entire human genome is found in every cell, but only a portion is activated This portion has to convey the message outside the nucleus ...
... However, DNA is also used during G1 to assemble proteins This process is broken down into two distinct segments: transcription and translation The entire human genome is found in every cell, but only a portion is activated This portion has to convey the message outside the nucleus ...
Fundamentals of Nucleic Acid Biochemistry: RNA
... mediate silencing of some genes Small RNA’s interact with mRNA in the 3’UTR and this results in either mRNA degradation or translation inhibition Controls developmental timing in at least some organisms Used as a mechanism to protect against invading RNA ...
... mediate silencing of some genes Small RNA’s interact with mRNA in the 3’UTR and this results in either mRNA degradation or translation inhibition Controls developmental timing in at least some organisms Used as a mechanism to protect against invading RNA ...
Gene Expression
... Gene Expression Cells use information in genes to build hundreds of different proteins, each with a specific function. But, not all proteins are required by the cell at any one time. By regulating gene expression, cells are able to control which proteins are made. ...
... Gene Expression Cells use information in genes to build hundreds of different proteins, each with a specific function. But, not all proteins are required by the cell at any one time. By regulating gene expression, cells are able to control which proteins are made. ...
RNA analysis on non-denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis
... 2. Heat an aliquot of the RNA solution at 70°C for 1 min and place it on ice before loading on a gel. 3. Load a known amount of DNA or RNA ladder alongside your RNA sample as a standard for determining the RNA concentration. RNA concentration can be roughly estimated assuming that the efficiency of ...
... 2. Heat an aliquot of the RNA solution at 70°C for 1 min and place it on ice before loading on a gel. 3. Load a known amount of DNA or RNA ladder alongside your RNA sample as a standard for determining the RNA concentration. RNA concentration can be roughly estimated assuming that the efficiency of ...
DNA replication to translation
... Steps in transcription: 1. initiation RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to promoter sequence - these contain TATAAA and TTGACA or CCAAT codes 2. elongation - similar to DNA replication - only one strand (template) is used 3. termination - transcription keeps going for 1000-2000 bases beyond end o ...
... Steps in transcription: 1. initiation RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to promoter sequence - these contain TATAAA and TTGACA or CCAAT codes 2. elongation - similar to DNA replication - only one strand (template) is used 3. termination - transcription keeps going for 1000-2000 bases beyond end o ...
Day1-UVM-2ndvisit-Pombe
... • Grow the yeast and treat the control group with buffer (HBSS) and the treated group with buffer containing 0.5 mM H2O2 • Isolate RNA from the yeast grown in two different conditions, prepare target from it and use it on microarrays to see changes in gene expression ...
... • Grow the yeast and treat the control group with buffer (HBSS) and the treated group with buffer containing 0.5 mM H2O2 • Isolate RNA from the yeast grown in two different conditions, prepare target from it and use it on microarrays to see changes in gene expression ...
PowerPoint 프레젠테이션
... - target sites for proteins that digest mRNA molecule or that block their translation * A 3’UTR sequences interact with a regulatory RNA molecule ex) in C. elegans - premature adult development, or reiterated, producing delayed adulthood - RNA product of the lin-4 repress translation of lin-14 mRNA ...
... - target sites for proteins that digest mRNA molecule or that block their translation * A 3’UTR sequences interact with a regulatory RNA molecule ex) in C. elegans - premature adult development, or reiterated, producing delayed adulthood - RNA product of the lin-4 repress translation of lin-14 mRNA ...
Chapter08_Outline
... upon themselves to acquire well-defined structures – domains • Domains interact with each other and often have specialized functions • Individual domains in a protein usually have independent evolutionary origins; they come together in various combinations to create genes with novel functions via du ...
... upon themselves to acquire well-defined structures – domains • Domains interact with each other and often have specialized functions • Individual domains in a protein usually have independent evolutionary origins; they come together in various combinations to create genes with novel functions via du ...
Chapt16_lecture
... gene expression. • Regulatory proteins bind to DNA to either block or stimulate transcription, depending on how they interact with RNA polymerase • Prokaryotic organisms are able to respond to changes in their environment by regulating gene expression. • Eukaryotic cells are able to maintain homeost ...
... gene expression. • Regulatory proteins bind to DNA to either block or stimulate transcription, depending on how they interact with RNA polymerase • Prokaryotic organisms are able to respond to changes in their environment by regulating gene expression. • Eukaryotic cells are able to maintain homeost ...
Supplementary Data 1 (doc 909K)
... recognizes ECOP in SCC-9, a squamous cell carcinoma derived cell line, as two protein species of 21.2 and 19.7 kD (supplemental data). The proteins recognized by this antiserum are specifically reduced by siRNA oligonucleotides directed against the ECOP transcript, but not by scrambled oligonucleoti ...
... recognizes ECOP in SCC-9, a squamous cell carcinoma derived cell line, as two protein species of 21.2 and 19.7 kD (supplemental data). The proteins recognized by this antiserum are specifically reduced by siRNA oligonucleotides directed against the ECOP transcript, but not by scrambled oligonucleoti ...
Mutation
... – Polycistronic: one mRNA codes for more than one polypeptide – moncistronic: one mRNA codes for only one polypeptide • 3 RNA polymerases in euk., 1 in prok. ...
... – Polycistronic: one mRNA codes for more than one polypeptide – moncistronic: one mRNA codes for only one polypeptide • 3 RNA polymerases in euk., 1 in prok. ...
Accommodation in ABO-Incompatible Kidney Allografts: Graft
... • Circulating anti-blood group antibody and target blood group antigen demonstrated in all patients • 13/16 grafts had normal renal function and ...
... • Circulating anti-blood group antibody and target blood group antigen demonstrated in all patients • 13/16 grafts had normal renal function and ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.